Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-04-20
Abstract： Emotional arousal significantly enhances memory encoding processes, and this enhancement extends to subsequent memories within a defined temporal window. Nevertheless, extant research on the interplay between emotion and memory has predominantly concentrated on elementary emotional states such as happiness or fear. In contrast, the mechanisms by which complex emotions enhance memory encoding remain understudied. To address this gap, our study comprises three experimental investigations aimed at elucidating the selective impact of complex social emotions on subsequent memory encoding.
Our initial experiment (Experiment 1, N=152) employed a questionnaire to assess the motivation levels for learning Civics among participants, which laid the groundwork for further empirical inquiry. Subsequent experiments (Experiments 2 and 3, with a combined participant total of N=241) examined how arousal from complex social emotions—specifically, a sense of national crisis and national pride—selectively influences memory encoding. In Experiment 2, we adopted a between-subjects design, randomly assigning participants to three groups: crisis, pride, and neutral. These groups underwent sessions of emotional arousal followed by tasks involving the encoding and retrieval of Civics material. Experiment 3 replicated the procedure of Experiment 2 but shifted the focus of memory encoding to mathematical statistical learning.
The results revealed a lack of sufficient motivation among college students to learn Civics materials. Crucially, we found that arousal induced by feelings of national crisis and pride prior to memory encoding tasks selectively enhanced the encoding of Civics materials. Interestingly, this enhancement did not extend to the memorization of statistical data or images unrelated to national emotions. This outcome substantiates the hypothesis that arousal from national emotions selectively augments memory encoding of thematically relevant content.
By integrating questionnaire-based assessments, manipulations of social-emotional arousal, and a memory encoding-retrieval paradigm, our study demonstrates that complex social-emotional arousal markedly enhances the specificity of memory encoding. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the complex interrelations between social emotions and memory functions. Additionally, they provide empirical support for refining educational strategies in the domain of ideological and political education in higher education institutions.
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Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2024-03-13
Abstract： Abstract：Money source influences risk-taking behaviors. Although studies consistently indicated that individuals demonstrate a higher propensity to make risk investments when utilizing non-labor income as opposed to labor income, explanations as to why non-labor income leads to continuously blow money from non-labor sources into risky investments are scarce. The current study leverages a computational modeling approach to compare the differences in the dynamic risk investment process among individuals endowed with income from different sources (i.e., non-labor income vs labor income) to understand the shaping force of higher risk-taking propensity in individuals with non-labor income. A total of 103 participants were recruited and completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) with an equal monetary endowment, either as a token for completion of survey questionnaires (representing labor income) or as a prize from a lucky draw game (representing non-labor income). We found that individuals endowed with non-labor income made more risky investments in the BART compared to those with labor income. With computational modeling, we further identified two key differences in the dynamic risk investment processes between individuals endowed with labor and those with non-labor income. Specifically, individuals endowed with non-labor income had a higher preset expectation for risk-taking and displayed desensitization towards losses during risk investments, in contrast to individuals with labor income. This study sheds light on the fundamental factors contributing to the increased tendency for risky investments with non-labor income, providing new insights into the psychological mechanisms underlying risk-taking behaviors.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2024-03-04
Abstract： Statistical power is one of the key indicators for assessing the robustness and replicability of research results. However, the standardization and completeness of calculating and reporting statistical power in event-related potential studies still need improvement. This paper aims to provide researchers with references for calculating and reporting statistical power during the design or preregistration of research protocols at various stages of event-related potential studies by summarizing the influencing factors, methods, and application examples of statistical power in such studies.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2023-11-15
Abstract： Emotions surface during interaction between individuals. Thus, an accurate recognition of facial expressions is essential in the realm of social interactions. In recent years, numerous studies have revealed that individuals not only depend on facial configuration information for identifying facial expressions but also place considerable emphasis on contextual information extracted from external cues beyond the face. People’s behavior frequently unfolds within intricate social group dynamics, wherein individuals often perceive and interpret the facial expressions of their fellow group members during interaction. However, the impact of group information on facial expression recognition, being an essential social contextual factor, remains somewhat unclear. Hence, three experiments were conducted to investigate the influence exerted by group information on the recognition of facial expressions.
The stimuli used in the study were happy, fearful, and neutral face images selected from the NimStim set, including 15 pictures (seven females) of each of the aforementioned emotions. Group information was manipulated following the presentation of a fixation cross through perceptual cues. Subsequently, during the facial expression recognition phase, participants were instructed to recognize the facial expressions exhibited by target individuals. In the first experiment, participants were instructed to rate the intensity of target facial expressions on a six-emotion scale, and the surrounding facial expressions were always congruent with the target facial expressions. A total of 29 college students (16 females, mean age 20.00 ± 1.80 years) were recruited to participate in this experiment. In Experiments 2 and 3, we manipulated the emotional congruency between the surrounding faces and the target faces during the facial expression recognition phase. Additionally, we controlled for variations in physical characteristics across different experimental conditions. The task requirement of Experiment 2 was the same as those of Experiment 1. However, in Experiment 3, participants were instructed to judge the target facial expressions by pressing corresponding keys on the keyboard as quickly and accurately as possible. A total of 26 college students (14 females, mean age 21.15 ± 1.99 years) participated in Experiment 2, and 32 college students (15 females, mean age 21.20 ± 1.60 years) participated in Experiment 3.
Results revealed the following: (1) Compared with emotion-incongruent conditions, emotional congruency between target faces and surrounding faces resulted in shorter RTs and higher accuracy. (2) Group information regulated the influence of surrounding facial expressions on target facial expression recognition. Specifically, under group conditions, participants tended to recognize target facial expressions according to the emotional state of the surrounding faces. When the target facial expressions in line with the expectations established by the participants that group members have congruent emotional state, the recognition of target facial expressions was faster and more accurate than incongruent conditions. However, under nongroup conditions, participants recognized target facial expressions without reference to the emotional states of the surrounding faces. (3) Participants exhibited a faster and more accurate recognition of happy faces, indicating the recognition advantage effect for happy facial expressions.
Results revealed that group information influenced facial expression recognition, individuals recognized facial expressions based on the social relationship between the interactions, and understanding social interaction plays an important role in the process of emotion perception.
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2023-09-12
Abstract： Based on sequential processing theory, parallel processing theory and interactive activation theory, some classical models about eye movement control are constructed to simulate the eye movement, experimental effects, and to explore the possible cognitive mechanisms of the information processing during reading. There are similarities and uniqueness in model structure, basic logic of model, explanation of common eye movement behaviors and explanation of common experimental effects between five classic eye movement control models in reading research: E-Z Reader 10th, SWIFT, Glenmore, OB1 Reader and CRM. Future models need to focus on the questions about post-lexical integration, word order, and extra-linguistic factors. They should also try to explain the new findings about PVL, and processing patterns in other languages. In addition, unified standards are needed for model comparation.
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2023-09-07
Abstract： Attentional blink (AB) is a phenomenon in which identifying the second of two targets (T2) is impaired when it appears 200~500 ms after the first target (T1). This phenomenon reflects the limitation of conscious processing in the temporal dimension. However, emotional T2 can attenuate AB compared to neutral T2. This provides an observation window and research means for understanding the preferential processing of emotional stimuli. The phenomenon of emotional T2 attenuating AB is influenced by factors such as the difficulty of T1, the task demand of T2 and emotional expectation. The brain regions primarily involved in emotional T2 attenuating AB include the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex. In the temporal dimension, compared to neutral T2, emotional T2 exhibits enhanced effects in both the early and late stages of cognitive processing. The “Attentional Enhancement and Consolidation Competition Hypothesis” was proposed to explain the underlying mechanism of emotional T2 attenuating AB. The early attentional capture of emotional information mediated by the amygdala is key to reducing AB for emotion, while task demand and other top-down factors modulate the late consolidation process.
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2023-08-24
Abstract： The babyface effect plays an important role in human social cognitive responses to others. It has been shown that the babyface effect coexists with gender, context, and other factors in trait inferences, and together they influence people's perceptions of and interactions with others. In addition, the eyeTUNE framework proposes the key hypothesis that the moderating role of social factors on gaze cueing effects (GCE) further depends on contextual factors. However, as an important information in social interactions, whether and how babyface co-influence social attention with other factors needs to be further explored. Based on the existing studies, we have two experimental hypotheses. First, we hypothesized that female with babyfaces and male with mature faces would elicit greater GCE. Second, we hypothesized that, consistent with the eyeTUNE framework, the babyface effect disappears or diminishes in a non-comparative context.
In the current study, we used attentional cueing paradigm to examine the specific manifestations of the babyface effect in social attention by manipulating different contextual factors. Experiment 1 presented the various types of stimuli in the same block in a comparative context, using a 2 (participant gender: male, female) × 2 (face gender: male, female) × 2 (face type: babyface, mature face) × 2 (gaze cue validity: valid, invalid) mixed experimental design (with participant gender as a between-participants variable) to explore how face type interacts with gender to affect social attention. To investigate whether babyfaces would still have an effect on the GCE when there was no comparative context between babyface and mature face. Experiment 2 presented the four conditions (female babyface, female mature face, male babyface, and male mature face) in a separate block.
The results of Experiment 1 (comparative context) found that gaze cueing effects were moderated by face type and face gender. Specifically, a larger gaze cueing effect was discovered when the cue appeared on the babyfaces compared to the mature faces under female face condition; whereas under male face condition, babyfaces induced smaller gaze cueing effects than mature faces. However, in Experiment 2 (non-comparative context), the pattern of results differed from Experiment 1 in that the gaze cueing effect was no longer moderated by the role of or interaction between face type and face gender, but only by participant gender. A combined comparison of the data from Experiments 1 and 2 revealed statistically significant differences between the patterns under the two contextual factors.
In summary, the present study extends the existing literature in several ways. First, it explores for the first time the role of babyface in GCE under different facial gender. Second, it also reveals the moderating role of contextual factor in individuals' social attentional processing with babyface. The above results illustrate that although male and female babyfaces can cause attentional bias in social interaction, it only exists in the comparative context with mature faces, but not in the non-comparative context. The results of this study further support the theoretical view of the eyeTUNE framework that the social modulation of the gaze cueing effect critically dependents on situational factors.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2023-08-11
Abstract： Compared to the traditional statistical methods, Bayesian linear mixed-effects modeling (BLMM) has a great number of advantages in dealing with the hierarchical structures underlying datasets and providing more intuitive statistical results. These advantages together popularize BLMM in psychological and other field research. However, there is still a lack of tutorials on the practical applications of BLMM in psychology studies in China. Therefore, we first briefly introduced the basic concepts and rationales of BLMM. Then we employed a simulated dataset to demonstrate how to understand fixed effects and random effects, and how to use the popular brms R package to specify models for BLMM based on the experimental design. We additionally covered the procedure of pre-specifying priors with prior predictive checks, and the steps of performing hypothesis testing using the Bayes Factor. BLMM, with its extensions such as Generalized BLMM, has great flexibility and capability, they can and should be applied in various psychology research.
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-06-30
Abstract： Signal detection theory (SDT) has been widely applied to explain the decision-making process in different types of cognitive tasks. However, one important limitation of classical SDT is that it is difficult to illustrate the mental mechanisms underlying the setting of response criterion. The current article discusses the decision rule in signal detection tasks from the perspective of Bayesian decision theory (BDT). I first introduce the basic idea of BDT based on the Bayes’ theorem. Next, I discuss how BDT explains the decision rule of ideal observer, and characterizes the deviation between actual participants and ideal observer in empirical signal detection tasks. I then discuss the difference between classical SDT and BDT in unequal variance signal detection model. Finally, I briefly introduce the empirical research evidence supporting BDT.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2023-06-25
Abstract： The facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is a stable perceptual structure of all faces. It is calculated by dividing the face width (the distance between the left and right zygion) by the face height (the distance between the eyebrow and the upper lip). Previous studies have demonstrated that men's facial width-to-height ratio is a reliable clue to noticing aggressive tendencies and behavior. Individuals with higher fWHR were considered by observers as more aggressive than those with lower fWHR. The researchers proposed that this may be related to facial expression. Observers more readily saw anger in faces with a relatively high fWHR and more readily saw fear in faces with a relatively low fWHR. However, it is unclear what the neural mechanism of fWHR is, particularly in the absence of attention. The present study investigated this issue by recording visual mismatch negativity (vMMN), which indicates automatic processing of visual information under unattended conditions.
Participants performed a size-change-detection task on a central cross, while random sequences of faces were presented in the background using a deviant-standard-reverse oddball paradigm. High fWHR faces (deviant stimuli) were presented less frequently among low fWHR faces (standard stimuli), or vice versa. Forty-one and twenty-five Chinese participated in Experiment 1 and 2, respectively. We hypothesized that faces with high fWHR would elicit a larger vMMN compared to faces with low fWHR. If the above result is related to the fact that high fWHR faces appear angrier and low fWHR faces appear more fearful, then high fWHR faces displaying an angry expression would evoke vMMN and low fWHR faces displaying a fearful expression would evoke vMMN.
In Experiment 1, faces with neutral expressions were used. The occipital-temporal vMMN emerged in the latency range of 200~500 ms for faces with high fWHR and in the latency range of 200~250 ms and 300~350 ms for faces with low fWHR. More importantly, faces with high fWHR elicited a higher vMMN than those with low fWHR faces in the 300~350 ms latency range. In Experiment 2, faces with expressions of fear and anger were used. Results showed that high-fWHR faces displaying an angry expression elicited a vMMN in the 200~250ms and 300~400ms latency ranges, while low-fWHR faces displaying a fearful expression elicited a vMMN in the 250~400ms latency range, especially in the left hemisphere. Comparing Experiment 1 and 2, we found that faces with high fWHR displaying an angry expression elicited smaller vMMN than those displaying a neutral expression.
In conclusion, the present findings suggest that the facial width-to-height ratio is associated with automatic processing and provide new electrophysiological evidence for the different mechanisms underlying high and low fWHR faces under unattended conditions. The results might be related to facial expressions. Consistent with previous studies, the current finding demonstrates that automatic processing of high and low fWHR is promoted by expressions of anger and fear, respectively. At the same time, due to the automatic processing of facial expressions, the automatic processing of faces with high fWHR was weakened by angry faces relative to neutral faces.
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2023-06-19
Abstract： In most visual scenes, the visual system cannot process all the information simultaneously; instead, it processes certain information first. Emotional stimuli are more likely to attract the attention of the visual system than non-emotional stimuli. However, it may be challenging to suppress the attention gained by emotional stimuli (though such a stimulus is irrelevant), and it may result in Emotion-induced Blindness (EiB), whereby the presence of an emotional stimulus fails to correlate with a task that attracts an individual’s attention. Therefore, individuals become “blinded” to a rapidly presented target stimulus. The present study investigated the effects of physical and emotional salience of emotional distractors on EiB under different background conditions using the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm. This study used a three-factor design in which background conditions (similar vs. dissimilar), disturbance types (negative vs. neutral vs. baseline), and lag (Lag2 vs. Lag8) were all within-participant variables. The dependent variable was the accuracy of the target judgment. This study consisted of three main phases. First, we applied a 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm (500 ms) black “+” fixation point with 0.39× 0.39 degrees a visual angle (DVA) that appeared in the center of the screen followed by an RSVP stimulus stream consisting of 15 images (100 ms each). Key disturbance images appeared randomly at several positions, ranging from four to six, in the stimulus stream. The baseline disturbances were selected from the same set of background images. The target stimulus appeared at either position 2 (Lag2) or position 8 (Lag8) following the presentation of the disturbance stimulus. At the end of each sequence, participants were instructed to answer whether the target stimulus was rotated to the left or right by pressing the “F” or “J” keys.
The study utilized a repeated-measures ANOVA to analyze the impact of background conditions (similar vs. dissimilar), lag (2 vs. 8), and type of distractor (negative vs. neutral vs. baseline) on the correct rate of target identification by the study participants. Experiment 1 showed that EiB occurred under different background conditions but disappeared under similar background conditions. Experiment 2 compared the differences in EiB between the two groups under background conditions after adding a red rectangular border to the key distractor pictures. In Experiment 2, EiB occurred under dissimilar background conditions for both negative and neutral conditions, which is consistent with the findings of Experiment 1. However, the magnitude of the EiB was much greater in Experiment 2 (25%) than in Experiment 1 (17%). Additionally, under similar background conditions, the EiB produced by negative pictures was significantly larger than in Experiment 1 (10% vs. 3%). We also noted that individual notice of the emotional salience of the distractors had a significant effect on EiB, which was restored once cued to negative distractors under similar background conditions. In summary, the EiB phenomenon is driven by the physical salience of emotional distractors, rather than emotional salience. Additionally, the current findings showed that EiB was related to the attentional resources associated with distractor stimuli; in other words, the more attentional resources attracted by distractor stimuli, the more likely the occurrence of EiB. The number of attentional resources attracted by distractor stimuli was related to the difference in stimulus attributes and the number of attentional resources.
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2023-03-10
Abstract： As a kind of prosocial behavior, helping behavior is universal across species. In recent years, it has become a new trend for scholars at home and abroad to use rodent models to explore the motivation of helping behavior. Empathy, relieving personal distress and desire for social contacts are considered to be plausible motivations for rodents to help, but debates about whether helping behavior is inspired by one of the motives or a combination of them still exist. In this study, in order to explore the motivation of helping behavior in rodents, the two-chamber experimental apparatus designed by Carvalheiro et al. (2019) was improved by adding an intermediate chamber to manipulate the possibility of the free rat's social contact with the entrapped rats after implementing the helping behavior as well as the possibility of the free rat's escaping from the helping context to relieve its personal distress in the process of helping decision-making. 108 male Sprague– Dawley rats were used as subjects in three experiments. The latency to open the door for helping the entrapped rat escape was recorded as the main outcome variable. Experiment 1 confirmed the existence of helping behavior and the impact of social contact on helping behavior under the condition of being unable to escape from the helping context, using a 2 (possibility of social contact: yes/no) by 4 (restrainer condition: empty restrainer, familiar rat, unfamiliar rat, toy rat) mixed experimental design. The results show that when social contact was allowed, the free rat maintained a consistently short latency to help, but when social contact was not allowed, the free rat’s latency to help became longer and longer as sessions went on until that the free rat no longer helped at all within the 15min session limit. Experiment 2 explored the impact of social contact on helping behavior under the condition of being able to escape from the helping context, using the same experimental design as Study 1 but keeping the door between the middle chamber and the dark chamber open. The results show that the existence of the dark chamber was beneficial for the non-social contact group to help continuously, but extended the latency to help in the social contact group, namely, relieving personal distress contributes to the emergence of helping behavior, but the emergence of helping behavior ultimately depends on whether social contact could be made. Experiment 3 explored the influence of previous social contact experience and current social contact possibility on helping behavior under the condition of the free rats’ having been trapped before, using a 2(possibility of social contact: yes/no) by 2 (previous social contact experience: yes/no) by 4 (restrainer conditions: empty restrainer, familiar rat, unfamiliar rat, toy rat) mixed experimental design. The results show that previous experiences of being trapped did not affect helping behavior, but previous experiences of social contact were conducive to maintain continuous helping behavior in the non-social contact group. In summary, the following conclusions were obtained through this study: (1) Desires for social contact and the pursuit of interesting environment are important motivations for rodents’ helping behavior, regardless of the possibility to escape from the helping context. (2) Relieving personal distress can help sustain helping behavior, but the emergence of helping behavior ultimately depends on whether social contact can be carried out after helping. (3) Previous experiences of social contact rather than the experiences of having been trapped contribute to the occurrence of helping behavior. (4) Empathy may not the main reason to maintain helping behavior but rather can be used to describe the process of helping behavior. This study extends the comparative research on the motivation of helping behavior and provides some hints for the psychological development and educational practices in humans.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement Subjects: Psychology >> Statistics in Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology Subjects: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics >> Linguistics and Applied Linguistics Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-02-08
Abstract： Objective: To establish a multi-dimensional and standardized lexical database of COVID-19-related terms and words. The database may have facilitated COVID-19-related research in domains such as Psychology, Psychiatry, Neuroscience, etc. Methods: This database referred to the established methods of the emotional lexical database at home and abroad, and used the dot-detection task and words in the database as experimental materials to test the attention bias of the subjects suspected of having COVID-19 phobia, so as to test the validity of the database. Results: 196 COVID-19-related words and 99 neutral words were included in the word database. Then, we classified and evaluated the words through six dimensions, and established a standardized database of Chinese COVID-19-related terms. The words have good reliability and internal consistency. In addition, the validity was tested through the dot-detection task. Subjects with COVID-19 fear and those without COVID-19 fear showed a significant attentional bias toward COVID-19-related words Limitations: The initial sample size is small and the database application needs further development. Conclusions: The database of Chinese COVID-19 terms has good reliability, internal consistency, and reliability, and can be used as materials related to COVID-19-related research in the future.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2023-01-08
Abstract：
Episodic memory consists of item memory and associative memory. Individual cognitive resources are typically allocated to more valuable information during encoding through metamemory, leading to competitive processing of item and associative information. Reward prediction error (RPE), defined as the difference between reward results and reward expectations, has two properties: valence (positive or negative) and salience (degree of difference). To examine the impact of reward prediction error valence and salience on item and associative memory, and how reward prediction error influences memory based on metamemory, three experiments were conducted.
In the learning stage, participants were presented with indoor and outdoor scene pictures. They were asked to predict the score of each picture and then received feedback on the actual score. Through this reinforcement learning process, participants had to find out which type of pictures is more valuable, and 30% of the scores were accumulated into the total score. To induce the effect of reward motivation on memory, participants were introduced to the opportunity to choose between two pictures and receive the value of the selected picture, although the actual program did not include a decision-making stage. After the learning stage, participants were tested on item and reward associative memory.
The findings of the study showed that: (1) There were advantages in associative memory performance for positive reward prediction error valence and low salience, with higher accuracy of JOCs at positive valence. In contrast, there were advantages in item memory performance for negative valence and high salience. (2) In the eye-tracking results during the encoding process, positive valence and low salience of reward prediction error resulted in increased mean and peak pupil dilation after feedback presentation, as well as longer value fixation duration and shorter picture fixation duration at low salience. (3) When the reward prediction error level was increased to reduce overlap between reward results and reward prediction error effects, the separation effect of reward prediction error on item and associative memory performance remained stable.
The results of the study suggest that the effects of reward prediction error on item and associative memory are distinct. During the encoding stage, individuals use the valence and salience of reward prediction error as cues to allocate cognitive resources differently in item and associative memory encoding through metamemory control. In the retrieval stage, positive valence of reward prediction error enhances the metamemory monitoring level of associative memory retrieval.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2022-12-31
Abstract：
I design a thought experiment with the control variable method and reduction to absurdity to show that there is at least one problem making the internal logic of ordinal utility theory inconsistent, that is, under the condition that only ordinal utility information of articles is obtained, many fundamental axioms of ordinal utility theory cannot be established, which can explain why ordinal utility theory cannot be established. More importantly, this experimental method shows the form and properties of the real ordinal ranking, thus illustrating the perspective of this paper from both positive and negative angles, that is, ordinal utility theory cannot be established, and utility is essentially cardinal in nature.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2022-11-26
Abstract：
Audiovisual integration is the integration of visual and auditory information into a unified, coherent and stable perceptual process. Although endogenous spatial attention can promote audiovisual integration in youth, studies have found differences in endogenous spatial attention between older adults and youth. It is unclear how endogenous spatial attention affects audiovisual integration in older adults and how audiovisual integration differs between older adults and young adults under endogenous spatial attention conditions. In this study, using the endogenous cue#2;target paradigm, three experiments investigated how endogenous spatial attention affects the audiovisual integration of elderly individuals under 50% (Experiment 1), 70% (Experiment 2), and 90% (Experiment 3) conditions. A mixed 2 (participant type: elderly vs. young) × 2 (cue type: valid cue vs. invalid cue) × 3 (target stimulus type: A vs. V vs. AV) experimental design was used. The visual stimulus was a 2° × 2° red (RGB: 234, 86, 97) and yellow (RGB: 247, 200, 125) intersecting meta–pattern, the auditory stimulus was a 1600 Hz, 60 dB sinusoidal tone presented by ear headphones, and the audiovisual stimulus was visual and auditory stimuli presented simultaneously on the same side. The gaze screen was presented for 500 ms, followed by a cue screen for 200 ms. The cue was an arrow pointing left or right. After a time interval of 600 ms, the target stimulus (A vs. V vs. AV) was presented in a box on the left or right side for 100 ms. Before the experiment, participants were informed that the cue validity was 50% for Experiment 1, 70% for Experiment 2, and 90% for Experiment 3 and were asked to judge the orientation of the target stimulus and to press the (N/M) key quickly and accurately. From the reaction time results, it is clear that the reaction time of elderly people is significantly slower than that of younger people. From the relative amount of multisensory response enhancement (rMRE) and race model results, we can see that (1) audiovisual integration was weaker in older adults than in younger adults regardless of cue validity; (2) at 50% cue validity (Experiment 1), audiovisual integration in the effective cue condition was not significantly different from that in the invalid cue condition for both older and younger adults; (3) at 70% cue validity (Experiment 2), audiovisual integration in the effective cue condition was not significantly different from that in the invalid cue condition for older adults, and audiovisual integration in the effective cue condition was significantly higher than that in the invalid cue condition for younger adults; and (4) at 90% cue validity (Experiment 3), audiovisual integration in the effective cue condition was significantly higher than that in the ineffective cue condition for both older and younger adults. Endogenous spatial attention had different moderating effects on audiovisual integration in older adults under different cue validity conditions and could promote audiovisual integration in older adults under high cue validity conditions. The findings further support the spatial uncertainty hypothesis and deepen the understanding of the interaction between endogenous attention and audiovisual integration.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2022-11-21
Abstract：
The compromise effect is common in shopping. Is it our aversion to extremes that have led to compromise? Experiment 1 manipulated the psychological expected loss values among the alternative options based on expected-loss minimization theory. Experiment 2 further verified that the extremeness aversion theory supports the compromise effect by manipulating the psychological proximity of contextual data (excited vs. calm) to mental representational clarity (EL size) based on the context effect theory. The results showed that the smaller the gap in psychological expectancy loss, the more pronounced the compromise effect was. Excited situation data weakened the compromise effect in groups with a greater gap in psychological expectancy loss, while the compromise effect was more obvious in groups with a larger gap in psychological expectation loss. Calm situation data enhanced the compromise effect in groups with a larger loss in psychological expectancy and weakened the compromise effect.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2022-08-03
Abstract： Understanding the cognitive mechanisms underlying word segmentation has been an important focus for research on Chinese reading. Previous research shows that Chinese readers can identify words very efficiently even though the Chinese script does not use spaces between words or other visual cues to demarcate word boundaries. One possibility is that Chinese readers can make use of their knowledge of the positional frequency of characters (i.e., how often they are used as the first or second character in words) to facilitate the word segmentation and recognition. Nevertheless, this potential role for position frequency remains controversial. Accordingly, with the present research we used the lexical decision task and eye movements during reading to investigate the use of positional frequency information about the first and second character of two-character words in both visual word recognition and reading. Four experiments were conducted to explore the effects of character positional frequency. In Experiments 1a and 1b, we manipulated both first and second character positional frequency (high vs. low) for target words that were of either high or low lexical frequency. Sixty college students were instructed to perform visual lexical decision tasks on words and pseudo-words. In Experiment 2a and 2b, we used measures of eye movements to investigate the use of character positional frequency in natural sentence reading. Sixty college students were required to read sentences while their eye movements were recorded using an EyeLink 1000 eye-tracker (sampling rate = 1000 Hz). The results of Experiments 1a and 1b revealed an effect of first character positional frequency in both the accuracy and latency of lexical decisions only for target words with low lexical frequency, and no effect of second character positional frequency regardless of the lexical frequency of the target word. The results of Experiment 2a and 2b showed a clear effect of first character position frequency on reading times (gaze duration, regression path reading time, and total reading time) for target words of low lexical frequency only, and no effect of second character positional frequency for either high or low frequency target words. Participants made shorter response times and fixation duration in high character positional frequency condition than in low character positional frequency condition for target words with low lexical frequency. In sum, findings from both the lexical decision task and measures of eye movements in reading reveal a privileged role for first character positional frequency as a cue to word segmentation and recognition. However, this influence of character positional frequency depends on word frequency, and is only observed for words of lower lexical frequency. We argue that these findings support the augmented addressed morphology model theory (Caramazza et al., 1988) of Chinese word recognition, and can help inform the development of a model of character positional processing model in Chinese reading.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2022-07-01
Abstract：
Stock trading is a complex decision-making situation. How can a stock market novice be influenced by experts? This involves the issue of advice-taking in decision-making, which usually adopts the judge-advisor system (JAS) paradigm. The need for cognitive closure (NFCC) is defined as a motivation for seeking a firm answer to a question and ending ambiguity. The quality of advice (QOA) is a subjective perception to measure advice accuracy, which directly affects judges’ advice-taking. Since the assessment of the QOA is a dynamic adjustment process, will it lead to more reliance on advice information for those with a high NFCC? For instance, participants with a high NFCC are still more likely to take advice when presenting a low-quality advice.
Advice-taking in the JAS paradigm has been measured via formula (1) generally（Yaniv，2004a). We argue that this indicator will damage information during processing extreme data, such as woa>1, which may lead to low sensitivity. We proposed the formula (2) to avoid the disadvantage of formula (1).
....................(1)
where WOA is the weight of advice; VoF is the value of final; VoI is the value of initial; VoA is the value of advice.
..............(2)
Formula (2) established if and only if VoA≠VoI, otherwise WOAlg=0.
In this paper, JAS paradigm was employed to program a task of stock closing price estimation. The 30 stocks from Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Market were selected as experimental materials. The experiment manipulated the NFCC of participants through the time pressure provided to the participants, meanwhile the QOA was manipulated based on the average accuracy of advisor, which the high QOA is an advice whose accuracy is 80%, whereas the accuracy of the low QOA is 60%. The 2(NFCC: high vs. low) ×2(QOA: high vs. low) ×30(trials of prediction) mixed experimental design was employed with NFCC and QOA as between-subjects variables and with trials of prediction as a within-subject variable. The dependent variables were prediction accuracy, score, WOA, WOAlg, pre-advice confidence, post-advice confidence, and accuracy rating for advisors.
Consistent with our hypothesis, the results confirmed that: 1) WOAlg was a more sensitive index in comparison to the WOA. 2) Under the low QOA, the participants with a high NFCC were more likely to accept the advice, and during the high QOA, the NFCC didn't affect the advice taking. 3) the participants with a low NFCC were more likely to accept the advice when the QOA was high, however, for those with a high NFCC, the QOA didn't affect the advice-taking. 4)The advice from advisors improved the accuracy of participants’ stock predictions, however, the accuracy rating for advisors for high-quality advice was underestimated.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2022-06-21
Abstract：
Uncovering the cognitive neural mechanism underlying the effect of emotional experience on individuals’ various cognitive task performances has been a hot research topic. Previous studies mainly employed questionnaires and behavioral experiments as measurements and focused solely on the impact of anxiety on the estimation strategy utilization, leaving the underlying brain mechanism unclear. Few studies have explored the relationships betweenemotional experience other than anxiety and estimation strategy utilization, or emotion regulation and estimation strategy utilization. To fill in the gap, the present project will adopt the event-related potential (ERP) technology, combined with the facial expression images as emotional priming stimuli, to examine the influence of different emotional experience valences on estimation strategy utilization. Distinguishing between the explicit and implicit emotional experiences, our study will shed light on the role of different emotional valences on estimation strategy utilization as well as the temporal dynamic characteristics and brain activation patterns underlying the effect. This project will deepen people’s understanding about the cognitive and brain mechanisms of how different emotional experience influence estimation strategy utilization, and provide further empirical evidence for optimal estimation strategy utilization effect.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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