Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2022-12-31
Abstract：
I design a thought experiment with the control variable method and reduction to absurdity to show that there is at least one problem making the internal logic of ordinal utility theory inconsistent, that is, under the condition that only ordinal utility information of articles is obtained, many fundamental axioms of ordinal utility theory cannot be established, which can explain why ordinal utility theory cannot be established. More importantly, this experimental method shows the form and properties of the real ordinal ranking, thus illustrating the perspective of this paper from both positive and negative angles, that is, ordinal utility theory cannot be established, and utility is essentially cardinal in nature.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2022-12-31
Abstract：
The key of experimental design is to balance between informativeness and efficiency. However, power analysis only focuses on informativeness and is difficult to implement. Sequential Bayes Factor analysis takes the advantage of Bayes Factor‘s ability and reach a trade-off between informativeness and efficiency by setting Bayes Factor criteria and the sequential analysis during data collection. The present primer demonstrates how to perform three steps of sequential Bayes Factor analysis using open-source software JASP and R. This method considers practical issues in real research practices and is easy to implement, which can help researchers to design more efficient experiments.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2022-12-29 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
ZHANG We
LI Jiajun
XIANG Mingzhu
HUANG Haimei
LI Changhang
YAN Jinliu
GAO Guannv
SU Xiaoyan
YOU Yeming
HUANG Xueman
Abstract：
Soil aggregates are the basic unit of soil structure. The stability of soil aggregates is an important indicator for evaluating soil structure and soil fertility. In order to reveal the response mechanism of particle size distribution and stability of soil aggregates after the mixture of Eucalyptus urophylla and Acacia mangium (nitrogen-fixing tree species).We measured the distribution and stability of aggregates indicators such as mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), mass fractal dimension (Dm), water stable aggregates (WSA), percentage of aggregates destruction (PAD) and aggregates stability index (ASI) in the 0~10 cm and10~20 cm soil layers by the dry sieving method and the wet sieving method, and a pure plantation of E. urophylla (PP) and a mixed plantation containing E. urophylla and A. mangium (nitrogen-fixing tree species) (MP) were selected as the research objects. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with PP, the soil physicochemical properties of MP were improved in varying degrees, especially soil pH, organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN). (2) The particle size distribution of soil aggregates in MP was better than that of PP, and the differences mainly lied in the particle sizes of >2 mm and <0.25 mm, but both were dominated by large aggregates (>0.25 mm). Compared with PP, the mechanical stability of aggregates in MP only increased significantly at 0~10 cm soil layer, but the water stability of aggregates in MP increased significantly at 0~10 cm and 10~20 cm soil layer. The mechanical stability and water stability of soil aggregates tended to decrease with the deepening of soil layer. (3) Mantel analysis showed that the stability of aggregates was significantly correlated with pH, SOC, TN, TP, BD and SP, and the stability of aggregates had the strongest correlation with TN. RDA analysis indicated that TN was the most critical factor driving the variation of stability aggregates. Our findings suggest that nitrogen-fixing tree species A. mangium can significantly improve proportion of macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) and the stability of soil aggregates in Eucalyptus plantations. This study can provide a theoretical guidance for soil and water conservation, soil nutrient management and sustainable management of Eucalyptus plantations in the South Asian tropics.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2022-12-29 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract：
Gupo Mountain is adjacent to the Nanling Biodiversity Conservation Priority Area of China, which nurtures rich biological resources. To understand the diversity of macrofungal species in this area, a survey and collection of macrofungal resources in Guangxi Gupo Mountain Provincial Nature Reserve (abbreviate as Gupo Mountain) and adjacent areas was conducted by random tracking method, and combined morphological and molecular biological methods to identify. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 348 species macrofungal were found in this area, belonging to 175 genera in 69 families in 2 phyla, 6 orders and 17 classes, including 40 species of edible mushrooms, 42 species of medicinal mushrooms and 7 species of toxic mushrooms. (2) The analysis of the species composition of the region shows that the dominant families were nine families, including Agaricaceae, Boletaceae, Entolomataceae and Hymenochaetaceae, etc.; the dominant genera are eleven genera, including Amanita, Crepidotus, Crinipellis, Entoloma, etc. (3) There are two endemic genera in China, namely Fragiliporia and Zangia, and 11 endemic species, namely Coltricia crassa, Coltricia weii, Entoloma caespitosum, Entoloma praegracile, Entoloma subtenuicystidiatum, Fomitiporia tenuitubus, Fomitiporia torreyae, Fragiliporia fragilis, Perenniporia nanlingensis, Perenniporia subtephropora and Tremella cerebriformis. (4) Analysis of the funga composition of macrofungi in Gupo Mountain and adjacent areas revealed that the composition of families can be divided into cosmopolitan element (66.67%), pantropic element (17.39%) and north temperate element (15.94%); while the genera can be divided into seven elements, among which the cosmopolitan element is the most dominant (61.71%), and pantropic element (20.57%) and north temperate element (13.71%) rank second and thirdly. The rich species data provide basic information for the assessment of macrofungal species diversity and sustainable utilization of resources in Gupo Mountain and adjacent areas.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2022-12-29 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract：
AP2/ERF transcription factors play important roles in plant growth, development and stress response. In order to explore the roles of AvAP2/ERF genes in salt tolerance, we identified AP2/ERF gene family in Aquilegia vulgaris transcriptome via bioinformatic methods, and then investigated their physical and chemical properties, conserved motifs, phylogenetic relations, and expression patterns of these genes in leaves and roots under salt stress. The expression of candidate genes was verified by qRT-PCR. The results were as follows：(1) 86 AvAP2/ERF genes were identified which encoded 154-722 amino acids, the molecular weight was 14 763.3-79 069.47 Da and isoelectric point ranged from 4.49 to 9.68. Most of them were slightly acidic proteins and all of them were hydrophilic. Most of AvAP2/ERF were localized in nucleus. (2)The similarity of secondary structure was high, which was proportionally composed of random coil and α-helix. The members all contained AP2 domains, and two conserved motifs were predicted. (3) In different stages of salt treatment, 71 AvAP2/ERF genes responded to salt stress. There were18 and 19 differentially expressed genes in leaves and roots, respectively. 86 AP2/ERF genes of Aquilegia vulgaris were divided into 5 subfamilies clustering with Arabidopsis thaliana; AvAP2/ERF-56、AvAP2/ERF-61 and AvAP2/ERF-80 of them might be involved in salt resistance, and the qRT-PCR results were consistent with sequencing expression trends. This study provides a reliable reference for further research on the function and stress response mechanism of AP2/ERF gene in Aquilegia vulgaris.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2022-12-29 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract：
The distribution of seagrass meadows in intertidal zone is determined by the intensity of desiccation stress. The physiological characteristics of plants are the important basis to reflect their environmental stress effects. In order to explore the effects of the duration of photothermal desiccation stress on the physiological characteristics of seagrass during the tidal cycle, taking the tropical dominant seagrass Thalassia hemprichii as the research object, a simulation experiment was carried out in a solar greenhouse with high temperature (41.0-44.5 ℃) and strong light (633- 1 682 μmol·m-2·s-1) environmental conditions. The effects of different desiccation time (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 90 min· d-1, continuous for 7 d) on the growth rate, photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic fluorescence parameters of the leaves, as well as on the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the contents of nonstructural carbohydrates and secondary metabolites of leaves and roots were studied. The results were as follows: (1) The diurnal periodic photothermal desiccation of ≤ 10 min·d-1 had no significant (P>0.05) effect on the growth rate and physiological characteristics of T. hemprichii. (2) Under the photothermal desiccation conditions, the damage of T. hemprichii leaves increased, the color of leaves changed from green to brown, and the growth rate of leaves decreased with the extension of desiccation time. Meanwhile, the photosynthetic pigment content, chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of leaves showed a downward trend; The contents of MDA and soluble sugar and the activities of POD, SOD and CAT of leaves and roots showed an upward trend; whereas the content of starch, total phenol and total flavonoids in leaves increased first and then decreased. (3) The diurnal periodic photothermal desiccation of 90 min·d-1 was the upper limit of incomplete inactivation for T. hemprichii chloroplast PS II photosynthetic reaction center. In summary, a long term photothermal desiccation stress during tidal cycle has negative impacts on the growth and physiological characteristics for T. hemprichii. The results may provide a basis for understanding the distribution of tropical seagrasses in the intertidal zone and the location selection of seagrass meadows for ecological restoration.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2022-12-29 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
LI Jiaqi
LI Yufei
WANG Xiaojing
LI Jianxing
WEN Shujun
HUANG Fuzhao
TAN Yanfang
LU Shuhua
LU Fang
CHEN Ting
GUO Yili
Abstract：
As a repository of genetic information of above-ground vegetation, the soil seed bank plays an important role in the natural succession and renewal of vegetation and the construction of ecological restoration. In this paper, three typical plant communities in the rocky desertification area of Gongcheng Yao Autonomous County were selected for the study, Analysis of soil seed bank structure and diversity in different communities and their response to soil nutrient characteristics, In order to provide a theoretical basis for karst stone desertification management and vegetation restoration in Gongcheng County. The results were as follows：(1) A total of 3 648 seedlings belonging to 55 species in 51 genera and 33 families were detected, These seedlings include 20 species of 1, 2-year-old herbs, 21 species of perennial herbs, 5 species of vines, 3 species of shrubs and 6 species of trees; The average density of soil seed bank of different plant communities in karstic desertification areas of Gongcheng County was: Prunus salicina economic forest (22 493 seeds·m-2) > Cyclobalanopsis glauca secondary forest (1 033 seeds·m-2) > Phyllostachys sulphurea shrub (793 seeds·m-2). (2) As for the plant life type of the soil seed bank, The soil seed bank life type of Prunus salicina economic forest is mainly annual malignant weeds, The plant life type of the soil seed bank in the Cyclobalanopsis glauca secondary forest and Phyllostachys sulphurea shrub is dominated by perennial herbs, while woody plants account for a relatively small proportion; The species diversity and similarity of the soil seed banks of different vegetation types were generally low, while the species composition of the soil seed banks also had low similarity with the above-ground communities. (3) The soil elements in the study area had higher nitrogen content and lower phosphorus content, And phosphorus as a limiting factor for plant growth in Phyllostachys sulphurea shrub and Cyclobalanopsis glauca secondary forest; In a comprehensive view, the plant community in the stone desertification area of Gongcheng County has some native germplasm resources, but overall shows low species diversity, and it is urgent to introduce native tree species artificially to accelerate the positive vegetation succession on the basis of natural sequestration, and pay attention to nutrient management, especially the regulation of phosphorus elements.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2022-12-29 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract：
SSR molecular markers were obtained based on abundant transcriptome data under different waterlogging conditions in order to develop appropriate biological tools and explore the molecular mechanism of hot pepper response to waterlogging stress in this experiment. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 128 939 Unigenes were obtained from transcriptome analysis of hot pepper. The total length, average length, and GC content were 55 082 725 bp, 1 101 bp, and 40.57%, respectively. Compared with seven major functional databases, 102 123 (NR: 79.20%), 110 157 (NT: 85.43%), 70 203 (SwissProt: 54.45%), 73 539 (KOG: 57.03%), 77 646 (KEGG: 60.22%), 77 442 (GO: 60.06%), and 68 216 (Pfam: 52.91%) Unigenes obtained functional annotations. It was found that lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, environmental adaptation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, signal transduction, and translation play important roles in the response to waterlogging stress. (2) 26 574 SSR loci were found in 24 889 Unigenes from hot pepper transcriptome data. The frequency of SSR was 20.61%, of which single nucleotide repeat accounted for the highest ratio (37.26%), followed by trinucleotide (31.00%) and dinucleotide (25.44%) repeat types, accounting for 93.70% of the total EST-SSR. The motifs A/T, AG/CT, and TC/GA, followed by AT and TA, were the most abundant in single nucleotide and dinucleotide. The most common types of trinucleotides were TTG/CAA and ACA/TGT. (3) 10 002 pairs of EST-SSR primers were designed with Primer 3. 30 pairs of primers were randomly selected for amplification test, and all of them were effective. Seven pairs of primers could amplify the target bands in three hot pepper germplasms. To sum up, the motif structure of the most dominant SSR repeat type in hot pepper was basically similar to that of other varieties, and the molecular mechanisms of hot pepper waterlogging stress response were preliminarily explored. The EST-SSR markers were developed to provide reference for hot pepper waterlogging-tolerant genetics and breeding.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2022-12-29 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract：
In order to find out the optimum harvest time of Polygala fallax, the present study analyze the root morphology, biomass, medicinal components, nutritional components and mineral elements of Polygala fallax roots during the 1~5 cultivating year by national standards and other methods. The results were as follows: (1) The morphology and biomass of Polygala fallax root increasd slowly during the first two cultivating year, and increased rapidly during the 2~3 cultivating year, however the parameters tended to be flat during the 3~5 cultivating year; (2) The content of different medicinal ingredients varied significantly within the cultivating year, polysaccharides reached to the peak at the first year, saponins reached to the peak in the second year, and flavonoids reached to the peak at the fourth year; (3) The mineral elements showed various behavior among cultivating years, the contents of Ca, Mg, Mn and Cu accumulated to the maximum in the third year, content of Fe decreased with increasing cultivating year, and the content of Pb increased with increasing cultivating year. (4) Crude protein increased first and then decreased, and the same change trands were observed in content of total ash and crude fat, both of which decreased as cultivating year increasing. The results show that Polygala fallax reaches a high yield in the third cultivating year, and most of the quality indicators in the roots of 4~5 year at the lowest value, and the third year is the ideal harvest period for Polygala fallax, which provide technical guidance for high-yield and good quality of Polygala fallax. The results of the study elucidate the dynamics accumulation of Polygala fallax during different cultivating year and reveal the optimal harvest time of Polygala fallax.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2022-12-29 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract：
To compare the differences in the active components, the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro between seven different varieties of raw tea water extracts, determine the correlation between each ingredient and activity, and provide a scientific basis for the development of Liupao tea products with better antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in the selection of raw materials and processing methods of raw tea. The contents of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and tea polysaccharides in the water extracts of raw tea and its infusion were determined. The antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of raw tea water extracts were evaluated by DPPH· scavenging ability, ORAC value and α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition as indicators, and Pearson correlation analysis was performed. The results were as follows: (1) there were significant differences in the contents of water extract, total polyphenols, total flavonoids and tea polysaccharides among the seven varieties, while the highest contents were found in Golden tea (53.42%±0.14%), Guihong No.4 (40.87%±1.09%), Yunnan big leaf species (27.17%±0.26%) and Fuyun No.6 (2.70%±0.02%), respectively. (2)There were also significant differences in DPPH· scavenging ability and ORAC values among the seven varieties, while the varieties showing better antioxidant effects in both evaluation methods were the Liupao group species, Guihong No.4 and Wantian species. (3)The inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase by the water extracts of seven varieties was significantly stronger than those of acarbose positive control.. The varieties showing better hypoglycemic effects in both evaluation methods were Liupao group species, Guihong No.4 and Guiqing species. (4)The antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities were all strongly and positively correlated with the contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids. In summary, raw tea quality of Liupao group species, Guihong No.4, Wantian species and Guiqing species are better, among which Liupao group species and Guihong No.4 have the prospect of developing antioxidant and hypoglycemic functional food; Wantian species and Guiqing species have the potential of developing antioxidant and hypoglycemic functional food respectively. Total polyphenols and total flavonoids have a great contribution to the in vitro antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of raw tea, so that attention should be paid to the protection of such components during the further processing and utilization of raw tea.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2022-12-29 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract：
In order to study the chemical constituents from Carpesium cernuum and their inhibitory effects on leukemia cells in vitro. The chemical constituents from ethyl acetate fraction of C. cernuum were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and macroporous adsorption resin, and their structures were identified by means of various spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS. The inhibitory effects of compounds 1-10 on leukemia cells (K562, HEL) in vitro were determined by MTT assay. The results showed as follows: (1) Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as 2, 9-epoxy-5, 9-dihydroxy-8-angeloyloxy-11-methoxymethyl-4(15)-germacraen-6, 12-olide (1), cardivin D (2), cernuumolide I (3), cernuumolide J (4), 8-hydroxy-9, 10-diisobutyryloxythymol (5), (2E, 6Z, 10E, 12R)-7-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-3, 11, 15-trimethylhexadeca-2, 6, 10, 14-tetraene-1, 12-diol (6), 9, 10-dihydroxyoctadecanoate (7), 1, 6-dihydroxy-8-hydroxymethyl-anthraquinone (8), emodin (9), 4-megastigmen-3, 9-dione (10), β-sitosterol (11). Among of them, compound 1 was identified as a new compound, compounds 5, 7-10 were isolated from the Carpesium for the first time, compounds 2, 5-10 were isolated from C. cernuum for the first time. (2) The results of activity test showed that cardivin D (2), cernuumolide I (3) and cernuumolide J (4) had good inhibitory effects on leukemia cells in vitro. The IC50 of compounds 2-4 against K562 cells and HEL cells were (2.27 ± 0.46), (5.53 ± 0.41), (3.90 ± 0.80) μmol·L-1 and (1.84 ± 0.14), (2.36 ± 0.90), (2.31 ± 1.17) μmol·L-1, respectively. Thus, the study enriches the chemical constituents of C. cernuum, and provides a material basis for the development of anti-leukemia drugs.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2022-12-29 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
WU Yong
WEI Aiji
YANG Ku
LI Jingui
DONG Sisi
LIU Dali
HOU Chunlan
LIU Honglin
CHENG Chi
XUE Feilong
LIU Songqing
Abstract：
To investigate the synergistic effect of Rosa roxbunghii Tratt polysaccharide（RRTP）and rosa roxbunghii tratt insoluble dietary fiber（RTIDF）on hypoglycemic function. In this study, RRTP and RTIDF were extracted, isolated and purified, the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of polysaccharides were measured by in vitro experiment and the relationship between hypoglycemic function and intestinal microbiota structure in mice was analyzed in vivo intervention experiment of type Ⅱ diabetes in mice. The results showed that: (1) RRTP had good free radical scavenging ability in vitro, and could significantly inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities with IC50 of 0.293 and 4.251 mg·mL-1, respectively. RTIDF only showed certain inhibitory activity on α-amylase activity. (2) After the intervention of the extractive in the model mice, the tendency of the obese mice to continue to lose weight was reversed. Compared with CK group, the blood glucose level of RTIDF and RRTP+RTIDF mice was significantly down-regulated, and the activity of CAT enzyme in serum was significantly enhanced. RRTP+RTIDF group was superior to RTIDF group. (3) In addition, the extract intervention could reduce the inflammatory factors in the liver, relieve the degree of cell swelling, increase the number of absorbing cells in the cecum, and restore the intestinal wall mucosal layer. (4) Further analysis of intestinal flora showed that RTIDF and RRTP could reduce the proportion of bacteroidetes to firmicutes, increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as acetobacter, but RTIDF had more significant regulation effect on the population. Therefore, based on in vitro hypoglycemic simulation and in vivo intervention results, RRTP and RTIDF have a certain synergistic effect on glucose intervention in diabetic mice, it may be used together as an intervention to improve type II diabetes.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2022-12-29 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract：
To reveal the effect of genetic improvement on leaf and seed traits of major afforestation timber species, and to clarify the variation trend of traits. Selected trees (improved population) of the fourth cycle of Chinese fir breeding and phenotypic superior trees and ancient trees (unimproved population) in four provinces and five regions were selected as the research objects, and the needle and seed traits of 218 clones were investigated, the study used variance analysis and multiple comparison methods to study the phenotypic differences of genetic improvement on Chinese fir and different types of Chinese fir; through correlation analysis, the study explored the effect of genetic improvement on the phenotypic traits of Chinese fir needles and cones; the study used principal components analysis and cluster analysis for classification. The results were as follows: (1) The needle length, needle width and seeding rate of the unimproved population were 13.28%, 10.81% and 33.90% smaller than those of the improved population, respectively. Other traits showed that the unimproved population was larger than the improved population, with differences ranging from 10.90% to 27.03%. The coefficients of variation of cone length, cone width and seeding rate of the unimproved population were 9.14%, 12.73% and 15.38% larger than those of the improved population, respectively. (2) Cone length, cone width, bract scale length and bract scale width are four characters, in the unimproved population only cone length and cone width (0.931), bract scale length and bract scale width (0.622) There was a very significant positive correlation between them, and after genetic improvement, the four traits showed a significant or extremely significant positive correlation in pairs. (3) Cone length and cone width in Sichuan Ya’an (SCYA) were 48.83% and 53.26% larger than those in the improved population, and the hundred-grain weight in Anhui Huangshan (AHHS) was 16.92% larger than those in the improved population. (4) Genetic improvement led to a decrease in the proportion of Chinese fir with loose-stretched cones, and an increase in the proportion of Chinese fir with tightly packed and inverted cones. This study believes that the genetic improvement of Chinese fir leads to the reduction of cone size, changes the proportion of different needles and cone types, and changes the correlation between needle traits and seed-fruit traits, which will be helpful for providing the basis to the evaluation of Chinese fir germplasm resources and future multi-targets breeding.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2022-12-29 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract：
In order to explore an efficient artificial light environment for improving the quality of Paramichelia baillonii and shortening its cultivation cycle, the annual seedlings of P. baillonii were exposed to five composite lights, red+ blue (8R1B, 6R1B), red+blue+purple+green (8R1B1P1G, 6R1B1P1G), and white light (W) with two photoperiods (12 h穌-1,16 h穌-1), Two-factor experiment with randomized block design and subordinate function were uesd to explore the response pattern of the growth, photosynthetic pigments and endogenous hormones of P. baillonii seedlings to different light qualities and photoperiods. The results were as follows: (1) Light quality, photoperiod, and their interaction had significant effects on height growth, leaf area, chlorophyll a, zeatin (ZR), abscisic acid (ABA) content, endogenous hormone ratio (IAA/ABA, (IAA+GA3+ZR)/ABA), etc. (P<0.05) (2) 16 h穌-1 photoperiod was conducive to the improvement of height growth, leaf area, seedling quality index, biomass, chlorophyll a, auxin (IAA), ZR content, and endogenous hormones ratio. (3) Under 16 h穌-1, height growth, leaf area, and seedling quality index under 8R1B treatment reached the maximum value, which were 21.84 cm, 158.39 cm2 and 2.43 respectively; Compared with the 6R1B treatment, the 8R1B had higher chlorophyll a/b and ZR content; Compared with the 6R1B1P1G treatment, the 8R1B1P1G had higher chlorophyll a, a/b, carotenoids, IAA, gibberellin (GA3) and endogenous hormones ratio. In conclusion, Red-blue composite light quality with higher red ratio and proper extension of photoperiod are conducive to improving the quelity of P. baillonii, and the addition of purple-green light cannot promote its growth, 16�8R1B is the most suitable light condition for the growth of P. baillonii seedlings.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2022-12-29 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract：
In order to clarify the nutritional value characteristics and development direction of different parts of Malania oleifera, essential nutrients, amino acids and minerals in the kernel, peel, leaf, branch bark and bark of M. oleifera were determined by using the analysis method of conventional food nutrients and the nutritional value of each portion of the amino acids was evaluated. The results were as follow: (1) In terms of essential nutrients, except for carbohydrates, there were extremely significant differences in the contents of the remaining seven basic nutrients among five parts (P<0.01). The ash content of peel was highest than other parts, which was 5.7 g/100 g. The contents of crude fat and protein in kernel were highest than other parts, which were 36.0 and 14.0 g/100 g respectively. The content of Vitamin C in leaf was highest than other parts, which was 33.9 mg/100 g. The content of crude fiber in branch bark was highest than other parts, which was 40.5 g/100 g. The content of carbohydrate in bark was highest than other parts, which was 78.6 g/100 g. Volatile oil was detected only in kernel and leaf, with the content of 0.26 and 0.15 mL/100 g respectively. (2) A total of 16 amino acids were detected in the five parts of M. oleifera, including 7 essential amino acids. The total amount of amino acids and essential amino acids of kernel were much higher than those of other parts. In terms of amino acid nutritional value, the nutritional value of kernel and peel were higher than other parts, followed by leaf, bark and bark. And the essential amino acid ratio coefficient score ( SRC ) was 62.98, 59.40, 57.31, 52.25, 48.17, respectively. (3) The highest content of major elements in kernel, peel and leaf was K, the highest content of major elements in branch bark and bark was Ca, and the content of Na in five parts of M. oleifera was lowest. Among the macro-minerals, the contents of P and Mg in kernel were significantly higher than those in other parts (P<0.05). The contents of K and Na in peel were significantly higher than those in other parts (P<0.05). And the results also showed high levels of K/Na ratios at all parts. In terms of trace elements, the content of Mn and Fe in five parts of M. oleifera were higher than others. The content of Mn in kernel was the highest, and the content of Fe in branch bark was the highest. The total contents of Mn and Fe in kernel and leaf were higher than other parts. Comprehensive results show that the kernel has the highest nutritional value and each part has its own characteristics and advantages. Different parts can be effectively and accurately developed and utilized according to different value characteristics.
Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2022-12-29 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract：
To explore the population quantitative characteristics and regional distribution of wild Viburnum plants in southwest Hubei, and reveal the survival status and development trend of the following five Viburnum species: V. erosum, V. betulifolium, V. sympodiale, V. setigerum and V. dilatatum. A total of 27 hm2 permanent monitoring stands were set up in Jinzishan National Forest Farm, Mulinzi National Nature Reserve and Qizimei Mountain National Nature Reserve in southwest Hubei. The age structure, dynamic quantitative analysis and static life table of five Viburnum species were used to explore the population structure, dynamic characteristics and future development potential of Viburnum plants. The results were as follows: (1) The distribution area and population size of Viburnum plants in southwest Hubei are significantly different. (2) The age structure of the five Viburnum species displays as the pyramidal type summarized from population structure and dynamic analysis.. The number of individuals of each population is large at the young stage (89.48% of V. erosum in Jinzi Mountains, 76.38% of V. betulifolium, 67.24% of V. erosum in Mulinz, 62.11% of V. dilatatum, 56.53% of V. sympodiale, 58.44% of V. setigerum), and only a small proportion of individuals (0.18% of V. erosum in Jinzi Mountains, 0.85% of V. betulifolium, 3.29% of V. erosum in Mulinz, 3.97% of V. dilatatum, 8.37% of V. sympodiale, 2.79% of V. setigerum) in the older stage. The young stage plants of five Viburnum species all have strong growth potential but are sensitive to external disturbances. (3) The survival quantity of the five Viburnum species is decreasing monotonically with increasing age class presented by static life tables. Except for V. setigerum, the life expectancy reaches peak at the younger age, all other Viburnum species populations reach the peak at the middle age. The change trend of mortality rate and disappearance rate are similar, but the fluctuation of disappearance rate and mortality curve are different among different species. The survival curves are tended to be Deevey-Ⅱ type. (4) The four survival function curves show that all five Viburnum species populations exhibited a substantial decrease in the early stage, stabilization in the middle stage, and decline in the late stage. To sum up, Viburnum species are abundant plant resources in southwest Hubei. Therefore, it is scientific and feasible to exploit Viburnum plants rationally. In the young stage, artificial thinning can be carried out appropriately to improve the preserving rate. During the stable middle stage, the dominant and species which have good ornamental characters can be selected for appropriate development and utilization. However, some species need to be protected to maintain biodiversity in this area.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-12-29
Abstract：
Compared with hearing readers, orthographic information and phonological information may play different roles in the word recognition process for hearingimpaired readers. As a communication mode for hearing-impaired readers, sign language may also affect their word recognition process. Alarge number of studies have examined the activation of orthographic representation, phonological representation, and sign language representation during visual word recognition in hearing-impaired readers. Previous studies have found that hearing-impaired readers could activate stable orthographic representations, but there were inconsistent results in the activation of phonological representations, whereas studies on hearing-impaired readers who primarily use sign language have found that they can activate stable sign language representations. Hearing-impaired readers grow up in a complex language environment, which leads to great individual differences in language experience and reading ability. However, previous works have not clearly identified the effect of language experience and reading ability on the cognitive mechanism of reading in hearing-impaired readers. Continuous attention to this problem will help to provide a reference to guide reading instruction for hearing-impaired readers. This study conducted two semantically related decision tasks to investigate the activation of orthographic, phonological, and sign language representations during Chinese visual word recognition in hearing-impaired college students. Orthographic and phonological representations play an important role in word recognition for hearing readers, but sign language representations are a phenomenon unique to deaf readers. In the current study we investigated the activation of orthographic and phonological representation in Experiment 1 and the activation of sign language representation in Experiment2. To investigate the effects of individual differences, according to their language experience and reading fluency, hearing-impaired college students were divided into deaf college students with oral language experience and higher reading ability (Skilled Oral Deaf, SOD), deaf college students with sign language experience but higher reading ability (Skilled Sign Deaf, SSD), and deaf college students with sign language experience and lower reading ability (Less-Skilled Sign Deaf, LSSD). The results of Experiment 1 showed that (a) hearing students showed a stable orthographic interference effect, whereas the phonological interference effect was weak. (b) The SOD group and the SSD group showed similar performance. Both showed a stable orthographic interference effect but did not show a significant phonological interference effect. (c) The SSD group and the LSSD group showed similar performance. Both groups showed a stable orthographic interference effect but did not show a phonological interference effect. Experiment 2 found that (a) hearing students did not show a sign language interference effect. (b) The SOD group and the SSD group differed in performance. The SSD group exhibited a sign language interference effect, whereas this effect was absent in the SOD group. (c) The SSD group performed similarly to the LSSD group. Both groups showed a stable sign language interference effect. Taken together, the following conclusions were drawn from the two studies: (a) after controlling for reading ability, language experience affected Chinese lexical recognition in deaf college students; lexical representation of oral deaf college students was similar to that of hearing readers., orthographic representations were mainly activated; and the activation of phonological and sign language representations was weak. Deaf college students who used sign language developed a unique cognitive mechanism, and they activated stable orthographic and sign language representations during visual word recognition. (b) After controlling for language experience, reading ability did not affect lexical representation during Chinese word recognition in hearingimpaired college students. (c) Based on the results of this study, combined with the representation and processing models of Chinese word recognition, we attempted to construct a cognitive model of Chinese word recognition for hearing-impaired college readers.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Physics Related Engineering and Technology Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Technology of Instrument and Meter Subjects: Electronics and Communication Technology >> Electron Technology Subjects: Physics >> Interdisciplinary Physics and Related Areas of Science and Technology submitted time 2022-12-29
Abstract：
A low-noise high-gain large-bandwidth transimpedance amplifier (TIA) for cryogenic scanning tunneling microscope (CryoSTM) is proposed. The TIA connected with the tip-sample component in CryoSTM is called as CryoSTM-TIA. The CryoSTM-TIA has a transimpedance gain of 10 Gohm, a bandwidth of over 100 kHz, and an equivalent input noise current power spectral density less than 4 (fA)2/Hz at 100 kHz. The low inherent noise of the CryoSTM-TIA is due to its special design: (1) its pre-amplifier (Pre-Amp) is made of the low-noise cryogenic high electron mobility transistors; (2) the cascode-type configuration for the Pre-Amp is used to avoid Miller effect to reduce its input capacitance CA; (3) the capacitance of the cable connected the Pre-Amp input to the tip, i.e. CI, is minimized; (4) thermal noise sources, such as the feedback resistor, are placed in the cryogenic zone. Its high gain and large-bandwidth are realized together, due to the application of the frequency compensation in the feedback loop, the reduced CA, and the minimized CI. This apparatus can be used for fast high-energy-resolution measurements of scanning tunneling spectra for low conductivity materials, especially for measuring their scanning tunneling shot noise spectra.
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Physics Related Engineering and Technology Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Technology of Instrument and Meter Subjects: Electronics and Communication Technology >> Electron Technology Subjects: Physics >> Interdisciplinary Physics and Related Areas of Science and Technology submitted time 2022-12-29
Abstract： Shot noise is a powerful tool to study quantum systems. In this work, a design of transimpedance amplifier (TIA) for a cryogenic scanning tunneling microscope (CryoSTM) is proposed to meet the requirements of the shot noise measurements for quantum systems. In the TIA, the preamplfier is made of the low-noise low-power cryogenic high electron mobility transistors. With the high transimpedance gain of 1 Gohm, the bandwidth of the proposed TIA is larger than 300 kHz. In the CryoSTM, the TIA with the tip-sample component is called as CryoSTM-TIA. The bandwidth of the proposed CryoSTM-TIA is still larger than 300 kHz. Its equivalent input noise current power spectral density is less than 30 (fA)2/Hz at 100 kHz. It is detailed, for quantum systems, by using the CryoSTM-TIA, how to measure scanning tunneling current spectra, scanning tunneling differential conductance spectra, and scanning tunneling noise current power spectra, in atomic scale, and then extract their scanning tunneling shot noise spectra. Thus, it is possible to study novel quantum phenomena in various quantum systems by measuring shot noise with the CryoSTM-TIA, such as the Andreev reflection in atomic scale, the Kondo effect in a single molecular magnet, and the existence of Majorana bound states, etc.
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2022-12-28
Abstract：
One of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)is persistent social dysfunction. In recent years, many studies have indicated that tactile input can affect social function through regulating the oxytocin system. The affective touch conducted by C-fiber promotes the synthesis and release of oxytocin and enhances social motivation and social preference. According to the social salience hypothesis of oxytocin, oxytocin increases the salience of social information through enhancing activation of corresponding brain regions. Under this theoretical framework, when social interaction happens, tactile input can enhance the synthesis and release of oxytocin, and oxytocin can also increase the salience of tactile information, which further promotes the occurrence of social interaction. Previous studies have shown that people with ASD have deficits in the oxytocin system. The main manifestations are lower peripheral oxytocin concentration than normal developing individuals and the change of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)of oxytocin receptor. People with ASD also show abnormal tactile sensitivity, including hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity. At the peripheral level, they manifest abnormal tactile threshold. At the central level, they manifest abnormal activation in the brain’s affective touch processing regions (such as insula). Based on the social salience hypothesis of oxytocin, this article summarizes the possible regulations between touch and oxytocin on social function. We point out that the deficits in the oxytocin system can decrease the salience of touch information in people with ASD, reducing the attention resources in social interaction and affecting the emotional feelings for touch. Abnormal tactile sensitivity results in social avoidance, which decreases the synthesis and release of oxytocin in social contact, decreasing the social motivation and social preference, ultimately resulting in social dysfunction. Exploring the interaction between touch, oxytocin system and social function can help us understand the pathogenesis of social dysfunction, and providing new ideas for the prevention and intervention in the future.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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