Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2024-03-29
Abstract： Parent-child communication is pivotal in children’s education, with both parties actively engaging in discussion and influencing each other. These daily interactions are widely acknowledged as significant contributors to children’s developmental outcomes. While existing research has focused on examining parental effects or bidirectional relations over time, our understanding of child-driven versus parent-driven effects in momentary interactions remains limited. Furthermore, considering that children aged 5 and 6 have gained increased autonomy and self-regulation abilities, it is imperative to examine the dynamic processes within parent-preschooler dyads. In the current study, we used dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM) to explore the bidirectional associations between parenting behaviors and child behavioral responses during a conflict discussion task. Our aim is to determine whether the momentary interaction process is primarily driven by parents or by children themselves.
The study included 113 Chinese parent-child dyads (59 boys, Mage = 5.81 years). During the laboratory visit, the parent-child dyads were video-recorded engaging in a conflict discussion. Specifically, they were prompted to discuss a negative episode with the potential to lead to conflict in their daily lives. Trained observers rated parental supportive behavior, non-supportive behavior, child positive behavior, and child negative behavior on 4-point scales in 15-second epochs. Also, observers coded the resolution of the conflict discussion as compromise, win-loss, or standoff. For data analysis, we employed DSEM with Bayesian statistics to assess changes in parental parenting behaviors and child behavioral responses in their momentary interactions during the discussion task. Further, we conducted regression analysis to examine the effects of parental and child behaviors on the resolution of the conflict discussion.
The findings revealed that: (1) increases in children’s negative behavioral responses in a given 15-second epoch predicted increases in parental non-supportive parenting behavior in the next epoch; (2) children’s positive behavioral responses primarily predicted the resolution of the conflict discussion, with higher levels of positive behavior in children contributing to more constructive conflict resolution.
The current study provides evidence for the child-driven effect in moment-to-moment parent-child communication, highlighting the active role of preschoolers in shaping parent-child interactions. Our findings underscore children as proactive agents in their own socialization process and offer valuable insights for parenting practices. Specifically, parents should be mindful of their own non-supportive parenting behaviors when responding to their children’s negative reactions. To achieve constructive conflict resolution, it is crucial for parents to guide their children in developing positive strategies for behavioral regulation. Overall, our findings have practical implications for fostering effective parenting practices and nurturing healthy parent-child relationships.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-02-17
Abstract： With the acceleration of globalization, effective cross-cultural communication has become increasingly important in modern society. One significant aspect of this communication involves accurately interpreting facial expressions of emotion. Previous research has found that nonverbal emotional communication is compromised when communication occurs between individuals from different cultural backgrounds compared to within cultural groups. Specifically, individuals are more accurate at recognizing facial expressions of individuals from their own cultural background than those from a different cultural background, a phenomenon known as ingroup advantage effect. However, most previous studies examining the ingroup advantage in facial expression recognition have focused primarily on posed and static facial expressions, paying less attention to spontaneous and dynamic facial expressions. Given that facial expressions in real-life interactions are often spontaneous and dynamic, it is imperative to investigate whether the ingroup advantage is influenced by the spontaneity (posed and spontaneous) and presentation mode (static and dynamic) of facial expressions.
To address these research objectives, we conducted two experiments involving participants from China, Canada, and the Netherlands. In Experiment 1, Chinese and Canadian participants were asked to recognize posed and spontaneous facial expressions of anger and disgust displayed by Chinese and Dutch models. In Experiment 2, Chinese and Dutch participants were recruited to recognize static and dynamic facial expressions of anger and disgust displayed by Chinese and Dutch models. Specifically, Experiment 1 included 126 Chinese participants and 126 Canadian participants, while Experiment 2 involved 82 Chinese participants and 75 Dutch participants. In both experiments, participants were asked to rate the intensity of facial expressions on scales of anger, disgust, fear, sadness, and joy ranging from 0 (not at all) to 100 (extremely).
The results indicated that the ingroup advantage was influenced by the spontaneity of the facial expressions. In three out of four cases (Eastern perceivers recognizing facial expressions of anger and disgust, and Western perceivers recognizing facial expressions of disgust), posed expressions exhibited a stronger ingroup advantage compared to spontaneous expressions. The exception was Western perceivers demonstrating a greater ingroup advantage when recognizing spontaneous facial expressions of anger. Furthermore, the findings revealed that the ingroup advantage was not influenced by the presentation mode of the facial expressions. In three out of four cases (Eastern perceivers recognizing facial expressions of anger and disgust, and Western perceivers recognizing facial expressions of disgust), there was no significant difference in the ingroup advantage between static and dynamic expressions. The only exception was Western perceivers' recognition of static expressions of anger, where the ingroup advantage was greater than that for dynamic expressions of anger.
In conclusion, the present research demonstrated that the ingroup advantage was more pronounced in posed expression recognition compared to spontaneous expression recognition, while the presentation mode of the expressions did not influence the ingroup advantage. These findings contribute to the existing knowledge in the field of cross-cultural emotion recognition by revealing differences in the ingroup advantage between posed and spontaneous expressions. Consequently, these results provide new empirical contributions that enhance our understanding of how individuals recognize expressions displayed by individuals from different cultural backgrounds.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-05-20
Abstract： Much research has been devoted to studying decision strategies in various tasks. Such research usually involved a sequence of decision trials under the same task structure to provide sufficient information for inferring the underlying decision strategies. By assuming each individual adopted a single decision strategy across all decision trials and comparing corresponding computational cognitive models in terms of their performances in fitting empirical data, such studies have revealed multiple possible decision strategies for many major decision tasks. One common drawback of such research, however, was overlooking the possibility that individuals switched their strategies along the sequence of decisions. This might lead to inappropriate conclusions regarding the decision strategies underlying specific decision tasks or misleading inferences of potential cognitive and affective differences between normal and different clinical populations based on parameter estimates from models assuming single strategies.
To address this critical issue, two studies were conducted to examine the possibility of strategy switching in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), an experience-based decision task with a sequence of trials aimed at mimicking real-world decisions under uncertainty. By developing a computational cognitive model that allowed for switches between reinforcement learning strategies and heuristic strategies and comparing its performance with those of single-strategy models, Study 1 showed that data from about half of the 617 healthy participants in 10 previous studies were better fitted by the strategy-switching model than three single-strategy models that performed well in previous research, that is, the WSLS, PVL2, and VPP models as exemplar models assuming heuristic, reinforcement learning, and mixed strategies, respectively. This result provided clear support for the possibility of strategy switching in the IGT.
Since strategy switching might occur with accumulating experience or fatigue and an increasing number of trials is likely to facilitate such changes, 321 participants were recruited in Study 2 to further examine whether a larger number of trials would contribute to more strategy switching in the IGT. Specifically, 160 participants performed a 100-trial IGT, whereas the other 161 participants performed a 200-trial IGT under otherwise the same task structure. It was found that data from a larger proportion of individual participants were best fitted by the strategy-switching model when the IGT involved 200 trials rather than standard 100 trials. This result provided further evidence for strategy switching in the task.
Overall, the current results suggest that strategy switching is likely to occur in a sequence of decisions under the same task structure. Consequently, in order to obtain proper understanding of the decision strategies for various decision tasks, it is necessary to consider seriously the possibility of strategy switching, especially for a long sequence of decisions. For a more refined understanding of psychological mechanisms underlying sequences of decisions, future research might further investigate various forms of strategy switching such as gradual instead of abrupt switches and task and individual factors that trigger such switches.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-02-04
Abstract： Individuals, enterprises and countries need to make decisions involving different time nodes in real life. Such decisions are commonly measured by "intertemporal preference" in the field of behavioral decision-making. Actually, the most important and crucial kind of intertemporal decision making relevant to survival and development are intertemporal choice with double-dated mix outcomes. However, existing intertemporal preferences measure by paradigms with pure gain outcomes was found to be poor predictors of far-sighted behavior in real life. Besides, mature theoretical models of intertemporal choice could not satisfactorily explain people's real intertemporal preferences. To better describe and explain people's intertemporal preferences with double-dated mixed outcomes, the present project intends to: 1) synthesize indicators of intertemporal choice with double-dated mixed outcomes by using two different logics, providing predictive indicators for model comparison; 2) develop a new ecological paradigm of measuring intertemporal choice with double-dated outcomes, aiming to provide a more ecological and predictive measurement for the development of following research; 3) adopt the Mouselab and eye-tracking technique to test which model could more satisfactorily explain intertemporal preference with double-dated outcomes, the utility comparison model or the attribute-comparison model.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-07-29
Abstract： Mainstream theorists in risky decision-making have developed various expectation theories with the ambitious goal of capturing everyone’s choices. However, ample evidence has revealed that these expectation theories could not capture every individual’s (“every one’s”) actual risky choice as descriptive theories. With doubts about the default compatibility between everyone (full set) and every one (subset), we used an eye-tracking technique to explore whether a theory for everyone would work well for every one. We found that expectation theories could capture the choice of an individual when making decisions for everyone and for self in a multiple-play condition, but could not capture the choice of an individual when making decisions for self in a single-play condition. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the boundaries of expectation theories and those of heuristic/non-expectation models, and may shed light on the general issue of the classification of risky decision-making theories.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-07-25
Abstract：
Mainstream theorists in risky decision-making have developed various expectation-maximization-based theories with the ambitious goal of capturing everyone’s choices. However, ample evidence has revealed that these theories could not capture every individual’s (“every one’s”) actual risky choice as descriptive theories. Substantial research has demonstrated that people do not follow the logical process suggested by expectation-maximization-based theories when making risky choices but rather rely on simplifying heuristics. From our perspective, the possible reason why mainstream decision theorists did not abandon the framework of expectation is that these theorists never doubted the validity of the expectation rule as a descriptive rule in describing decision-making under risk. We believe that expectation-maximization-based theories may capture risky choices when individuals make decisions for everyone. However, whether these theories could capture risky choices when individuals make decisions for themselves cannot be taken for granted. We thus used an eye-tracking technique to explore whether a theory for everyone would work well for every one.
A total of 52 college students participated in the experiment. Three risky choice tasks were conducted in the present study: a D-everyone task, a D-multiple task, and a D-single task. In the D-everyone task, participants were asked to choose the more optimal option out of two options under the assumption that their selection would be the final decision for everyone who was facing the same choice—that is, everyone would be subject to the same choice but could receive different outcomes. In the D-multiple task, participants were asked to choose between the two options under the assumption that their selection would be applied a total of 100 times. In the D-single task, participants were asked to choose between the two options under the assumption that their selection would be applied only once to themselves. The participants’ eye movements were recorded while they performed the tasks.
Behavioral results revealed that, compared with the D-single task, participants selected more choices correctly predicted by EV and EU theories, and took a longer time to make a decision in the D-everyone and D-multiple tasks. Furthermore, eye movement measurements revealed the following. (1) The scanpath patterns of the D-everyone task and D-multiple task were similar but different from those of the D-single task. (2) The depth of information acquisition and the level of complexity of information processing in the D-everyone task and D-multiple task was higher than that in the D-single task. (3) The direction of information search in the D-everyone task and D-multiple task was more alternative-based than that in the D-single task. (4) The eye-tracking measures mediated the relationship between the task and the EV-consistent choice. In summary, behavioral and eye movement results supported our hypotheses that participants were likely to follow an expectation strategy in the D-everyone and D-multiple tasks, whereas they were likely to follow a heuristic/non-expectation strategy in the D-single task.We found that expectation-maximization-based theories could capture the choice of an individual when making decisions for everyone and for self in a multiple-play condition but could not capture the choice of an individual when making decisions for self in a single-play condition. The evidence for the discrepancy between everyone and every one, which was first reported in our study, implied that the possible reason why expectation-maximization-based theories do not work is that a default compatibility between the full set (everyone) and the subset (every one) does not exist. Our findings contribute to an improved understanding of the boundaries of expectation-maximization-based theories and those of heuristic/non-expectation models. Our findings may also shed light on the general issue of the classification of risky decision-making theories.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Industrial Psychology submitted time 2021-06-08
Abstract： Automated driving (AD) is one of the key directions in the intelligent vehicles field. Before full automated driving, we are at the stage of human-machine cooperative driving: Drivers share the driving control with the automated vehicles. Trust in automated vehicles plays a pivotal role in traffic safety and the efficiency of human-machine collaboration. It is vital for drivers to keep an appropriate trust level to avoid accidents. We proposed a dynamic trust framework to elaborate the development of trust and the underlying factors affecting trust. The dynamic trust framework divides the development of trust into four stages: dispositional, initial, ongoing, and post-task trust. Based on the operator characteristics (human), system characteristics (automated driving system), and situation characteristics (environment), the framework identifies potential key factors at each stage and the relation between them. According to the framework, trust calibration can be improved from three approaches: trust monitoring, driver training, and optimizing HMI design. Future research should pay attention to the following four perspectives: the influence of driver and HMI characteristics on trust, the real-time measurement and functional specificity of trust, the mutual trust mechanism between drivers and AD systems, and ways in improving the external validity of trust studies. " " " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology Subjects: Safety Science and Technology >> Public Safety submitted time 2020-07-14
Abstract： Terrorist attacks can occur anywhere. As the threat of terrorism develops, the China–Eurasia Expo held in Urumqi, China, is attracting fewer potential visitors. A nationwide survey of 2034 residents from 31 provinces/municipalities in China was conducted to examine the relation between the distance to respondents’ city of residence from Urumqi and their levels of concern for safety and security concerning the expo. The two were found to be positively related: the closer the respondents lived to ?rümqi, the less concerned they were with the safety and security of the expo. This is consistent with the ‘psychological typhoon eye’ effect, which states that people living closer to the centre of an unfortunate event (whether natural or man-made hazards) are less concerned with the event’s negative consequences. This effect appears to hold for terrorism. There are implications of this finding for international counter-terrorism practice, tourism, and research.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-06-23
Abstract： According to the positive temporal discounting theory and our relevant observations, when faced with future losses, people should, and do, prefer delayed negative events (e.g., deferring paying taxes, debts, or tickets), which can lead to substantial individual and societal costs. However, a counterexample has been identified and it appears to depart from the prediction of positive temporal discounting when faced with negative events. This study proposed and investigated the novel free from care account for the reverse preference. Results of five laboratory and field studies showed that students preferred an immediate negative event (i.e., an English oral exam) when “something tying one up”was imposed, in which coping with a distraction induced by such a situation could play a mediating role. In particular, the addition of“something tying one up” was found to be an effective behavioral nudge in terms of reliability and reproducibility and should be simple for potential users to follow. Specifically, the association between being tied up and undergoing a negative event immediately in the present studies mirrored the association between outgroup threat and intergroup cooperation in the Robbers Cave experiment.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology submitted time 2020-05-14
Abstract： Psychological researches focus on describing, explaining and predicting behavior, and having a good understanding of the association between variables is an essential part of this process. Regression analysis, a method to evaluate the relationship between variables, is widely used in psychological studies. However, due to its highly focus on the interpretation of sample data, the traditional ordinary least squares regression has several drawbacks, such as over-fitting problem and limitation on dealing with multicollinearity, which may undermine the generalizability of the model. These drawbacks have an inevitable influence on the promotion and prediction of the model conclusion. With the rapid development of methodology, Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) regression has been emerged to better compensate for the limitations of traditional methods. By introducing a penalty term in the model and shrinking the regression coefficients to zero, Lasso regression can achieve a higher accuracy of model prediction and model generalizability with the cost of a certain estimation bias. Besides, Lasso regression can also effectively deal with the multicollinearity problem. Therefore, it has been widely used in medicine, economics, neuroscience and other fields. In psychology, due to the limitations of computer computing power, researchers used to mainly rely on hypothesis testing to understand the association among variables to verify theories. Now, with the rapid development of machine learning, a shift from focusing on interpretation of the regression coefficients to improving the prediction of the model has emerged and become more and more important. Therefore, based on fundamental theories and real data analysis, the aim of this paper is to introduce the principles, implementation steps and advantages of the Lasso regression. With the help of statistic science, it is promising that more and more applied researchers will be called upon to focus on the emerging statistical tools to promote the development of psychology.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-05-04
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