Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preclinical Medicine submitted time 2024-04-15 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： General practice teaching clinic is an important training method to develop clinical thinking and improve general practice diagnosis and treatment ability of general practice residents. In this paper，we used a patient with fatigue as the main manifestation as a teaching case to introduce the Murtagh safe diagnostic strategy proposed by John Murtagh，a famous Australian general medicine expert，to inspire the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of fatigue for the general practice residents in the general practice teaching clinic：（1）What are the common diseases that cause fatigue? （2）What are the important diseases that should not be ignored? （3）What are the easily missed diseases of fatigue? （4）Are there underlying easily masked diseases? （5）Is there something the patient is not saying? Combined with the history，physical examination and laboratory findings，a preliminary diagnosis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis causing rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is highly probable.The timely referral got nephropathology which confirms the etiology of the fatigue was antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis，and achieved satisfactory outcome. Based on the Murtagh safe diagnostic strategy，the instructor helped the general practice residents to construct a systematic knowledge framework for the identification and analysis of fatigue，so as to improve their clinical logical thinking ability and the ability to solve practical clinical problems. Using the mind mapping as an auxiliary tool，the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the Murtagh safe diagnostic strategy were concretized and visualized，so as to optimize the teaching effect.
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preventive Medicine and Hygienics submitted time 2024-02-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： Heart failure patients are prone to depression，and interact with each other，leading to lower quality of life and poor prognosis of patients. As the largest microecosystem in the human body，changes in the composition，structure and function of the gut microbiota are closely related to the physiological and pathological states of the host. Currently，the “gut heart/brain axis” has been used to explain the link between gut microbiota，cardiovascular diseases，and mood states，which is an important comorbid basis for heart failure and depression. In this paper，we reviewed the mechanisms of gut microbiota，metabolites，and vagus nerve in the development of heart failure and depression，and propose that mediterranean diet，probiotics，and microbiota transplantation have the potential to improve the “microbiota-gut-heart/brain axis”，providing a new perspective for the treatment of heart failure patients comorbid with depression.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-10-09 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： The flourish development of scientific psychology in America was often understood as the necessary subsequence of the evolution of intellectual history in psychology, in which psychology separated itself from philosophy and gradually found its own scientific methods during the past centuries. However, as one of categories of culture, the history of psychology could not be understood without the considering of societies and people who live in it. According to Fromm's social psychological studies, social change may form the social character of a given society, and the social character will initiate new thoughts or ideas which constitutes new culture and ideology. This new kind of culture and ideology will be easy to be accepted by the society, and solidify its social character in turn. So it will be interesting if we explore the process in which psychology in America committed to scientism from the perspective of social change and social character after World War Ⅱ.There ware a lot of changes after World War Ⅱ in America society in terms of politics, economics, industrial structure, population, education, and belief. On the material level, America reached the so-called advanced industrial society and consumer society. On the mental level, the worship of knowledge gradually replaced the worship of god in America society. These changes formed the social character of America after World War Ⅱ through pragmatism and individualism that were parts of American culture. The key trait of this kind of social character are one-dimensionalization, pursuing of instrumental rationality, and individual priority. What this kind of social character looking forward in terms of psychology as a part of culture and ideology is the disenchantment of innerworld, or we can say the secularization of mind, which will offer some kind of certainty for the working of American society.World War Ⅱ promoted the development of psychology on general, and also left abundant of problems for America society, such as psychic trauma of veteran, the need for mental health, how to avoid the reviving of totalitarianism, how the collective affect the behavior of individual, and how to train more scientists, professors, and engineers for America and finally win the competition with Soviet Union. All these needs from society led to the boom of clinical psychology, social psychology, developmental and educational psychology, and psychometrics in America. Not only the numbers of APA members and journals, but also the number of PHD in American psychology surged during three decades after World War Ⅱ. The schools of psychology in America also changed during that time. New behavioralism declined after Hull and Skinner's time due to its neglect of psyche. Psychoanalysis used to affect American psychology and evolved to ego psychology which could be seen as the product of Americanization. However, psychoanalysis was finally marginalized by scientific psychology in America because of the rise of evidence based medicine. The Third Force Psychology once made a noise in America, but it finally faded due to its attempt to connect psychology and philosophy again, and its complicated methods. It was cognitive psychology that became most popular and the main paradigm of American psychology. In a nutshell, the history of American psychology expressed its social character after World War Ⅱ, which called for the secularization of mind. The scientific psychology in America also plays its ideological role in maintaining the efficient work of American society in turn.
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Clinical Medicine submitted time 2023-06-08 Cooperative journals: 《中国全科医学》
Abstract： Background The number of depression patients has exceeded 300 million worldwide，and its high disability rate has attracted global attention. However，the relationship between temperature-humidity index（Humidex） and depression remains to be explored. Objective To explore the relationship between Humidex of the twenty-four solar terms and depression. Methods Outpatient data of depression patients admitted to the psychology department，Mental Health Center of Jiading District from 2016-10-08 to 2019-10-07 were collected，including gender，age，time of treatment，number of outpatient visits and specialist visits. The data of daily mean temperature，relative humidity，rainfall，air pressure and mean wind speed in Jiading District from 2016-10-08 to 2019-10-07 published by Shanghai Meteorological Bureau were collected to calculate Humidex. The included patients were divided into the groups of ≤ 18 years（n=157），19-44 years（n=3 099），45-59 years（n=4 848），60-74 years（n=6 270）and ≥ 75 years（n=3 915）according to different ages. The relationship between Humidex of twenty-four solar terms and depression was estimated by using the combination of nonhomogeneous Poisson distribution and distributed-lag nonlinear model. Correlation between Humidex and meteorological variables was calculated using Pearson correlation analysis. Relative risk rates（RR）of Humidex and depression were calculated of twenty-four solar terms using median Humidex as control. Results A total of 18 289 patients with depression were included from 2016-10-08 to 2019-10-07，including 6 900 males and 11 389 females. The Lesser Cold solar term corresponded to the lowest average Humidex and highest number of depression patients，the Great Heat solar term corresponded corresponded to the highest average Humidex and lowest number of depression patients from 2016-10-08 to 2017-10-07. The Great Cold solar term corresponded to the lowest average Humidex and highest number of depression patients，the Great Heat solar term corresponded to the highest average Humidex and lowest number of depression patients from 2017-10-08 to 2018-10-07. The Great Cold solar term corresponded to the lowest average Humidex and highest number of depression patients，the Great Heat corresponded to the highest average Humidex and lowest number of depression patients from 2018-10-08 to 2019-10-07. Humidex in 24 solar terms showed a nonlinear relationship with the overall population risk of depression. The top two solar terms corresponding to Humidex of depression risk distribution for total population，male，female， ≤ 18 years，19-44 years，45-59 years，60-74 years，and ≥ 75 years were the Great Cold and Beginning of Spring solar terms，Great Heat solar term corresponded to the lowest depression risk distribution. The maximum lag effect was observed on the 10th day of the Great Cold and Beginning of Spring solar terms〔RR=1.020，95%CI（1.001，1.040）〕，and the lag effect was observed on the 8th day of Great Heat solar term and lasted to the 9th day. The lag effect was observed on the 7th day after the Great Cold and Beginning of Spring and the maximum lag effect was observed on the 9th day〔RR=1.054，95%CI（1.007，1.104）〕，which lasted until the 11th day in the 60-74 years group. The lag effect was observed on the 1st day and 8th day after the Great Heat，and lasted to the 2nd day and 10th day，respectively，with the maximum lag effect on the 10th day〔RR=0.952，95%CI（0.911，0.994）〕in male depression patients. The lag effect was observed on the 8th day after the Great Heat solar term and lasted to the 9th day in the 60-74 years group. Conclusion Humidex in the Great Cold and Beginning of Spring solar terms are risk factors for depression，and high Humidex in the Great Heat solar term is a protective factor for depression. Clinically，accurate diagnosis and treatment should be provided for different depression patients according to Humidex in different solar terms，and individualized intervention programs should be formulated.
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2023-06-02
Abstract： The flourish development of scientific psychology in America was often understood as the necessary subsequence of the evolution of intellectual history in psychology, in which psychology separated itself from philosophy and gradually found its own scientific methods during the past centuries. However, as one of categories of culture, the history of psychology could not be understood without the considering of societies and people who live in it. According to Fromm’s social psychological studies, social change may form the social character of a given society, and the social character will initiate new thoughts or ideas which constitutes new culture and ideology. This new kind of culture and ideology will be easy to be accepted by the society, and solidify its social character in turn. So it will be interesting if we explore the process in which psychology in America committed to scientism from the perspective of social change and social character after World War Ⅱ. There ware a lot of changes after World War Ⅱ in America society in terms of politics, economics, industrial structure, population, education, and belief. On the material level, America reached the so-called advanced industrial society and consumer society. On the mental level, the worship of knowledge gradually replaced the worship of god in America society. These changes formed the social character of America after World War Ⅱ through pragmatism and individualism that were parts of American culture. The key trait of this kind of social character are onedimensionalization, pursuing of instrumental rationality, and individual priority. What this kind of social character looking forward in terms of psychology as a part of culture and ideology is the disenchantment of innerworld, or we can say the secularization of mind, which will offer some kind of certainty for the working of American society. World War Ⅱ promoted the development of psychology on general, and also left abundant of problems for America society, such as psychic trauma of veteran, the need for mental health, how to avoid the reviving of totalitarianism, how the collective affect the behavior of individual, and how to train more scientists, professors, and engineers for America and finally win the competition with Soviet Union. All these needs from society led to the boom of clinical psychology, social psychology, developmental and educational psychology, and psychometrics in America. Not only the numbers of APA members and journals, but also the number of PHD in American psychology surged during three decades after World War Ⅱ. The schools of psychology in America also changed during that time. New behavioralism declined after Hull and Skinner’s time due to its neglect of psyche. Psychoanalysis used to affect American psychology and evolved to ego psychology which could be seen as the product of Americanization. However, psychoanalysis was finally marginalized by scientific psychology in America because of the rise of evidence based medicine. The Third Force Psychology once made a noise in America, but it finally faded due to its attempt to connect psychology and philosophy again, and its complicated methods. It was cognitive psychology that became most popular and the main paradigm of American psychology. In a nutshell, the history of American psychology expressed its social character after World War Ⅱ, which called for the secularization of mind. The scientific psychology in America also plays its ideological role in maintaining the efficient work of American society in turn.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Drug addicts have decision-making defects, and show the characteristics of impulsivity, risk-taking, dysfunctional reward processing, and lack of signals in bodies. Neuroimaging studies have shown that abuse of addictive drugs may cause damage to some brain areas such as DLPFC, ACC, OFC, VMPFC, Amygdala, Insula, etc, that may be incur addicts' decision-making defects. Cognitive training is beneficial to improve individuals' decision-making ability, for instance, goal management training and mindfulness meditation can improve working memory, promote self-awareness and goal oriented behavior; while, noninvasive brain stimulation can directly change the active state of addicts' brain regions that related to decision-making, hence, the cognitive function related to decision-making is improved. All in all, in the future cognitive training and noninvasive brain stimulation still have a broad space to expand in the aspect of addiction intervention.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Deficiency in inter-temporal decision making of substance addicts has been consistently confirmed by a vast array of studies using monetary Delay Discounting Task. Substance addicts showed a myopia tendency towards the immediate reward during the process of inter-temporal decision making. This myopia tendency corresponds well with the substance-use behavior in their real life. However, the recently emerging evidence from new variants of the monetary Delay Discounting Task (the addictive substance Delay Discounting Task, the Sexual Delay Discounting Task, and the Cross-Commodity Delay Discounting Task) highlighted some limitations in the single use of this paradigm in the delay discounting study of substance addiction, which need to be considered in terms of external validity. First of all, the results from monetary Delay Discounting Task may not fully reflect and represent the overall patterns of delay discounting in substance addictive population, the delay discounting level of addictive substance as cigarette, alcohol and heroin, of sex and of other natural rewards were significantly different from the delay discounting level of money. This further confirmed the hypothesis that delay discounting has domain specificity. That is to say, there may not be a general level of delay discounting despite different types of rewards. We need to be cautious when explain the results from monetary Delay Discounting Task in the study of substance addiction, and the additional employing of addictive substance Delay Discounting Task may improve the external validity of studies in this area. Secondly, by employing Single Delay Discounting task alone may over simplify the intertemporal decision-making process of substance addicts. The intertemporal decision-making process faced by this group in real life may be more complex than the one simulated by Single Delay Discounting Task. In real life, substance addicts often face intertemporal choices between different types of rewards including but not limited to money, for example, choice between immediate drug using VS. delayed financial benefits in future. According to the specific position of reward in intertemporal decision-making (the immediate one or the delayed one), the relative value between different types of rewards may change. It is of great significance for the purpose of description, explanation, prediction and intervention in the study of intertemporal decision-making in substance addicts to employ the Cross-Commodity Delay Discounting Task more frequently in future studies. Finally, compared with its variants, the monetary Delay Discounting Task was not sensitive to the withdrawal status, addiction severity and clinical characteristics related to risky sexual behaviors of substance addicts, hence the monetary Delay Discounting Task showed poor ecological validity compared with Cross-Commodity Delay Discounting Task and Sexual Delay Discounting Task. Whether the monetary Delay Discounting Task is the most ideal task to capture the dynamic changes of intertemporal decision-making in substance addicts after withdrawal and intervention remains to be determined. And here is reason to suspect the results from monetary Delay Discounting Task in the perspective of external validity. Considering the external validity of studies on intertemporal decision-making of substance addicts, future research should further enrich and expand the research which employs the Cross-Commodity Delay Discounting Task in the field of substance addiction. Besides, there emerged some evidence which have showed that the authenticity of waiting time between immediate choice and delayed choice would also affect the process of intertemporal decision-making, and the subjective time perception of the waiting duration may also play a nonnegligible role in intertemporal decision-making of substance addicts. So it may be valuable to further elucidate the time factors that may affect intertemporal decision-making. At the same time, researchers also need to consider the question of how to equate non-material rewards with money. The development of effective quantitative methods for non-material rewards such as health, sex and freedom is necessary. In addition, questionnaires and interviews can be introduced to future studies of delay discounting to explore the real motivation of substance addicts to obtain money reward in Delay Discounting Tasks.
Subjects: Agriculture, Forestry,Livestock & Aquatic Products Science >> Other Disciplines of Agriculture, Forestry,Livestock & Aquatic Products Science submitted time 2023-02-17 Cooperative journals: 《智慧农业（中英文）》
Abstract： Convolutional neural network models have different advantages and disadvantages, it is becoming more and more difficult to select an appropriate convolutional neural network model in an actual fish identification project. The identification of underwater fish is a challenge task due to varies in illumination, low contrast, high noise, low resolution and sample imbalance between each type of image from the real underwater environment. In addition, deploying models to mobile devices directly will reduce the accuracy of the model sharply. In order to solve the above problems, Fish Recognition Ground-Truth dataset was used to training model in this study, which is provided by Fish4Knowledge project from University of Edinburgh. It contains 27, 370 images with 23 fish species, and has been labeled manually by marine biologists. AlexNet, GoogLeNet, ResNet and DenseNet models were selected initially according to the characteristics of real-time underwater fish identification task, then a comparative experiment was designed to explore the best network model. Random image flipping, rotation and color dithering were used to enhance data based on ground-truth fish dataset in response to the limited number of underwater fish images. Considering that there was a serious imbalance in the number of samples in each category, the label smoothing technology was used to alleviate model overfitting. The Ranger optimizer and Cosine learning rate attenuation strategy were used to further improve the training effect of the models. The accuracy and recall rate information of each model were recorded and counted. The results showed that, the accuracy and recall rate of the fish recognition model based on DenseNet reached 99.21% and 96.77% in train set and validation set respectively, its F1 value reached 0.9742, which was the best model obtained in the experiment. Finally, a remote fish identification system was designed based on Python language, in this system the model was deployed to linux server and the Android APP was responsible for uploading fish images via http to request server to identify the fishes and displaying the identification information returned by server, such as fish species, profiles, habits, distribution, etc. A set of recognition tests were performed on real Android phone and the results showed that in the same local area net the APP could show fish information rapidly and exactly within 1 s.
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2020-09-15
Abstract： Abstract: Deficiency in inter-temporal decision making of substance addicts has been consistently confirmed by a lot of studies using monetary Delay Discounting Task. However, the recently emerging evidence from new variants of the monetary Delay Discounting Task (the addictive substance Delay Discounting Task, the Sexual Delay Discounting Task, and the Cross-Commodity Delay Discounting Task) highlighted some limitations in the single use of this paradigm in the delay discounting study of substance addiction, which need to be considered in terms of external validity. In the first place, delay discounting may be a domain-specific concept and the degree of delay discounting towards money may not equal to delay discounting in other aspects of addicts’ real life, as a drug, sex, and other natural rewards. Besides this, using Single-Commodity Delay Discounting Tasks may oversimplify the complicated process of inter-temporal decision making, while using paradigms like Cross-Commodity Delay Discounting Tasks may ecologically simulate dilemmas in addicts’ daily life. Last but not least, the monetary Delay Discounting Task is less sensitive to some clinical traits of addicts than its variant paradigms, it seems that specific tasks definitely have a better predictive effect on specific facets of inter-temporal decision making cared by different researchers from multiple perspectives. Future studies should further enrich and expand the research of Cross-Commodity Delay Discounting Task in the field of substance addiction to improve external validity, and further, explore the time factors that may affect the process of inter-temporal decision making. "
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2018-12-06
Abstract： Today, drug abuse is closely being watched by most of society. It has been found that risky decision-making deficit is one of the main characteristics of drug abuse. Drug abusers are facing increasingly negative consequences in their personal, emotional, professional, and social lives. However, they still prefer to choose immediate reward, and it is difficult for them to make adaptive decisions. Several studies have shown that risky decision-making abilities of heroin addicts are impaired, but few studies have focused on the impact of different levels of monetary reward on risky decision-making for heroin addicts during abstinence and whether such effects are regulated by type of monetary reward. Therefore, this study used the balloon analogue risk task to examine the effects of different levels of hypothetical and real money rewards on risky decision-making in the abstinent heroin user. Two experiments were included in the study. In Experiment 1, a hypothetical reward was used. however, the participants were asked to imagine the money prizes obtained in the experiment as real money rewards and to obtain as much profit as possible. The results showed that the main effect of the reward magnitude was significant. Post-hoc testing showed the average adjusted pumps (the mean number of pumps for balloons that did not pop) and the total number of popped balloons were significantly less under the 1-cent reward condition compared with the 25-cent reward condition. The main effects of the group were significant, and post-hoc testing showed that the average adjusted pumps and the total number of popped balloons were significantly higher for the abstinent heroin users compared with the non-heroin users. The interaction between the reward magnitude and the group was not significant. Experiment 2 used real rewards. The final rewards of the participants were converted according to their performance in the experimental task. The results showed that the main effect of reward magnitude was marginal significant for the average adjusted pumps and the main effect of the reward magnitude was significant for the total number of popped balloons. Post-hoc testing showed the average adjusted pumps and the total number of popped balloons were significantly higher under the 1-cent reward condition compared with the 25-cent reward condition. The main effects of the group were significant, and post-hoc testing showed that the average adjusted pumps and the total number of popped balloons for the abstinent heroin users were significantly smaller compared with non-heroin users.The interaction between the reward magnitude and the group was not significant. The results of the study indicate that monetary reward magnitude has the same effect on risky decision-making of the abstinent heroin user as it does on the non-heroin user. The impact of money magnitude on risky decision-making is regulated by type of money reward.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2018-11-19
Abstract： " Addictive behaviors have brought serious harms to the individual and the society. The study on the time perspective of groups with addictive behaviors has become a new perspective to explore the emergence and development of addictive behaviors. The people who have past negative perspective orientation, present hedonistic and present fatalistic are more likely to have addictive behaviors while the orientation of future time perspective is a protective factor for addictive behaviors. It will not only reduce the occurrence of addictive behaviors but also benefit the recovery of the addictive behaviors. The behavioral mechanisms such as self-regulation, impulsive decision, and the neural mechanisms of the prefrontal cortex can help us understand the addictive behaviors deeply from the time perspective. Future researches can further explore the consistency and specificity of time perspective among different addictive behaviors, use longitudinal research methods to explore the dynamic process of addicts' time perspective, and Intervention in the time perspective of addicts, help addicts achieve a balance of time perspective by improving their future time perspective and reducing their orientations of past negative and present time perspective, which therefore, can help the addicts increase their abstinence.
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