Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2024-07-22
Abstract： Existing research has developed a plethora of tools for measuring pro-environmental behavior, encompassing scales, individual behavioral paradigms, and group games. These tools predominantly hinge upon the behavioral domain, with the most frequently mentioned areas being conservation, transportation, waste disposal, consumption, and social citizenship behaviors (e.g., donation). However, current measurements of pro-environmental behavior face challenges related to low standardization and limited generalizability of results. These issues primarily stem from the prevailing reliance on measurement paradigms grounded in behavioral domains, neglecting the crucial consideration of behavioral attributes, which constitute the defining and distinguishing characteristics of behavior. Future research could address these by developing standardized measurement tools based on behavioral attributes and validating them through the selection of various real-life behaviors as criteria for validity testing.
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Other Disciplines of Medicine and Pharmacology submitted time 2024-07-22
Abstract： Bone fracture is an important factor affecting the life quality and mortality of elderly individuals, and its pathogenesis involves the imbalance of bone metabolism maintained by osteoblasts (OB) and osteoclasts (OC). 99Tc-MDP is a drug for the targeted treatment of osteoporosis. While it can directly inhibit OC activity, there have been no in vivo data on its ability to induce OB activity. [Purpose]:This study aim to evaluate the effect of 99Tc-MDP on osteogenesis in the treatment of osteoporosis. [Methods]: In this study, a rat model of osteoporosis after ovariectomy were constructed, and the dynamic changes of osteoblast indexes after 99Tc-MDP treatment were detected at the cellular, metabolic, and genetic levels to evaluate the effect of 99Tc-MDP on osteogenesis in the treatment of osteoporosis. The rat model of osteoporosis can reflect the early process of osteoporosis formation, including calcium loss and bone mineral density decrease. [Results]: 99Tc-MDP effectively inhibited the osteoporosis process and reversed bone mineral density loss by inducing OB activity, achieving the suppression of bone decline at 4 weeks and returning to the preoperative level at 8 weeks. The OB activity induced by 99Tc-MDP was altered to similar levels in OB cells of normal rats, but there was no significant change in the expression of major bone-relatedgenes. The multifactor analysis suggested that IL-6 could be the key factor and monitoring index. [Conclusions]: 99Tc-MDP can stimulate OB activity as a powerful supplement to inhibiting OC activity, which is beneficial to the maintenance of OB/OC homeostasis.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Computer Science >> Computer Application Technology submitted time 2024-07-21
Abstract： Cognitive modeling involves instantiating theoretical or model-based knowledge of cognitive processes into computational models and validating these theories by fitting behavioral and/or neuroimaging data. It enhances our understanding of human cognition through quantitative analysis and aids in the study of individual differences. Despite the ability of theory-driven computational models to generate simulated data, their complexity makes it difficult to determine the likelihood function, hindering the estimation of model parameters and comparisons between models based on observed data. This challenge is known as the inverse problem of generative modeling, and in response to the dilemma that the likelihood function is impossible or difficult to compute, which in turn gave rise to likelihood-free inference.
likelihood-free inference, a case of simulation-based inference, which uses simulated data to approximate or circumvent the calculation of the likelihood function. This method enables the fitting and evaluation of the model. Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) and Probability Density Approximation (PDA) are two common techniques used in likelihood-free inference. ABC compares simulated data to observed data, while PDA uses a kernel density estimator to approximate the likelihood function. Both methods are powerful tools for model selection and parameter estimation, particularly when the likelihood function is intractable or unknown. However, these methods may suffer from the curse of dimensionality, as the number of model parameters increases, the computational cost and complexity of the simulation-based approaches grow exponentially, which can make the methods impractical for high-dimensional data and models.
Advances in deep learning and neural network technologies have led to the emergence of a new neural simulation-based inference (NSBI). NSBI leverages the power of deep learning to address the limitations of traditional simulation-based methods. NSBI possesses an amortization property, which allows the generation of a large amount of simulated data to be integrated into the training process. Consequently, once the neural network is trained, the inference step can be performed without the need for generating additional simulated data, significantly reducing computational overhead. Furthermore, with the advancement of neural conditional probability density estimation techniques, such as Normalizing Flows, NSBI can easily train models to estimate likelihood functions and posterior distribution functions. Neural posterior estimation methods, which offer a departure from conventional ABC techniques, directly sample from the posterior distribution using input data. Similarly, neural likelihood estimation methods, a substitute for PDA, compute likelihood values by leveraging both input data and prior parameters. These techniques enable the construction of flexible and complex cognitive models, making NSBI a promising approach for likelihood-free inference in high-dimensional settings.
NSBI has gained significant attention in the field of cognitive modeling and has been applied to various scenarios, including likelihood estimation, posterior estimation, and model comparison. For instance, neural likelihood networks such as LANs and MNLE are employed to estimate the likelihood function for intricate cognitive models, with MNLE being particularly adept at handling mixed data types with both continuous and discrete variables. In parameter inference for cognitive models, Bayesflow stands out as a neural posterior network capable of tackling a diverse array of complex models. For model comparison, Evidence Networks and Hierarchical Evidence Networks are utilized, with the Hierarchical variant being well-suited for nested data structures. Tools such as LANs, sbi, and Bayesflow are continuously optimizing the workflow of neural network-based simulation inference. These advancements have enabled NSBI to be applied to large-scale studies involving over a million data points, allowing for the construction of complex models that were previously difficult to build. This approach not only facilitates rapid validation of models and theories but also helps identify flaws and optimize performance, making NSBI a transformative technique with the potential to revolutionize the understanding and analysis of intricate systems.
While these new technologies show promise in cognitive modeling, this paper also discusses their limitations and offers constructive guidance for their use. The paper discusses the trade-offs of neural network training costs and model accuracy, the integration of NSBI methods for comprehensive analysis, and the importance of effective training for reliable models. It also emphasizes the potential for these technologies to enhance interdisciplinary collaboration, particularly between neuroscience, cognitive modeling, and other fields, to deepen our understanding of the mind and brain.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2024-07-20
Abstract： Employee creativity has attracted academic attention for a long time, yet the treatment of creativity as a uni-dimensional construct raises concerns in related theoretical and practical developments. In 2011, Gilson and Madjar proposed for the first time to divide creativity into radical and incremental creativity. Subsequently, a series of theoretical and empirical studies emerged. By reviewing 79 articles over the last 13 years, this paper examines the theoretical basis and empirical evidence to distinguish these two types of creativity. The results indicate that although some studies have outlined the theoretical differences between radical and incremental creativity, only half of the reviewed studies have incorporated these differences in formulating research questions and theoretical models. In terms of empirical examination, some studies have provided evidence of discriminant validity for measurement tools, but the majority have not directly explored the distinct impacts of radical and incremental creativity. It is worth mentioning that over forty percent of the studies reviewed either failed to theoretically differentiate between the two types of creativity or provide empirical evidence of their distinctiveness. In conclusion, future studies should aim for coherence across theoretical basis, research question formulation, model construction, and empirical testing in uncovering the fundamental differences and unique impacts of these two forms of creativity. Finally, we propose recommendations to enhance the differentiation between radical and incremental creativity, along with suggested research questions for further exploration.
Subjects: Nursing >> Nursing submitted time 2024-07-20
Abstract： Objective To observe the effect of the integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine comprehensive nursing management model on patients with hypothetical tumors.Methods A total of 60 patients with tumor deficiency syndrome were selected as the research objects, and they were divided into control group and observation group according to different intervention regimens, with 30 cases in each group. The control group was given routine nursing, and the observation group was treated with traditional Chinese and Western medicine on the basis of conventional treatment and nursing, and 10 days was one course of treatment. To compare the efficacy of the two groups in the treatment of constipation.Results The time of first defecation in the observation group was (24.16±1.38) h, which was shorter than that in the control group (32.02±2.32) h, and the results were statistically different (P<0,05). The total effective rates of the observation group and the control group were 93.4% and 73.3%, respectively, and the efficacy of the observation group was better than that of the control group (P<0.05). The SDS and SAS scores in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.01). The quality of life of the observation group was significantly improved compared with that of the control group (P<0.05 and 0.01 P<0.01).Conclusion The intervention of the comprehensive nursing management mode of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine on the basis of conventional treatment and nursing can effectively improve the health status and quality of life of patients with constipation associated with tumor deficiency syndrome, which is worthy of clinical promotion.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2024-07-19
Abstract： Although social emotional issues in children and adolescents have received increasing attention, there is currently a lack of specialized image libraries designed to elicit their social emotions. This study establishes a Chinese Social Emotional Image Library suitable for eliciting social emotions in Chinese children and adolescents through two studies. Study 1 employed semi-structured interviews to explore the sources of social emotions in children and adolescents, finding that their emotions primarily stem from social scenes involving interpersonal interactions. Based on Study 1, Study 2 collected emotional images corresponding to these social scenes and experimentally assessed the arousal, valence, and motivation of the collected social emotional images. Study 2 revealed that positive, neutral, and negative social emotional images not only differ significantly in their ratings across dimensions but also exhibit high internal consistency reliability within each dimension. These findings indicate that the library has good validity and reliability, serving as a reliable tool for eliciting social emotions in Chinese children and adolescents.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2024-07-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： Background China's aging population is expanding rapidly，highlighting the imperative of successful aging as a critical health management goal. Effective menopause management plays a crucial role but remains a significant challenge. Objective To construct a comprehensive health management evaluation indicator system for menopausal women based on the modified Delphi method. Methods Between September 2023 and February 2024，a preliminary construction of the comprehensive health management evaluation indicator system for menopausal women was executed via literature review and group discussion. 25 experts in the realms of climacteric health and related fields were selected as conference participants and correspondence subjects. Two rounds of electronic questionnaires using modified Delphi method were conducted，and the survey results were statistically analyzed using SPSS 24.0 software. Results The positive coefficients of the two rounds of expert correspondence were 100%，with the authoritative degree of expert opinions were 0.932 and 0.949，respectively. In the initial round，the primary and secondary indicators were assigned mean importance scores ranging from 4.44 to 4.84 and 4.00 to 4.88， respectively，alongside Kendall's W coefficients of concordance at 0.194（P=0.001） and 0.187（P<0.001）.The second round yielded mean importance scores for the primary and secondary indicators within the ranges of 4.44 to 4.84 and 3.84 to 4.96，with corresponding Kendall's W coefficients of 0.146（P=0.006）and 0.326（P<0.001），reflecting a notable enhancement in expert agreement for the secondary indicators. The tertiary indicators received mean rationality scores of 4.24 to 4.68（4.47±0.10） in the first round and 4.08 to 4.72（4.51±0.15）in the second，with Kendall's W coefficients of 0.063（P=0.025）and 0.129 （P<0.001），indicating a trend towards uniformity in expert opinions. The ultimate construction of the comprehensive health management evaluation indicator system for menopausal women encompasses five primary indicators：basic information， lifestyle，symptom assessment，laboratory tests，and key disease screenings. Additionally，it includes 34 secondary indicators such as age，duration since menopause，body mass index，and waist circumference，and so on. Each of these secondary indicators is meticulously subdivided and quantified to establish tertiary indicators，thereby providing a granular framework for assessment. Conclusion The indicator system，constructed through the modified Delphi method，is endowed with substantial authority and scientific rigor. It offers a holistic assessment of the health status of menopausal women，with a detailed classification and valuation of specific indicators. This systematic approach is conducive to comprehensive and stratified patient management by clinical practitioners，providing a valuable framework for clinical guidance and reference. Nonetheless，the efficacy of its practical application merits ongoing validation through empirical research.
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2024-07-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： Background Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio（NLR）has been shown to have significant predictive value for all-cause mortality risk in Patients with Maintenance Hemodialysis（MHD）in previous studies，however，whetherC-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio（CAR）and the combination of NLR and CAR can enhance the predictive value for all#2;cause mortality risk in Patients with MHD has not been investigated. Objective To investigate the combined predictive value of NLR and CAR for all-cause mortality of MHD patients，and to provide evidence for improving the quality of life of MHD patients. Methods The case data of 175 MHD patients in the blood purification center of Hainan General Hospital in January 2017 were included，the deadline was December 31，2021，with the outcome of all-cause death. Receiver operating characteristic（ROC） curves were plotted for the predictive value of NLR+CAR，NLR，and CAR for the risk of all-cause death in MHD patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to compare the cumulative survival rate between the two groups. Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the independent risk factors of 5-year all-cause death in MHD patients. Results The area under the ROC curve （AUC）of NLR for predicting the risk of all-cause death in MHD patients was 0.743（95%CI=0.669-0.817，P<0.001）. The AUC of CAR for predicting the risk of all-cause death in MHD patients was 0.710（95%CI=0.627-0.794，P<0.001）. The AUC of NLR+CAR for predicting the risk of all-cause death in MHD patients was 0.799（95%CI=0.732-0.867，P<0.001）. Kaplan#2;Meier survival curve analysis showed that patients with NLR>4.93 had lower cumulative survival than patients with NLR ≤ 4.93 （χ2 =32.753，P<0.001）. The patients with CAR>0.795 had a lower cumulative survival than patients with CAR ≤ 0.795 （χ2 =38.091，P<0.001）. According to the results of the multiple Cox regression equation，dialysis age（HR=0.984， 95%CI=0.976-0.992），ferritin（HR=0.984，95%CI=0.976-0.992），25-（OH）VD（HR=0.964，95%CI=0.941-0.987） and triglyceride（HR=0.984，95%CI=0.976-0.992）were protective factors for all-cause mortality in 5-year MHD patients； NLR>4.93（HR=2.071，95%CI=1.226-3.499）and CAR>0.795（HR=1.903，95%CI=1.155-3.136）were independent risk factors for all-cause death in 5-year MHD patients（P<0.05）. Conclusion Compared with NLR or CAR alone，the combination of NLR and CAR can better predict the risk of all-cause mortality in MHD patients. Increased NLR and CAR were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality in 5-year MHD patients.
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2024-07-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： Background The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease（NAFLD） significantly increases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus（T2DM）. However，the correlation of NAFLD with visceral fat area（VFA） and thyroid nodules in T2DM patients has been rarely reported. Objective This study aims to investigate the influencing factors for NAFLD in T2DM patients，and the correlation of NAFLD with VFA，thyroid nodules，and thyroid function in this population. Methods Hospitalized T2DM patients in the Department of Endocrinology，the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University（Liuzhou Worker's Hospital） from January 2018 to April 2023 were retrospectively recruited. They were divided into two groups based on abdominal ultrasound findings：NAFLD group and non-NAFLD group. General data，including VFA， subcutaneous fat area（SFA），insulin function，thyroid function，prevalence of thyroid nodules，blood glucose levels，lipid levels，and liver and kidney function were compared between the two groups. Additionally，patients were divided into visceral obesity group（VFA ≥ 100 cm2 ） and non-visceral obesity group（VFA < 100 cm2 ） based on VFA. Age，sex，prevalence of NAFLD and thyroid nodule were compared between the two groups. Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses were employed to investigate factors associated with NAFLD and VFA，as well as their correlation with thyroid nodules. Influencing factors for the volume of thyroid nodules were explored as well. Furthermore，binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine risk factors for both NAFLD and thyroid nodules in T2DM patients. Receiver operating characteristic（ROC） curve analysis evaluated the predictive value of BMI，waist-hip circumference，and waist-hip ratio，VFA，homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance（HOMA-IR）in predicting NAFLD in T2DM patients and their optimal cut-off values. Results A total of 578 T2DM patients were enrolled in this study，including 293 （50.69%） patients in the NAFLD group and 285 in the non#2;NAFLD group. The age of the NAFLD group was significantly lower than that of non-NAFLD group(P<0.05). Compared to those of the non-NAFLD group，patients in the NAFLD group had significantly higher body weight，body mass index （BMI），waist circumference，hip circumference，VFA，SFA，glycated hemoglobin A1C （HbA1c），fasting insulin levels（FINS），fasting C-peptide levels（FCP），HOMA-IR，homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function（HOMA-β），free triiodothyronine levels（FT3），blood uric acid（UA），total cholesterol （TC），triglyceride（TG） and C-reactive protein（CRP），but significantly lower serum creatinine（Cr） （P<0.05）. There were 251 cases in the visceral obesity group and 327 cases in the non-visceral obesity group. The age of the visceral obesity group was significantly lower than that of the non-visceral obesity group （P<0.05）. The incidence of NAFLD was significantly higher in the visceral obesity group than that of non-visceral obesity group （P<0.05）. However，there was no significant difference in the prevalence of thyroid nodules between the visceral obesity group and non#2;visceral obesity group （P>0.05）. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that the occurrence of NAFLD in T2DM patients was positively correlated with body mass，BMI，waist circumference，hip circumference，waist-to-hip ratio， VFA，SFA，HbA1c，FINS，FCP，HOMA-IR，HOMA-β ，triiodothyronine （TT3），FT3，and CRP （P<0.05）， but negatively correlated with age （P<0.05）. VFA in T2DM patients was found to be significantly correlated with gender， age，height，body mass，BMI，waist circumference，hip circumference，waist-to-hip ratio，SFA，diastolic blood pressure （DBP），FINS，FCP，HOMA-IR，HOMA-β，TT3，FT3，CRP and NAFLD （P<0.05）. The thyroid nodule area showed a negative correlation with TSH and waist-to-hip ratio （P<0.05），while it showed positive correlations with sex，age，TT3 ，TT4 and thyroglobulin （P<0.05）. Univariate unconditional logistic regression analysis revealed that age，weight，BMI， waist circumference，hip circumference，VFA，SFA，HbA1c，FCP，HOMA-IR，FT3，Cr，UA，TC and TG were theinfluencing factors for NAFLD in T2DM patients. Binary logistic regression results demonstrated that body weight， VFA，SFA，FT3 and HOMA-IR were the risk factors for NAFLD in T2DM patients. Gender，age and FT4 were risk factors for thyroid nodules in T2DM patients （P<0.05）. ROC curve results showed that the area under the curve （AUC） of BMI，waist circumference，hip circumference，waist-to-hip ratio，VFA and HOMA-IR was 0.704，0.704，0.705，0.629，0.757，and 0.569，respectively. The optimal cut-off value，sensitivity and specificity of them were listed as follows：BMI （25.37 kg/m2）， waist circumference （84.5 cm），hip circumference （96.5 cm），waist-to-hip ratio （0.895），VFA （88.4 cm2 in female and 99.45 cm2 in male），and HOMA-IR （3.08）. Conclusion The prevalence of NAFLD and thyroid nodules in T2DM patients significantly increase，but not correlated. Obese T2DM patients，especially those with visceral obesity，are more likely to suffer from NAFLD，thyroid nodules，hyperlipidemia，hyperuricemia and other metabolic diseases. HOMA-IR is a risk factor for NAFLD in T2DM patients， but it is not a risk factor for thyroid nodules. BMI，waist circumference，hip circumference and VFA are predictive factors of NAFLD in T2DM patients，and VFA has the highest diagnostic value and HOMA-IR has the lowest value. VFA predicts NAFLD in T2DM patients with the optimal cut-off value of 88.4 cm2 ，which is equal in females and 99.45 cm2 in males.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-07-19
Abstract： Previous studies have demonstrated inconsistencies in moral judgments of the same behavior among decision-makers, victims, and bystanders in a specific moral situation. Yet no study has examined how the experience of being decision-maker or victims can influence individuals’ moral judgments when they are third-party bystanders. The present study employed a modified harm paradigm combined with event-related potential (ERP) techniques to investigate the how the experiences of different moral roles modulates third-party moral judgments. Two experiments were included in the study. Each experiment consisted of two tasks: a moral role priming task and a main task of moral judgment. In the priming task, participants were assigned to one of three groups: decision-maker perspective group, victim perspective group, or the control group. Decision-makers groups needed to complete moral decision tasks while the victims group needed to undertake the decision of the decision-maker and to evaluate others’ decisions. The control group did not have a priming task. After the priming task, all the three groups need to undertake the main task, participants were instructed to judge the morality of decisions made by anonymous decision makers as a third party observer. Experiment 1 was a behavioral study involving 90 healthy adults (44 males, mean age 20.58 ± 1.92 years). A 3 (Moral Role Perspective: Decision-maker, Victim, Control) × 3 (Decision-makers’ Benefit: High, Medium, Low) × 2 (Decision Outcome: Accept, Reject) mixed design was used. Experiment 2 is an Event-related potentials study, with 54 healthy adults (28 males, mean age 21.18 ± 2.21 years) participated. A 2 (Moral Role Perspective: Decision-maker, Victim) × 2 (Decision-makers’ Benefit: High, Low) × 2 (Decision Outcome: Accept, Reject) mixed design was used. Behavioral results indicated that different moral role perspective priming did influence moral judgments, with individuals in the victim perspective group making stricter judgments compared to those in the decision-maker and control perspectives groups. Furthermore, the decision-makers’ benefit received from the immoral decisions can moderated this effect, with higher benefits leading to greater differences in moral judgments between groups. ERP results revealed that in the victim perspective group smaller N1 amplitudes and significantly larger FRN amplitudes were induced compared to the decision-maker perspective group when observing other’s decisions. Additionally, FRN amplitudes exhibited consistent patterns with the behavioral results: individuals in the victim perspective group showed significantly larger FRN amplitudes for accepted decisions compared to rejected ones, whereas this difference was not significant for those primed with the decision-maker perspective. No differences were found in the late component P3 across different perspectives. In conclusion, prior moral role experiences does influence individuals’ moral evaluations as third-party judges and this influence are moderated by the decision-maker’s benefit receiving from harming others. This effect occur primarily during the early emotional arousal stage rather than the later cognitive stage during the processing of moral decisions. These findings provide valuable insights into the flexibility in moral judgments and how past experiences shapes our moral standards.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Other Disciplines of Biology submitted time 2024-07-19
Abstract： The assumption of biological nature remains a cornerstone and central topic in evolutionary biology. Darwin’s natural selection theory initially focused on individual selection, based on the fundamental assumption of organisms’ inherent self-interest. This theory was unable to account for the "altruistic behavior" seen in bees and ants, leading to the critical "altruism dilemma," also known as the "Darwinian dilemma." To address this issue, scholars proposed several other theories of selection including group, kinship, gene, and multilevel selection. These theories, beyond individual selection, propose the existence of an "altruistic nature" in organisms, broadly termed "the existence theory of altruistic nature." However, using this framework to explain the behavior of organisms, including humans, leads to many contradictions and ongoing debates. Only by discarding the "existence theory of altruistic nature" and adhering to the "non-existence theory of altruistic nature," also known as "selfish nature theory" or "monistic nature theory," can these problems be resolved. The "existence theory of altruistic nature" is divided into three branches: "In-Group Altruism by Nature," "In-Group Diverse Nature Theory," and "Dual Nature Theory." Due to article length constraints, the analysis is divided into three papers. This paper robustly argues that "Dual Nature Theory" is untenable based on several grounds, including violations of the principles of symmetry and simplicity, definitional contradictions, genetic inconsistencies, intrinsic nature contradictions, and conflicts among the three theories themselves.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Biological Evolution Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-07-19
Abstract： The assumption of biological nature is a foundational and central issue in evolutionary biology. Darwin’s theory of natural selection was initially framed around individual selection, premised on inherent self-interest in organisms. However, it failed to explain the "altruistic behavior" observed in species like bees and ants, giving rise to the critical "altruism dilemma," also known as the "Darwinian dilemma." To tackle this issue, scholars introduced several theories of selection such as group, kinship, gene, and multilevel selection. Beyond individual selection, these theories acknowledge an "altruistic nature" within organisms, collectively referred to as "the existence theory of altruistic nature." Applying this theory to explain the behavior of organisms, including humans, still results in numerous contradictions and continuous debates. Only by rejecting the "existence theory of altruistic nature" and embracing the "non-existence theory of altruistic nature," also known as "selfish nature theory" or "monistic nature theory," can we resolve these complexities. The "existence theory of altruistic nature" is subdivided into three branches: "In-Group Altruism by Nature," "In-Group Diverse Nature Theory," and "Dual Nature Theory." Due to constraints in length, this analysis is conducted over three papers. This paper thoroughly demonstrates the fallacies of the "In-Group Diverse Nature Theory" from various angles, including contradictions with principles of natural science, lack of empirical research premises, and the inability of hypothetAnalyzing "In-Group Altruism by Nature"ical data to represent the actual population.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Biological Evolution Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-07-19
Abstract： The assumption of biological nature is a cornerstone and central issue in evolutionary biology. Darwin’s theory of natural selection originally promoted individual selection, based on the premise of inherent self-interest in organisms. This theory struggled to explain the "altruistic behavior" observed in bees and ants, leading to the critical "altruism dilemma," also known as the "Darwinian dilemma." To resolve this, scholars introduced various theories of selection, including group, kinship, gene, and multilevel selection. Apart from individual selection, these theories acknowledge the existence of an "altruistic nature" in organisms, collectively termed "the existence theory of altruistic nature." However, using this theory to explain the behavior of organisms, including humans, still leads to many contradictions and ongoing debates. Only by completely rejecting the "existence theory of altruistic nature" and adhering to the "non-existence theory of altruistic nature," also known as "selfish nature theory" or "monistic nature theory," can these issues be resolved. This paper divides the "existence theory of altruistic nature" into three branches: "In-Group Altruism by Nature," "In-Group Diverse Nature Theory," and "Dual Nature Theory." Due to space limitations, this analysis is divided into three papers. Based on principles of evolutionary biology, the need for motion theory, principles of natural science, and biological behavior, this paper thoroughly demonstrates that "In-Group Altruism by Nature" is untenable.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preventive Medicine and Hygienics submitted time 2024-07-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： Background Primary care general practitioners encounter significant challenges in diagnosing and managing skin diseases，highlighting the urgent need for artificial intelligence（AI） assisted systems. Although AI has the potential to improve diagnostic and treatment efficiency，research on its application in primary care settings remains limited. Objective To investigate the effectiveness and impact of an AI-assisted system in supporting primary care general practitioners with the diagnosis and management of skin diseases. Methods From December 2022 to March 2024，19 general practitioners from community health centers in Hangzhou were voluntarily recruited for this study. They were randomly divided into two groups：an AI group with 10 physicians and a control group with 9 physicians. During this period，these physicians treated a total of 90 patients with skin diseases：50 in the AI group and 40 in the control group. Physicians in the AI group utilized the Ruifu AI-assisted system for diagnosing and managing dermatological diseases，whereas those in the control group followed standard treatment protocols without AI assistance. Both groups compiled patients' medical records，auxiliary examination reports，and photographs of skin lesions during consultations. Two skin disease experts were invited to conduct remote consultations to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the two groups. On the first day（1 d） and the fourteenth day（14 d） of treatment，patients underwent assessments using the Dermatology Life Quality Index（DLQI），and satisfaction surveys were conducted separately for patients in the AI and control groups. A questionnaire survey was administered to doctors in the AI group to assess their experience with the Ruifu AI-assisted system. Results No significant differences were observed in gender，age，or education level among patients in the AI and control groups（P>0.05），nor among physicians in terms of gender，age，education，and professional titles（P>0.05）. The AI group's general practitioners achieved higher diagnostic accuracy for skin diseases than those in the control group（64.0% vs 37.5%，P=0.012）. Fourteen days post-treatment，improvements in the DLQI scores were observed in both the AI and control groups，with significant differences（P<0.05），and the improvement in the AI group was more significant（P<0.05）. The satisfaction level of the AI group was higher than that of the control group（P=0.024），and there was a positive correlation between the 14 d DLQI score and patient satisfaction in the AI group（rs=0.471，95%CI=0.186-0.683，P=0.002），the correlation between the improvement in DLQI score and patient satisfaction was even more significant（rs=0.816，95%CI=0.676-0.899，P<0.001）. The results of the questionnaire survey revealed that a majority of physicians demonstrated a positive attitude towards their use of the AI-assisted system，acknowledging its practical value in several areas：diagnosis selection（70.0%），auxiliary diagnosis（80.0%），treatment recommendations（60.0%），and the provision of professional knowledge（90.0%）. Remarkably，90% of the physicians indicated their intention to continue utilizing the AI assisted system. Conclusion In the primary care setting，the application of AI-assisted systems has enhanced the diagnostic accuracy of general practitioners in identifying skin diseases，improves the quality of life for patients，and increases patient satisfaction. The majority of general practitioners report positive experiences with the use of AI-assisted systems.
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preventive Medicine and Hygienics submitted time 2024-07-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： At present，the aging situation in China is becoming increasingly severe. The elderly are facing difficulties in acquiring elderly service and medical care in the process，in which the elderly need digital service of the combination between medical and nursing care urgently. However，there still exist some problems of the combination of medical and nursing care in the present stage，such as imperfect models，low level of intelligence，inefficient integration mechanism of resources related to "medical care" and "nursing care"，and the inadequate phenomenon in which the service of combination of medical and nursing care leads to “the castle in the air”. In view of the current difficulties and blocking points in the combination of medical and nursing care，the research team of this paper use digital and intelligent methods to construct 5 types of smart medical and nursing service models，including "full chain" "multi-subject integration" "active health" of traditional Chinese medicine，"return to the community" and "return to the home". Furthermore，the research team issused 6 group standards，seted up 2 landmark projects，and established more than 20 demonstration application bases across the country in the meantime as well as incorporate 500 community/township promotion plans of Henan Provincial government，which achieve good demonstration effects. This paper briefly introduces five types of model specifications from four aspects of model conception，model composition，model operation mechanism and model function，so as to facilitate the further study and popularization of the five models.
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preventive Medicine and Hygienics submitted time 2024-07-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： Background Post-stroke cognitive impairment（PSCI） brings a heavy burden to affected patients and their families. An early recognition and intervention can help delay the occurrence and development of PSCI. Therefore，the use of accurate neuropsychological assessment tools to screen for PSCI is essential for the management and treatment of PSCI. Objective To analyze the screening accuracy of assessment tools for PSCI by meta-analysis，thus providing references for an accurate screening of PSCI. Methods Diagnostic trials on screening tools of PSCI published from the establishment of the database to December 2022 were searched in China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI），VIP，Wanfang Database，Chinese Biomedical Literature Database（CBM），PubMed，Embase，Web of Science，Cochrane Library. Two researchers respectively screened literatures，extracted data，and assessed the risk of bias. Stata 17.0 software was used to analyze the data. Results A total of 57 articles were included，involving 7 assessment tools ［the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Canadian Stroke Network 5-Minute Battery（NINDS-CSN 5-Minutes），the Montreal Cognitive Assessment（MoCA），the Mini-Mental State Examination（MMSE），the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly（IQCODE），the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised（ACE-R），the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status Modified（TICSm）and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment 5-minute protocol（MoCA-5 min）］ to screen 12 113 patients. Meta-analysis results showed that the combined sensitivity and specificity of MoCA in screening PSCI were 0.83（95%CI=0.79-0.87） and 0.79 （95%CI=0.72-0.84），respectively，with a combined area under the curve（AUC） of 0.87（95%CI=0.84-0.90）. The combined sensitivity and specificity of MMSE in screening PSCI were 0.75（95%CI=0.69-0.80）and 0.76（95%CI=0.68-0.83），respectively，with a combined AUC of 0.81（95%CI=0.77-0.84）. The combined sensitivity and specificity of IQCODE in screening PSCI were 0.73（95%CI=0.48-0.89） and 0.95（95%CI=0.75-0.99），respectively，with a combined AUC of 0.91（95%CI=0.88-0.93）. The combined sensitivity and specificity of the NINDS-CSN 5-min in screening PSCI were 0.83（95%CI=0.78-0.87） and 0.69（95%CI=0.60-0.76），respectively，with a combined AUC of 0.85（95%CI=0.81-0.88）. The combined sensitivity and specificity of the ACE-R in screening PSCI were 0.90（95%CI=0.80-0.95） and 0.61（95%CI=0.19-0.91），respectively，with a combined AUC of 0.90（95%CI=0.87-0.92）. The combined sensitivity and specificity of TICSm in screening PSCI were 0.84（95%CI=0.75-0.91） and 0.67（95%CI=0.61-0.74），respectively， with a combined AUC of 0.86. Conclusion Based on the available evidence，the combined AUC of IQCODE and ACE-R is larger，and the former as a higher combined specificity and the latter has a higher combined sensitivity. Therefore，this meta-analysis suggested that IQCODE and ACE-R are optimal assessment tools to accurately screen PSCI. Although the MMSE and MoCA are common tools to screen PSCI，their combined AUCs are lower than the AUC of IQCODE and ACE-R. Due to the limited number of literatures reporting the IQCODE and ACE-R in screening PSCI，our conclusions still need to be validated by multicenter and large-sample studies.
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preventive Medicine and Hygienics submitted time 2024-07-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
MA Wenyuan
QI Shuo
SHANG Jianwei
CHEN Xiaoheng
LI Zhe
LI Huilong
HU Rui
LI Lu
SI Xinying
DING Zhiguo
Abstract： Background The efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） on the treatment of Hashimoto thyroiditis with normal thyroid function is increasingly pronounced. Under the current diagnosis and treatment mode combining both the disease itself and the relevant syndrome，TCM syndrome evaluation serves as an evaluation index that superiorly reflects the advantages of TCM. However，most clinical studies lack quantitative and standardized evaluation methods for the efficacy of TCM syndromes. Objective To preliminarily develop a TCM syndrome evaluation scale for Hashimoto's thyroiditis in patients with normal thyroid function. Methods The study period was from August 2023 to December 2023. Guided by the TCM theory and international scale development methods，a theoretical framework for developing a TCM syndrome evaluation scale for Hashimoto's thyroiditis in patients with normal thyroid function was established. An initial scale item pool was generated through literature review and preliminary clinical surveys by the research team. Items were refined using a combination analysis of subjective selection via the Delphi method and objective selection methods of item distribution，dispersion trends， Cronbach's alpha coefficient，and correlation coefficient analyses. Results Two rounds of expert consultations yielded 44 valid questionnaires，with the participation rate of 95.83% and 100%，respectively，and authority coefficient of 0.827 and 0.831，respectively. Eight key syndromes and 71 diagnostic information items associated with TCM syndrome evaluation were screened. A total of 369 valid questionnaires were collected from clinical surveys. Through the integration of four mathematical statistical methods and discussions with the expert panel，5 items for Qi stagnation syndrome，4 for Qi deficiency syndrome，3 for Phlegm syndrome，8 for Yin deficiency syndrome，3 for Blood stasis syndrome，6 for Yang deficiency syndrome，5 for Fire（Heat）syndrome，and 2 for Blood deficiency syndrome were removed. A preliminary formation of the TCM syndrome evaluation scale for Hashimoto's thyroiditis in patients with normal thyroid function was yielded，containing 51 diagnostic items in eight syndromes：9 items for Qi stagnation syndrome，10 for Qi deficiency syndrome，8 for Phlegm syndrome，9 for Yin deficiency syndrome，5 for Blood stasis syndrome，13 for Yang deficiency syndrome，8 for Fire（Heat） syndrome，and 8 for Blood deficiency syndrome.Conclusion This study has preliminarily developed a TCM syndrome evaluation scale for Hashimoto's thyroiditis with normal thyroid function，laying a foundation for the quantification of items and providing a methodological reference for the development of relevant scales.
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preventive Medicine and Hygienics submitted time 2024-07-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： Background Functional Dyspepsia（FD） is a common clinical disease with numerous guidelines and consensus，but the quality is uneven. Objective To explore current status of clinical guidelines and consensus of FD，to evaluate and analyze their quality and to provide a reference for future clinical decision-making and guideline revision. Methods China national knowledge internet，Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform，China Science and Technology Journal Database，PubMed，Web of Science，OVID，and Embase were searched from the time of construction to March 30，2024. Supplemental searches were conducted on Guidelines International Network，National Institute for Health and Care Excellence，Scottish Intercollegiate guidelines network，National guideline clearinghouse，Medlive guide and Chinese Medical Association. The AGREE Ⅱ and RIGHT checklists were used to evaluate the methodological and reporting quality of included studies by well-trained investigators with consistent understanding of the entries independently. Results A total of 17 guidelines and consensus were included. The results of AGREE Ⅱ quality evaluation showed that average scores for each of the 6 areas were scope and purpose（71.49%±2.38%），stakeholder involvement（42.48%±5.03%），rigour of development（36.00%±5.88%），clarity of presentation（60.29%±5.05%），applicability（20.47%±2.69%），and editorial independence 50.00%（0，57.29%）. 9 literatures were recommended as grade B，8 literatures as grade C，and no A-rated literature. The results of RIGHT evaluation showed that average reporting rates for each of the seven areas were basic information（70.83%±3.03%），background（68.02%±2.98%），evidence 15.00%（10.00%，55.00%），recommendation（36.76%±3.21%），review and quality assurance 0（0，6.25%），funding and declaration and management of interests（25.37%±5.18%），and other information 16.67%（0，37.50%）. Conclusion The overall methodological and reporting quality of clinical guidelines and expert consensus needs to be improved，and it is recommended that guidelines should be written in strict accordance with the requirements of AGREE Ⅱ and RIGHT checklist.
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preventive Medicine and Hygienics submitted time 2024-07-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： Brain metastases are a major factor in the poor prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer.The incidence of brain metastases is higher in patients with EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer，and tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting this target have become the first-line treatment for patients with stable brain metastases from EGFR-mutated NSCLC due to their excellent efficacy and safety，especially third-generation EGFR-TKIs. Combination of other treatments such as chemotherapy，angiogenesis inhibitor，and radiotherapy has also obtained preliminary efficacy.This article provides a review of the efficacy，safety，and future challenges of single-agent EGFR-TKIs and combination therapy in patients with brain metastases from EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer.This article suggests that EGFR-TKI in combination with chemotherapy may be a potential alternative treatment option for patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC brain metastases，especially for Asian patients，whereas for EGFR-TKI in combination with antiangiogenic or radiotherapy，the frontal benefit of the combination therapy was not obvious，and large prospective studies could be conducted to further validate and find individualized treatment options based on stratification factors such as EGFR mutation type，comorbid mutations，and clinicopathological features. As for EGFR-TKI combined with immunotherapy，the safety of the combined treatment still needs to be further explored.
Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2024-07-19
Abstract： The post hoc detection of test security has traditionally relied on statistics, but emerging machine learning methods offer enhanced detection performance. To advance the field of test security, we proposed a review of the research literature, categorizing the methods into three major categories: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and semi-supervised learning. Each of these major categories was further subdivided into three subcategories: ensemble learning, deep learning, and transfer learning. The study elucidated the distinctive attributes of diverse machine learning methodologies, provided practical recommendations for data acquisition and processing, and outlined strategies for input feature selection. Finally, prospective avenues for future research were identified, including machine learning-based person-fit research, machine learning test security research utilizing multimodal data, test security research employing generative adversarial networks, and the interpretability of research results.
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