Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2024-01-18
Abstract： Social interaction impairment is one of the core symptoms of children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) which requires early intervention for successful social skills. The conventional approaches of psychological rehabilitation have many limitations such as time consuming, high cost, and shortage of professional rehabilitation therapists. With the development of artificial intelligence, social robots with their unique strengths are widely used in improving social interactions of children with ASD. This paper discusses the potential of social robots in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder and the current applications of social robots for the therapeutic treatment of joint attention, self-initiations, motor imitation, and other social function in ASD patients. It also analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of social robots during the intervention in terms of experimental environments and methods among other factors. It is proposed that future research can be conducted to develop new social scenarios based on the characteristics of human-robot interaction; combine multimodality and brain science and technology to reveal the psychological process of human-robot interaction; construct closed-loop systems for social robots by leveraging the advancing artificial intelligence technology.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2023-12-24
Abstract： Objective: Identify the acute stress response patterns, and explore the difference of state anxiety and positive and negative emotion scores of different acute stress response models at different time points. Methods: The acute stress response of 226 healthy adults was induced by the stress inducing task. Salivary cortisol was collected and the trait anxiety scale, state anxiety scale, and positive and negative emotion scale were filled out at different time points. The latent class growth analysis of salivary cortisol was used for heterogeneity testing. Results: The results showed that the acute stress response pattern can be divided into three latent class: low stress response, medium stress response and high stress response. The state anxiety scores and negative emotion scores of individuals with low acute stress response after the end of stress task were significantly lower than those at the end of stress task. Conclusion: The acute stress response pattern has obvious classification characteristics, including low stress response, medium stress response and high acute stress response. Low stress response individuals will experience negative emotional experience for a short time after stress.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2023-11-02
Abstract： Memory is stored in the strength changes of synaptic connections between neurons, and neurotransmitters play a crucial role in regulating synaptic plasticity. Neurons expressing specific types of neurotransmitters can form distinct neurotransmitter systems, including the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic systems. Studies on the destabilization processes of various types of memories have revealed the important role of acetylcholine in memory destabilization triggered by the retrieval of novel associative information. The resistance of high-intensity fear memories to destabilization and reconsolidation is attributed to the activation of the noradrenergic-locus coeruleus system during the encoding process of such fear memories. Other important neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and serotonin, also exert influences on memory plasticity at different stages of memory formation. Neurotransmitters play significant roles in fear memory destabilization and reconsolidation, but these effects are typically not independent; rather, they involve interactions and mutual regulation, such as dopamine-cholinergic interactions and serotonin-glutamate interactions. Furthermore, this summary elaborates on the roles of the aforementioned neurotransmitters in memory reconsolidation and their interactions. The study of neurotransmitters at the molecular level can provide valuable insights for the investigation of interventions targeting fear memory reconsolidation. In the future, research should continue to explore the key factors and methods underlying fear memory destabilization based on the molecular mechanisms of memory destabilization and the role of neurotransmitters, to improve the clinical treatment of PTSD based on the reconsolidation intervene.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2023-11-01
Abstract： According to the error-driven learning theory, the mismatch between expected outcome of behavior and actual result, known as “Prediction error” or PE, is the driving factor of new learning. Prediction error differs from other types of salience, such as physical salience, surprise, or novelty, in terms of distinct periods of information processing, as well as in its relationship with memory updating. The reconsolidation interference paradigm has been shown to be effective in neutralizing conditioned fear memory in humans, where the prediction error involved in memory reactivation is required to reactivate memory for reconsolidation. In the behavioral mechanisms of PE in promoting fear memory updating, it is found that PE is a necessary but not sufficient condition of memory destabilization. Memory reactivation must include appropriate degree of PE; however, properties of the memory must be taken into account when determining the fate of memory following reactivation, which could be destabilization, extinction or limbo. In the neural mechanism of PE in fear memory updating, amygdala, periaqueductal gray (PAG) and hippocampus are found to play an important part in PE detection and computation. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and its subregions play a crucial role in the process of PE-initiated memory reconsolidation. Furthermore, some essential neurotransmitters in the nervous system are involved in this process, notably dopamine and glutamate. In the future, quantitative investigations based on statistical calculation models of PE need to be conducted to explore the interactions between PE and other boundary conditions on memory reconsolidation. The role of different types of salience in memory reconsolidation is also worth investigating. In addition, individual difference in PE’s role in updating fear memories must be taken into account to facilitate clinical translations. In both basic research and therapeutic intervention attempts, we feel that multidisciplinary techniques and procedures are essential for elucidating the processes underlying the involvement of PE in fear memory reconsolidation and updating.
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2023-09-08
Abstract： Abstract：
Under the guidance of traditional biomedical models, most studies have attributed the social communication deficits in autism to their own social shortcomings. However, the “Double Empathy” problem is rooted in the bidirectional nature of social communication. Autistic individuals face difficulties in integrating into the social environment not only because they themselves struggle to understand typical neurotypical individuals, but also because neurotypical individuals find it challenging to understand autism. Due to a mismatch in perception and understanding between autistic and neurotypical individuals, there is a bidirectional disconnect of information, thereby resulting in difficulties in their interactions. A series of related studies have confirmed the existence of the “Double Empathy” problem, with its internal mechanisms including differences in behavioral expressions and stigmatization. Interventions can be carried out through shared reading patterns, peer support, and interpersonal synchronization methods. Future research should focus on social communication in autistic individuals across different age groups, taking into account the unique expressions of empathy in autism, conducting in-depth studies of the interaction processes between both parties, and encouraging the development of more effective intervention.
Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2022-12-28
Abstract：
One of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)is persistent social dysfunction. In recent years, many studies have indicated that tactile input can affect social function through regulating the oxytocin system. The affective touch conducted by C-fiber promotes the synthesis and release of oxytocin and enhances social motivation and social preference. According to the social salience hypothesis of oxytocin, oxytocin increases the salience of social information through enhancing activation of corresponding brain regions. Under this theoretical framework, when social interaction happens, tactile input can enhance the synthesis and release of oxytocin, and oxytocin can also increase the salience of tactile information, which further promotes the occurrence of social interaction. Previous studies have shown that people with ASD have deficits in the oxytocin system. The main manifestations are lower peripheral oxytocin concentration than normal developing individuals and the change of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)of oxytocin receptor. People with ASD also show abnormal tactile sensitivity, including hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity. At the peripheral level, they manifest abnormal tactile threshold. At the central level, they manifest abnormal activation in the brain’s affective touch processing regions (such as insula). Based on the social salience hypothesis of oxytocin, this article summarizes the possible regulations between touch and oxytocin on social function. We point out that the deficits in the oxytocin system can decrease the salience of touch information in people with ASD, reducing the attention resources in social interaction and affecting the emotional feelings for touch. Abnormal tactile sensitivity results in social avoidance, which decreases the synthesis and release of oxytocin in social contact, decreasing the social motivation and social preference, ultimately resulting in social dysfunction. Exploring the interaction between touch, oxytocin system and social function can help us understand the pathogenesis of social dysfunction, and providing new ideas for the prevention and intervention in the future.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2022-10-20
Abstract： Abstract: Reward processing abnormalities are prominent in the clinical presentation of patients with major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Reward processing comprises a dynamic set of cognitive component processes that may occur temporally adjacent to each other. Eventrelated potentials (ERPs), as one of the most commonly used tools to assess cognitive processing with a high temporal resolution, is a useful method to investigate complex, multifaceted construct composed of the substages of reward processing. However, ERP research in psychiatric conditions has typically focused on a single component of reward processing rather than capturing the dynamics of reward processing. Reward processing can be decomposed into two temporally distinct stages: reward-anticipation and outcome-evaluation, each of which is associated with different ERP components (i.e., reward-anticipation: cue-related N2 and P3, stimulus-preceding negativity or SPN and contingent-negative variation or CNV; outcome-evaluation: feedback-related negativity or FRN/reward positive or RewP, feedback-related P3 or FB-P3 and the late positive potential or FBLPP), and abnormal activities of these ERPs are closely related to transdiagnostic psychiatric symptoms. Utilizing multistage experimental designs and implementing multicomponent analyses hold great promise to investigate neurophysiological abnormalities during different stages of reward processing and enhance treatment development in psychiatric disorders.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2022-02-27
Abstract：
Over the long course of evolution, in order to cope with the threat of pathogens, both animals and humans have evolved complex disease defense mechanisms, one of which is known as the behavioral immune system. The behavioral immune system is a complex suite of cognitive, affective, and behavioral mechanisms that ultimately help prevent pathogen transmission in the face of recurrent infectious disease threats. It functions by detecting threat-relevant cues in the environment and activating disgust-related responses aimed at diminishing those threats. However, in modern times, with advanced medical technology, the behavioral immune system may not always be beneficial to human disease control behaviors. Previous studies have found that, the social strategies that are designed to avoid infection in ancient times may lead to more serious health problems (e.g., the damage to the cardiovascular system) in modern society. These studies suggest that the behavioral immune system may be evolutionary mismatch in the modern and complex medical environment, which may have negative effects on our medical-seeking behavior. Therefore, we hypothesized that, in modern society, the activation of behavioral immune system will affect individuals' medical-seeking tendency, making individuals display more negative attitudes towards health-care and become more likely to delay their medical-seeking.
This hypothesis was systematically tested by three different studies. In these studies, we used a well-validated medical-seeking attitude questionnaire and a computerized patient delay task to measure the individuals' medical-seeking tendency. Specifically, in Study 1A (223 participants) and Study 2A (218 participants), we investigated the relationship between trait activation level of behavioral immune system and individuals' medical-seeking tendency by employing the scales of Disgust Scale-Revised Chinese and Perceived Vulnerability to Diseases. In Study 1B (198 participants) and Study 2B (174 participants), we situationally activated the behavioral immune system by asking the participants to watch disease-salient primes in order to investigate the effects of external disease cues on the medical-seeking tendency. In Study 3, we investigated that whether the effects of the activation of behavioral immune system on the medical-seeking attitude and tendency were mediated by the perception of the risk of hospital infection.
The results showed that: 1) core disgust negatively predicted the attitude of participants toward medical-seeking; 2) core disgust positively predicted the tendency of participants to delay medical-seeking; 3) situationally activating the behavioral immune system significantly affected the attitude of participants toward medical-seeking and the tendency of participants to delay medical-seeking, participants were found to be more likely to have a negative attitude toward medical-seeking and delay their medical-seeking after watching the disease-salient primes; 4) the perception of the risk of hospital infection mediated the relationship between the activation of behavioral immune system and medical-seeking attitude and tendency, participants who had higher core disgust or received disease-salient primes were more likely to perceive the medical-seeking situations as infectious, which subsequently led the participants to adopt more negative attitudes toward medical-seeking and to display stronger patient-delay tendency.
These results support our hypothesis, suggesting that the ancient behavioral immune system may have a negative effect on the medical-seeking behavior in contemporary society. These results are consistent with the evolutionary mismatch hypothesis and provide a new theoretical perspective for the further understanding of the medical-seeking behavior of modern humans.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2021-11-24
Abstract： Maintaining optimal hand hygiene is an important strategy for infection control and prevention, but how to increase adherence to hand hygiene practices has been a major challenge to prevent infectious diseases and reduce hospital acquired infections (HAIs). Hand hygiene nudging intervention based on behavioral science transforms hand washing behavior into an automatic triggering habit in a more “imperceptible” way, which makes up for many limitations of traditional hand hygiene intervention based on knowledge sharing and health education. Given on different influential mechanisms, hand hygiene nudging strategies can be classified into four categories: providing decision information, optimizing decision options, influencing decision structure and reminding decision direction. The effectiveness of multi-facet nudging strategies has also been confirmed in practice, but there is still a lack of hand hygiene nudging intervention in Chinese sociocultural contexts. The future direction is to carry out such nudging interventions in hospitals, schools, communities and other public places in China based on the theory of behavioral sciences, so as to contribute to the prevention and control of infectious diseases and improve public health. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2021-10-14
Abstract： Early identification and early intervention of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are critical to their developmental outcomes. Vocalizations are sounds produced by children before they learn to talk. Studies suggested that unusual nonspeech-like and speech-like vocalizations are potential early identification makers for children with ASD before the age of 2 years. The theoretical explanations for unusual vocalizations mainly include the motivation orientation theories, the neuromotor orientation theories, the perceptual orientation theory, and the social feedback orientation theory. Future research may consider in (1) exploring the possibility of unusual vocalizations as unique early identification markers for children with ASD, (2) strengthening the study of crying in early screening of children with ASD, (3) constructing an automatic learning classification model based on the strongest predictive acoustic parameters, (4) analyzing the influence of intrinsic and social motivation on speech-like vocalizations in children with ASD, and (5) investigating the neural mechanisms of unusual speech-like vocalizations. These evidence may be helpful for early identification and intervention of children with ASD."
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2021-03-21
Abstract： "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2021-02-05
Abstract： Under the framework of Reconsolidation Interference of conditioned fear memory, Prediction Error (PE) is demonstrated as a necessary condition of memory destabilization. However, the role of PE in destabilizing fear memories of different strength is unclear. The degree of PE that is needed to effectively reactivate fear memory may be changeable according to the strength of memory. It is unknown whether the PE used to reactivate weak memories is still valid in retrieving enhanced memories. Besides, explorations of possible solutions are rare if strong memories are resistant to undergoing reconsolidation. Among factors that are possible to help to overcome the boundary condition, the effects of stress hormone are worth exploring. However, the manipulation of fear strength in human studies in the laboratory has not been well developed. Thus, the present study has three main aims: (1) based on previous results in animal studies, we tested the effect of fear memory strength manipulation in the laboratory settings in humans; (2) to examine the effect of PE during reactivation on destabilizing different strength memories and (3) to test the possible influence of post-reactivation exogenous stress to the retrieval-extinction of fear memories. The three days retrieval-extinction paradigm was adopted in the present study. We manipulated the memory strength through two kinds of acquisition procedures on the first day, which varied the predictability of the unconditioned stimulus (US) occurrence after the conditioned stimulus (CS). 24 hours later, a reminder contained a single PE was used to reactivate memories, then followed by a stress task (Social Evaluate Cold Pressor test, SECPT) or not before extinction. After 24 hours, a test of spontaneous recovery and reinstatement was utilized to measure the return of fear in each condition. All participants were divided into three conditions: CS-Predictable US_no Stress Group, CS-Unpredictable US_no Stress Group and the CS-Unpredictable US_Stress Group. The skin conductance response (SCR) and fear-potentiated startle response (FPS) were used as measurements of conditioned fear. The results showed that there was a relatively higher increase in fear response (SCR) from Day 1 to Day 2 in the CS-Unpredictable US condition than the CS-Predictable US condition, which may suggest the difference of memory strength among conditions. And for the weak fear memory (CS-predictable US), the reactivation that contained single PE and followed by extinction training can prevent the spontaneous recovery, especially on the SCR measurement. While in the enhanced memory condition (CS-unpredictable US), the extinguished memory had a distinct relapse in the memory test on the third day, which suggests the failure of memory destabilization. Furthermore, under this condition, if the acute stress task was adopted after reactivation, the return of fear would further increase, comparing with the no stress manipulation conditions. These results indicate that PE used to reactivate weak memories is insufficient to destabilize strong memories; and the post-reactivate acute stress cannot compensate this deficit caused by boundary conditions (e.g., strength). We further discussed possible interpretations of these results and the implications for the translation of retrieval-extinction to clinical practice and the cure of post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD).
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2021-01-14
Abstract： Previous research found that people with higher level of psychopathy trait would endorse more to the harmful but beneficial action in traditional moral dilemmas. Three possibilities for this effect were confounded: People with higher psychopathy trait, 1) care more about the beneficial consequences; 2) care less about the “no harm” norms; 3) just prefer action irrespective of consequences and norms. A multinomial processing tree model named “CNI” was developed and claimed to dissociated these three possibilities. Four studies have applied CNI model to study the psychopathy-moral decision relationship. However, the CNI model presupposes the agent sequentially processes consequences-norms-generalized inaction/action preferences, which makes the estimated parameters biased and untenable. More recently, an alternative algorithm named “CAN” was developed based on the same data structure to overcome the limitations of CNI model. We applied CAN algorithm and reanalyzed the raw data of the four studies on psychopathy-moral decision relationship. The results demonstrated that people with higher psychopathy trait have weaker consequences and norms sensitivities, stronger overall action preferences, stronger inaction/action preferences irrespective of norms and consequences, and weaker moral principles obedience. Furthermore, the mediation and moderation reanalysis explorations demonstrated that instrumental harm and moral identity partly mediate the psychopathy-moral decision relationship and that perceived societal standards rather than personal standards when making moral decisions can alleviate the positive effects of psychopathy on overall action preference and action preference irrespective of norms and consequences. Present reanalysis exploration study clarified and deepened our insights on the relationship between psychopathy and moral decisions. Theoretical and methodological implications were also discussed.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preclinical Medicine submitted time 2020-02-19
Abstract： Abstract: Objective: To investigate the influence of COVID-19 on the psychological status of residents in different regions of China in the medium term.Methods: Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS),Social Support Rating Scale (Social Support Rate) and disease awareness survey were performed on 3340 residents in different regions in China. Results: The average scores of depression (40.89 ± 10.901) and anxiety (38.35 ± 8.298) were slightly higher than the norm (P <0.05), but had no clinical significance (depression score> 53; anxiety score> 50). Compared with non-Hubei region, no significant difference was found in depression and anxiety scores. Although average score of each group in the SSRS score was> 30,the younger group was smaller than the older group (P <0.05). The disease cognition score was higher in the medical group than in the non-medical group and higher in the younger group (P <0.05). Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between cognition and anxiety or depression scores (P <0.05). Conclusion: Under the leadership of CPC and Chinese Government, the war against epidemic disease of COVID-19 has achieved Partial victory. The anxiety and depression of the general public, especially in Hubei, have been alleviated to some extent, however it is still slightly worse than that in non-epidemic period. The social masses, especially the elderly masses, are still relatively inadequate in understanding the COVID-19, which needs to be further popularized by the community and medical staff. Further popularization of the disease may be an effective way to eliminate anxiety and depression.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2020-01-12
Abstract： " Feedback-related negativity (FRN) refers to the electroencephalogram component induced by feedback processing which reflects the individual's sensitivity to reward. Addiction can be broadly classified into substance addiction and behavior addiction. Both types of addicted individuals show pathological patterns in feedback processing. Comparing with the ordinary feedback (such as money), the FRN amplitude induced by feedback of addiction substance significantly increased in individuals with substance addiction. In the control study with non-addicted subjects, substance addicts also showed abnormal patterns relating to addiction when processing monetary feedback stimuli. Similar FRN irregularities were also observed in individuals with behavioral addiction. However, the classification of addiction disorders in most previous studies is not specific enough, and the characteristics of different subtypes of addiction disorders should be further taken into consideration in future studies. Moreover, addicted individuals are often accompanied by other mental disorders (such as depression, anxiety). Further studies should distinguish the influences of comorbid factors and reveal the unique reward processing mechanisms underlying addiction. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2019-12-27
Abstract： " " " " " " "
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2019-11-05
Abstract： Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a wide range of cognitive impairments. Mental time travel (MTT) is the ability to mentally re-experience past events and pre-experience possible future events. Studies have shown MTT impairments in individuals with ASD, however, these findings may be confounded by a number of factors including verbal ability to report MTT, factors related to MTT task and demographic factors of participants. The present study provided a meta-analysis on MTT deficits in individuals with ASD and examined the potential moderating variables for these impairments. Twenty-six studies were included, and the participants comprised 667 individuals with ASD and 671 healthy controls. Results showed significant overall MTT impairments (Cohen’s d = −0.95) in individuals with ASD. Moderator and meta-regression analyses revealed that verbal IQ was significantly related to MTT impairments; type of MTT, type of task, measurement indices of MTT, age of participants, gender ratio and full IQ did not explain the MTT impairments. These findings suggest that MTT is severely impaired in individuals with ASD, verbal IQ contributed to MTT impairments, and task characteristics did not affect the degree of impairments.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2019-10-20
Abstract： Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects a person’s ability to feel, think, and behave clearly. Since 1935, schizophrenia was translated into Chinese as Jing Shen Fen Lie Zheng, which literally explained as “mind splitting disease”. However, such a translation fails to reflect the truth of this mental disorder, and it has evident stigma. It is argued in this article that a new Chinese name is required for Schizophrenia in mainland China. In fact, in recent years, some countries and regions have already changed the translation name for schizophrenia. For instance, Japan has changed the name from “Seishin-Bunretsu-Byo” (Mind-split-disease) to “Togo-Shitcho-Sho” (Integration disorder); South Korea has changed the name from “Jeongshin-bunyeol-byung”(Mind-split-disorder) to “Johyun-byung” (attunement disorder). In Hong Kong and Taiwan, this name has been changed from “Jing Shen Fen Lie Zheng”to “Si Jue Shi Tiao Zheng” (dysfunction of thought and perception). Studies have demonstrated that such a change brought many benefits. It is suggested that the psychiatrists in the mainland China can learn from others’ experiences and promote the name change of schizophrenia. It is argued in this article that the name of “Si Jue Shi Tiao Zheng” is a proper option.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2019-10-14
Abstract： Rising in recent years, the “Second Generation Mindfulness-Based Interventions” (SG-MBIs) advocates the concept of mindfulness as an active and discriminative form of awareness, with other practices like Loving-kindness and Compassion Meditations and Emptiness Meditation being brought in, it also emphasizes the ethics cultivation and the life-style beyond treatment. At the empirical level, preliminary researches have supported the positive effects of several SG-MBIs, but studies were still inadequate. Among those imported practices, only the effects of Loving-kindness and Compassion Meditations were supported by a large number of empirical studies, while empirical researches on other contents were rarely conducted. At the theoretical level, the SG-MBIs are being questioned in terms of ethics for the addition of more Buddhist contents, and also highlights philosophical problems that existed chronically in the mindfulness-based interventions by explicitly emphasizing mindfulness as daily life-style.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Medical Psychology submitted time 2019-10-08
Abstract： The early identification of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) facilitates early diagnosis and appropriate intervention; that is crucial for ensuring positive developmental outcomes. Evidence from prospective longitudinal studies in high-risk infants (younger siblings of ASD children enrolled before 12 months old) has exhibited the influence of the early identification of ASD by demonstrating developmental trajectories and identifying early manifestations of core symptoms in high-risk ASD infants (who are diagnosed with ASD between 24 and 36 months old). It has been thereby suggested that more subjects, prolonged observation durations, and intensive time points should be adopted in future studies. Additionally, more attention should be paid to ASD-related disorders and early intervention for high-risk infants. In addition, the impact of genetic, environmental, cultural and social factors must also be considered. It is believed that prospective longitudinal studies in high-risk infants in China will assuredly make a distinct difference, both scientifically and clinically.
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