Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-08
Abstract： With the advent of the era of human-robot coexistence, robots gradually penetrate into children’s lives. Robots play an important role in children’s study and life, and effective human-robot interaction is conducive to robots to play a greater role. Trust is one of the prerequisites for effective interaction between humans and robots. Do children trust robots the same as trusting people? As the trend of robot development, how does anthropomorphism affect children’s trust in robots? This research adopted the trust game paradigm of Berg et al. (1995) and Evans et al. (2013). The trust behavior of children aged 4-6 in the economic game was investigated through two experiments. At the same time, anthropomorphic factors that may affect children’s trust in robots are investigated, including anthropomorphic appearance (anthropomorphic appearance) and anthropomorphic behavior (verbal feedback and social contingent interaction). In the first experiment, by investigating children’s trust behavior in robots NAO and JIBO (high anthropomorphism VS low anthropomorphism) in anonymous trust game, it was found that the trust of 4-year-old children in robots was significantly lower than that of 5-year-old and 6-year-old children. However, the influence of appearance anthropomorphism only appears in 6-year-old children, and the trust of children is positively correlated with the degree of appearance anthropomorphism of robots. In the second experiment, the robot was made to have anthropomorphic behavior by using WeChat video calls with people, NAO and JIBO, and the trust behavior of children to different trust objects was investigated in the anonymous trust game, and the role of anthropomorphic behavior was investigated. The results show that children’s trust can be significantly improved when the robot had anthropomorphic behavior characteristics. It can be seen that the trust of children aged 4~6 in robots is not only related to their age, but also influenced by the anthropomorphism of robots (anthropomorphism in appearance and anthropomorphism in behavior), and the degree of anthropomorphism is positively related to children’s trust behavior.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2024-03-28
Abstract： Amidst intense competition, the precise recognition of innovative solutions aligned with the enterprise’s needs emerges as paramount for a company’s survival and growth. Decision-makers’ creativity recognition holds a central position in the literature on organizational creativity and innovation. However, existing studies often overlook the substantial impact of competition, leaving decision-makers’ cognitive biases and the underlying mechanisms unexplored. Consequently, research findings lack the explanatory power necessary for real-world phenomena. Within the corporate innovation process, decision-makers frequently engage in prolonged competition with closely matched opponents, transforming routine competition into enduring rivalry. Acknowledging this context, the current project adopts a relational competition perspective to investigate how the rivalry between decision-makers influences the accuracy of creativity recognition for both parties. Employing a mixed-method approach, encompassing laboratory experiments, field studies, and archival analysis across four studies, the project explores the nuanced effects of rivalry on decision-makers’ creativity recognition. Furthermore, the project seeks to unveil the mediating roles of cognitive processing depth and breadth paths while examining the boundary conditions. Leveraging the rivalry perspective, this project sheds new light on decision-makers’ cognitive biases in creativity recognition and the underlying mechanisms contributing to these biases. In terms of practical implications, this project can also assist decision-makers in comprehending and mitigating biases effectively.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2024-03-24
Abstract： Mnemonic discrimination (MD) refers to the ability to accurately distinguish similar memory experiences, which relies on a neural computing mechanism known as pattern separation. Currently, mnemonic similarity task (MST) is commonly employed to measure and study MD. The elderly tend to exhibit a noticeable decline in MD. This decline is proved to be associated with damage to the structural and functional integrity of the medial temporal lobe, which occurs during the aging process. Some researchers have also suggested that the aging of the neocortex can influence MD. Given its reliance on the medial temporal lobe, MD can reflect abnormal brain structural damage and functional decline in the early stages of cognitive impairment. Thus, MST has significant potential in early identification of cognitive impairment. To further explore the causes of the decline in MD, future studies should employ more advanced imaging techniques to separately investigate the effects of aging in the dentate gyrus and CA3 subregion on MD. It is also critical to explore the neural mechanisms underlying age-related changes in MD, with a particular focus on neocortical regions like the prefrontal cortex. Large-scale prospective cohorts should also be established to validate the effectiveness of MST in early identification of cognitive impairment.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2023-11-22
Abstract： The unique Chinese first name "Zhaodi" (招娣) offers an intriguing lens to examine provincial variations in son preference and its deep-rooted ties to clan culture. While most first names carry implicit or ambiguous meanings, "Zhaodi" stands out as it explicitly signifies parents' fervent hope for a male child next. At a provincial level, the prevalence of the name "Zhaodi" can be viewed as an indicator of son preference. Clan culture, deeply intertwined with Confucianism, emphasizes a patriarchal lineage and distinct social norms, such as sons enjoying more privileges than daughters. Though clan culture permeates throughout China, its intensity varies across provinces. This study aims to investigate the provincial variations in the naming of "Zhaodi" and its correlation with clan culture. We hypothesize that regions with a stronger clan culture are more likely to name their daughters "Zhaodi".
Data on the prevalence of "Zhaodi" and clan culture across provinces were sourced from public government databases. Initially, the frequency of "Zhaodi" was obtained from www.gjzwfw.gov.cn, considering the top 10 popular surnames. Subsequently, female population data was sourced from the National Bureau of Statistics (www.stats.gov.cn). The prevalence of "Zhaodi" was then computed by dividing the frequency of "Zhaodi" by the female population, adjusted per million (ppm) for each province. Clan culture strength was determined by the prevalence of "jiapu", as per the methodology of Greif and Tabellini (2017). Data on "jiapu" was sourced from the National Jiapu Platform of the Shanghai Library (www.library.sh.cn). Control variables included modernity, percentage of rice paddy, climate demand, latitude, societal tightness, and population density.
Results indicated significant provincial variations in the naming of "Zhaodi", χ²(473236764,17) = 99874, p < .001. Jiangxi had the highest prevalence at 537 ppm, while Chongqing had the lowest at 2 ppm among the 18 provinces studied. Correlation analysis revealed a positive association between the prevalence of "Zhaodi" and clan culture, r(18)=.51, p =.03; r(18) =.70, p =.001. Regression analysis further confirmed that clan culture positively predicts the prevalence of "Zhaodi", β(18)=.51, p = .046.
This study underscores the provincial variations in the naming of "Zhaodi" and establishes a positive correlation with clan culture. These insights enrich cultural psychology by quantitatively assessing the impact of clan culture, a feat rarely achieved. Furthermore, it highlights the societal implications of the name "Zhaodi" as an indicator of son preference.
Conclusion: This research reveals significant provincial variations in the naming of "Zhaodi" and establishes a positive correlation between such naming practices and the strength of clan culture.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-11-17
Abstract： The clan is a social organization entity based on blood ties, emphasizing the internal rule of the family. Clan culture is based on blood ties and values the maintenance of relationships among clan members. Being of the same clan and family is the key to identity. Clan concepts include bloodline identity, mutual assistance, filial piety, inheritance, rule of etiquette, and local customs, reflecting the inner beliefs and attitudes of clan members towards the importance and role of the family. Clan concepts and clan culture are interdependent and work together, influencing people's behavior and values, and have a profound impact on the development of modern society.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-10-13
Abstract： Patching one eye of an adult human for a few hours has been found to promote the dominance of the patched eye, which is called short-term monocular deprivation effect. Interestingly, recent work has reported that prolonged eye-specific attention can also cause a shift of ocular dominance towards the unattended eye though visual inputs during adaptation are balanced across the eyes. Considering that patching blocks all input information from one eye, attention is undoubtedly deployed to the opposite eye. Therefore, the short-term monocular deprivation effect might to some extent be contributed by the eye-specific attentional modulation, which remains largely unknown. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether attention can modulate the short-term monocular deprivation effect in adults.
Twenty adult participants took part in the present study. We asked participants to perform an attentive tracking task throughout the monocular patching. During the tracking, the primary stimuli consisted of two types of chromatic gratings, red-green gratings (R-G) and yellow-blue (Y-B) gratings, one of which was defined as the target gratings (attended stimuli) and the other as the distractor gratings (unattended stimuli). Target gratings and distractor gratings were distinct from each other in fundamental visual features such as color, shape, and spatial frequency. We instructed participants to continuously attend to and track the movement of the target grating in the attentive tracking task. Before and after one hour of monocular patching, we measured participants’ ocular dominance using a binocular rivalry task in which both target gratings and distractor gratings served as testing stimuli.
In case there lacks of comparability in binocular rivalry performance measured with different types of testing stimuli, we focused on the comparison of the monocular deprivation effect for the same testing stimuli between different attention conditions. Our results generally support the notion of attentional modulation on the monocular deprivation effect. To be specific, we observed a larger shift of ocular dominance towards the deprived eye when the binocular rivalry testing gratings shared features with the target gratings during the tracking compared to when they shared features with the distractor gratings. For testing with Y-B gratings, there was a significantly greater monocular deprivation effect when Y-B gratings were attended during the patching compared to when R-G gratings were attended. For testing with R-G gratings, we detected a similar trend, though it did not reach statistical significance.
In conclusion, the present study provides some preliminary evidence supporting the modulatory role of attention in the effect of typical monocular deprivation. Our work suggests that short-term ocular dominance plasticity is not solely determined by imbalanced visual feedforward inputs, but also affected by top-down attentional feedbacks, discovering potential interplays between higher-level cognitive functions and lower-level visual processing in this phenomenon. Because monocular deprivation has recently been used to treat amblyopia, our finding of attentional modulation on this effect may provide useful clues on how to optimize such treatment in future work.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-09-09
Abstract： The representation and integration of social concepts is the basis of social semantic comprehension and social thinking. In recent years, it becomes a new research hotspot, bridging the gap between the neuroscience of language comprehension and social cognition. Evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies has indicated that the representation of social concepts relies on a brain network composed of the bilateral anterior temporal lobe, temporoparietal junction, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus and adjacent precuneus. Recent neuroimaging studies have indicated that the same brain areas may also support social semantic integration at different levels. Future studies should explore the semantic dimensions of social concept representation, the specific components of social semantic processing, and their impacts on human behaviors.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-07-20
Abstract： The rising prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased the demand for early intervention, but traditional behavioral interventions have their limitations. Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions (NDBI) are a class of early intervention methods for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that combine developmental theory and behavioral principles, and are implemented in natural settings.In recent years, NDBI has received widespread attention internationally, and its empirical research base has continued to expand. Representative NDBI methods include: Joint Attention, Symbolic Play, Engagement and Regulation (JASPER), Enhanced Milieu Teaching (EMT), Social Communication, Emotional Regulation and Transactional Support (SCERTS), Pivotal Response Training (PRT), Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), and Teaching Parents to Become Social Coaches (PIT). These methods have common core elements and characteristics, but they differ in their target domains and effectiveness features. NDBI has outstanding advantages in promoting the development of social, language, cognitive and other domains in children with ASD, as well as reducing family economic costs and increasing children's initiative. NDBI has a broad application prospect in China. Future research should focus on improving intervention outcomes and expanding application scope, including clarifying the predictive factors and moderating variables that affect intervention outcomes, exploring effective parent training methods, exploring the combination of different intervention methods and tools, and promoting the localization of NDBI research and practice in the Chinese cultural context.
Subjects: Psychology >> Educational Psychology submitted time 2023-07-04
Abstract： This study examined executive functions as a mediator of the association between socioeconomic status and children’s academic achievement, using the method of Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling (MASEM). Based on 34 empirical articles (45, 916 students in total) up to August 2022, we found that executive functions partially mediate the relationship between socioeconomic status and academic achievement, and the indirect effect was significant (b=.094). Partial mediation was also found in the longitudinal subsample. The result of moderator analyses showed that the relationship between executive functions and academic achievement tended to diminish with age, and that the relationship between SES and EF tended to be weaker in boys than in girls.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-06-10
Abstract： Spatial navigation is vital for the survival and reproduction of humans and other animals living in complex environments. Effective spatial representation, also known as the cognitive map, is the basis of efficient spatial navigation. Prototypical properties of the cognitive map include selectivity, flexibility and hierarchy. Several brain regions such as the hippocampus, the scene-selective areas and the prefrontal cortex are involved in the construction of the cognitive map. There are two theoretical contradictions in the representational format of the cognitive map, namely Euclidean map and topological graph, neither of which can fully account for the navigational behavior. Therefore, some researchers had put forward theories to reconcile this controversy such as the labeled map hypothesis, the reference frame network theory, etc. Future researchers are suggested to focus on the dynamic changes of the hierarchical organization during the process of constructing the cognitive map, the expansion of spatial dimensions and categories, and the limitations of the cognitive map.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2023-05-30
Abstract： Workplace unethical behavior is extremely harmful to organizations; therefore, the exploration of intervention methods for unethical behavior is of great significance with regard to management practices. Previous studies have mainly explored the intervention methods used to address unethical behavior from the perspective of rational ethical decision-making, and few studies have explored those intervention methods from the perspective of intuitive ethical decision-making. This project proposes that mindfulness can influence both the rational ethical decision-making system and the intuitive ethical decision-making system, thereby reducing unethical behavior. This project attempts to investigate the impact of mindfulness on unethical behavior from the perspective of the dual-system theory of ethical decision-making, thereby contributing to interdisciplinary explorations of mindfulness and behavioral ethics. In terms of practical implications, this project identifies mindfulness as an important factor that influences both the rational and the intuitive ethical decision-making systems, a finding which has implications for intervening in unethical behavior in the context of management practices.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-05-29
Abstract： Liu and Chen’《the Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age》systematically reviewed the new archeological discoveries within the China. It first introduced e natural environment of China and the relationship between ever-changing ecosystems and human responses and adaptations. Then it summarized the findings of different regions from early Neolithic periods to the end of Shang and the possible explanations why Chinese civilization evolved in this way. Inspired by cultural evolution framework of Henrich, we propose three cultural psychological characteristics which includes associative thinking and respect Oracle and nepotism. Furthermore, we speculate these characteristics is originated and transmitted unintentionally from the Saman-Sorcerer of early sedentary agriculture thriving for their social ranking within the settlement and summarize the evidences of this book and authors’ follow-up works.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2023-05-15
Abstract： During the development, the structure and functions of the visual system can be affected by visual experiences and environments. This is called visual plasticity which is most prominent during the critical period of development after birth. Although the structures and functions of neural circuits tend to be stable in adult visual cortex, mounting evidence has shown that adult visual cortex still retains a certain degree of plasticity, including ocular dominance plasticity. In recent decades, it has been found that perceptual ocular dominance in adults can be biased by adjusting the input information or attentional allocation between the two eyes. However, the neural mechanisms underlying these different types of ocular dominance plasticity may have multiple origins. Monocular deprivation due to imbalanced visual inputs may be accounted for by the homeostatic plasticity mechanism of the visual cortex. However, the shift of ocular dominance caused by imbalanced attentional allocations between the two eyes reflects the feedbacks from higher cortical sites, which is currently explained by the adaptation of ocular opponency neurons. Future studies may provide more direct evidence for the ocular-opponency-neuron account and explore the likely interactions between attention and visual input that reshape ocular dominance.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-05-06
Abstract： [Objective]A new generation of interactive models, called digital voice assistants(DVAs), can respond to young children's speech requests automatically and interactwith them by voice. Research on the development of young children's epistemic trustin DVAs is scarce. Previous research has concentrated on the development and influencing factors of young children's epistemic trust in human informants or traditional electronic media (e.g., computers, webpages, internet). The semisocialnature of these devices determines the specific theoretical and practical value ofinvestigating young children's epistemic trust in DVAs. Based on this, the purposeof the current study was to investigate the epistemic trust of young children (aged3-6) and adults in DVAs in various domains and to confirm the significance of accuracyin their trust. [Methods] The paradigm of dual-informant sources was employed in both experiments.A sample size of 88 children was required for an effect size of w= 0.30, 1–β=0.8, α= 0.05, according to G*Power 3.1. In Experiment 1, 30 adults and 90 childrenaged 4-6 were given testimony from distinct information sources (DVAs vs. humans)in either the natural or social domain to investigate the children's willingnessto ask questions, explicit trust judgments, and final endorsements. Whereas thenatural domain involved a task to label novel things, the social domain involvedinquiry into social customs. The accuracy of the informants was manipulated inExperiment 2, which was based on Experiment 1, and 90 children aged 3-5 and 30 adultswere exposed to various informants. [Results] The research participants were asked questions about their willingnessto ask, explicit trust judgments, and final endorsements. The results of Experiment1 showed that the children preferred to ask the DVAs questions about the naturaldomain rather than the social domain, with the DVAs being preferred overall . Moreover, the 6-year-old children preferred the DVAs as the information source morethan the 4- to 5-year-old children. The adults were more likely to trust the DVAsthan the young children. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that the children ofall ages and adults were more likely to accept correct informant testimony in boththe natural and social domains. In other words, the children were more likely touse the current accuracy of informants as a cue to assess and decide which informantto trust, and when the DVAs lost their accuracy, the children's preference disappeared along with their intellectual trust. The preference for accurate informants was more obvious in the adults and 4- to 5-year-olds than in the 3-year-olds, with the 3-year-olds being less sensitive to accuracy. Accuracy wasan essential indicator of the DVAs' dependability. [Limitations] This study did not include attribution tasks and the experimentalmaterial lacked some ecological properties. [Conclusions] Our study is the first to investigate the development of epistemictrust in DVAs among children aged 3-6 in China. The results show that children canuse DVAs as a source of information and knowledge. Young children become more likelyto believe the testimonies of DVAs as they grow older. Children are more likely totrust DVAs in the natural domain than in the social domain. Furthermore, youngchildren are more likely to accept the testimony of reliable informants. The resultsof this study may contribute to our understanding of the usability and utility ofhuman interaction with technological systems and offer suggestions for the use ofDVAs in homes and classrooms to support early learning.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： One of the keys to poverty alleviation and rural revitalization is to narrow the gap between the population quality of urban and rural residents. Based on the objective demand of poverty alleviation in China, this study summarized the representative theories, introduced the relevant social practice conducted by the research team from Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and proposes suggestions on policy making. It is suggested, (1) Carry out scientific literacy education in rural areas. (2) Strengthen the training of psychological knowledge for public officials. (3) Improve psychological evaluation of public policy. (4) Support applied psychological research in poverty alleviation.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： “Psychological typhoon eye” (PTE) effect describes the public’s irrational panic and response to major emergencies. This phenomenon is reported and named by LI Shu and his colleagues after the Wenchuan earthquake. During the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020, we conducted a worldwide survey to investigate the safety concerns and risk perception of the COVID-19 epidemic from participants staying in five areas of different levels of risk (high-risk, moderate and high-risk, moderate-risk, low-risk, and very lowrisk areas). This effect appears to hold for COVID-19. Specifically, participants staying abroad showed more safety concerns or fears of the COVID-19 epidemic than participants staying in China. The people at zero distance were at the center of the PTE and were the most calm. On the basis of the cumulative findings on the PTE, we propose four targeted solutions for individuals and organizations with the power of discourse to improve the quality of risk communication and management.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Wuhan lockdown has affected individual psychological status while effectively curbing the epidemic. It is difficult for traditional questionnaire method to acquire individual psychological assessments in large scale timely, which makes it hard to propose time-effective psychological services. In this study, we extracted the linguistic features of Weibo posts from January 20, 2020 to February 16, 2020 among 41 105 active users, and identified the changes of Wuhan citizens’ psychological status nonintrusively. The results indicated that Wuhan citizens have been in a high state of negative emotions such as anxiety, anger, hostility, and disappointment in short term. Meanwhile, the lockdown had induced more fear, psychological pain, and stress experience to some extent. In addition, the lockdown reduced the usage of leisure words and increased the frequency of working words in Wuhan residents’ language expressions. The results suggest that we should take targeted services according to the different negative emotions raised, and arrange long-term service for negative effects of stress, and incorporate online public psychological detection and service into national emergency management system.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： COVID-19 outbreak not only affects individuals’ physical and mental health, but also influences on the government trust, interpersonal trust, risk communication, economic confidence, consumer behavior, social mentality, and other social psychological behaviors. Accordingly, the construction of public psychological service system is required to be strengthened in the national emergency management system. Our corresponding suggestions are as follows. First, revise the national emergency response law in a timely manner in order to incorporate the public psychological service system into the emergency management system. Second, establish a professional emergency service team consisting of psychological service professionals and guide social organizations to play their roles in an orderly manner. Third, construct an information management system and network platforms to realize the precise docking and the good management of public psychological service demand as well as resources in emergency management. Fourth, support psychological research on the emergency management that provides the knowledge accumulation and the scientific support for perfecting the emergency management system, improve its efficiency and strengthen the emergency management capacity.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Healthy aging is associated with cognitive impairment, which generally attributed to declines in brain structure and functioning. However, the aging brain retains structural and functional plasticity. With the development of neuroimaging technologies, a large number of brain imaging studies have confirmed that cognitive training positively impacts brain structure and functioning. After training, the aged individuals show: (1) increased structural gray matter volume and integrity of white matter tracts; (2) functional reorganization of brain network when performing cognitive tasks; (3) functional reorganization in intrinsic brain activity and enhancement functional connectivity during resting state. Further studies of cognitive training are required to investigate various factors that influence individual differences of brain plasticity and determine the lasting effects and transfer effects by using longitudinal studies.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-02-03
Abstract：
As a kind of affect state that individuals ideally want to experience, ideal affect is closely associated with culture. While people from individualistic culture prefer high arousal positive affect (i.e., enthusiastic, excited, elated), people from collectivistic culture prefer low arousal positive affect (i.e., calm, relaxed, peaceful). Society and culture, however, are not static. How would ideal affects shift along with massive sociocultural change? For the first time, we addressed this issue by examining the change of ideal affects in China, a collectivistic nation that has experienced huge social transformation and witnessed a rise in individualism in recent decades. In doing this, we focused on three main kinds of widely studied ideal affects: high arousal positive affects (HAP), low arousal positive affects (LAP) and positive affects (P; i.e., happy, satisfied, content). We conducted three studies, using cross-time comparison, cross-generational comparison and cross-regional comparison in each of the three studies, respectively.
In Study 1, a total of 84 participants who were born before 1966 and have experienced the whole process of Chinese reform and opening-up were recruited. They were asked to assess the extent to which Chinese people prefer each of 9 affections as listed above at beginning of 1980, 2000, 2020. Results showed that the preferences for HAP, LAP and P have been rising among Chinese since 1980.
In Study 2, a total of 1561 college students were asked to assess the extent to which people from each of the three generations (i.e., their grandparents generation, their parents generation and their own generation) prefer the 9 affects. Results showed that the youngest generation manifested higher preferences for HAP, LAP and P than old generations.
In Study 3, a large sample of college students from 31 provinces in China participated in the survey (N = 26209). They were asked to indicate the extent to which they prefer the 9 affects. Their cultural orientations of individualism and collectivism were also assessed as control variables. Results indicated that students from urban areas reported higher preference for HAP, LAP and P than those from rural areas after controlling their main demographic information and cultural orientations; moreover, HAP, LAP and P were positively correlated with each other at both individual and provincial levels.
Together, by using three different comparisons and assessing ideal affects from both inter-subjective (Study 1 and Study 2) and intra-subjective perspectives (Study 3), our three studies convergently showed that preferences for HAP, LAP and P have been rising in recent decades. The simultaneous rises of HAP and LAP as well as the positive correlation between them form a sharp contrast with the existing theoretical conceptualization and empirical findings about HAP and LAP, which suggest that HAP and LAP should be negatively correlated and manifest opposite shifting trends. Our findings, however, dovetail well with Chinese traditional culture of naïve dialecticism, according to which two seemingly contradictory opposites could coexist and even facilitate each other in some circumstances. Hence, theories originated from the West may not be applicable in China and novel theories may be needed.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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