Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Feedback plays a crucial role in real life. Learning from the informative feedback, human being could master general skills and knowledge for adapting to the environment. As an important factor of feedback processing, feedback interval means the duration between initiation of behavior and the appearance of feedback stimulus. However, the prior research about how the feedback interval modulated feedback processing did not reach consistent viewpoint. Introduced both the behavioral and ERP studies about how feedback interval affects feedback processing, and analyzed the reasons for the results discrepancies among these studies. Finally, we propose the necessity to standardize the definition of feedback interval and the combination of the behavioral and electrophysiological methods in further research.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-09-25
Abstract： Feedback plays a crucial role in real life. Learning from the information feedback, human being could mater general skills and knowledge for adapt to the environment. As an important factor of feedback processing, feedback interval means the duration between initiation of behavior and the appearance of feedback stimulus. However, the prior research about how the feedback interval modulated feedback processing did not reach consistent viewpoint. Introduced both the behavioral and ERP studies about how feedback interval affects feedback processing, and analyzed the reasons for the results discrepancies among these studies. Finally, we propose the necessity to standardize the definition of feedback interval and the combination of the behavioral and electrophysiological methods in further research. "
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Feedback-seeking behavior refers to individuals proactively seek feedbacks about their performance, role position or job targets from other individuals or their leaders. This study systematically summarizes the existing literatures in aspects of the concept, measurement, influencing factors and consequences of feedback-seeking behavior, at the same time highlights the effects of Chinese indigenous culture. We identify that future study should try to improve the concept of feedback-seeking behavior, develop new measurement which fits into new cultural and economic background, expand research level to organization and team level, and take Chinese special organizational situation into consideration to make further discussion toward feedback-seeking behavior.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-01-02
Abstract： The final stage in the process of spoken production is articulation, which involves the integration of feedforward and feedback control in speech motor system. Specifically, feedforward control (top-down mechanism) refers to speakers’ ability to retrieve and execute the motor commands responsible for producing target speech sounds, while feedback control (bottom-up mechanism) refers to speakers’ ability to adjust speech movements based on the sensory feedback generated by articulation. Sensory goals and sensory predictions are important hubs linking feedforward and feedback control systems. Based on the neural computational model DIVA (directions into velocities of articulators), the cognitive and neural mechanisms of the integration between feedforward and feedback control are illustrated in the stage of speech acquisition and speech production. On the basis of previous studies, how speakers utilize auditory feedback to control online speech and update feedforward motor representations, and the cognitive significance of the P1-N1-P2 components in the ERP studies are especially discussed. Furthermore, various factors that influence feedforward and feedback control are summarized, including individual variabilities, training experience and task demands. Additionally, some suggestions are proposed for future investigation.
Subjects: Library Science，Information Science >> Information Science submitted time 2023-04-01 Cooperative journals: 《图书情报工作》
Abstract： [Purpose/significance] Providing feedback is an important design to motivate volunteers and enhance their participation. This research aims to study the motivational impact of feedback information on volunteers' participation performance, in order to provide guidance and suggestions for designing citizen science project and improving volunteers' performance.[Method/process] By using the feedback intervention theory as an overarching framework, this paper integrated social cognition theory and flow theory and proposed a model to depict the influence of feedback type and feedback valence on volunteers' experience and performance in citizen science projects. This study also discussed the interaction effects between feedback type and feedback valence. A 2 (feedback type:descriptive vs. evaluative)×2 (feedback valence:positive vs. negative) between-subject experiment was conducted to validate the proposed research model.[Result/conclusion] Results showed that feedback type and feedback valence have varying impact on volunteers' experience. Volunteers had higher self-efficacy in evaluative feedback than in descriptive feedback; and they had higher self-efficacy and flow experience in positive feedback than in negative feedback. Moreover, there was a statistically significant interaction between feedback type and feedback valence on self-efficacy. For negative feedback, volunteers had higher self-efficacy in evaluative feedback than in descriptive feedback. Volunteer's participation experience had a positive effect on participation performance.
Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2017-10-20 Cooperative journals: 《天文研究与技术》
Abstract：观测中发现星系中心超大质量黑洞的质量与星系核球速度弥散或星系核球质量之间存在紧致关系。一般认为这类关系是由活动星系核反馈造成的，但是活动星系核反馈过程的微观物理实现并不清楚。甚至活动星系核反馈的提出者(Silk )也对其有效性提出质疑。利用星系的观测数据重新考虑了活动星系核的反馈过程，检验了活动星系核反馈的有效性。收集了一个包括29个星系的样本，通过样本星系的观测数据对它们的势场和由动量反馈而致的气体壳层在势场中的运动做了更准确的研究，发现绝大多数星系的动量反馈是有效的。
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Self-deception is a motivation to see the world in a way that benefits oneself. Previously, researchers have explored self-deception from a single research perspective. The focus on singular variables have made it impossible to understand an individual’s processing of self-deception from a holistic perspective. Researchers of self-deception not only need to seek stable research results but also need to continuously adopt a more comprehensive research perspective to explore self-deception. This study mainly explored the influence of feedback types and feedback valence on self-deception. Experiment 1 used the forward-looking paradigm to explore the influence of fuzzy feedback with differing valences on self-deception. The scores (measures of self-deception) in the first stage of test 2 in the answer prompt group and the no-answer prompt group were significantly different. The prediction scores in the second stage of test 2 were also significantly different, and compared with the participants in the no-answer prompt group, the participants in the answer prompt group increased their prediction scores in the second stage of test 2 under conditions involving positive fuzzy feedback. Experiment 2 explored the impact of precise feedback with differing valences on self-deception. The scores for the two groups of participants in the first stage of test 2 were significantly different. Compared with the no-answer prompt group, the answer prompt group received accurate feedback; however, these conditions did not produce higher prediction scores in the second stage of test 2. Experiment 3 used ERP technology to explore the internal mechanisms related to different types of feedback and the feedback valence that had differential effects on self-deception. The participants engaged in more self-deception in conditions with fuzzy feedback; self-deception in conditions with fuzzy feedback induced a larger P2 component and induced smaller N1 and N400 components. Finally, it was found that the frontal area had the greatest effects on self-deception. In short, the results of this research showed that positive feedback promoted the generation of individuals' self-deception, while negative feedback weakened the generation of individuals' self-deception; positive fuzzy feedback further promoted the generation of individuals' self-deception. The results of this research also indicated that the mechanism underlying self-deception may be self-inflation.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-07-29
Abstract： "
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： One grouping principle of visual perception is to integrate spatially separated and partially occluded local parts into whole object representations. For example, in the processing of Kanizsa-type illusory contours (ICs), a subjective shape contour is perceived despite the inducers being isolated. The shape discrimination of the Kanizsa illusory contours depends on feedback signals in the brain. Thus, investigations of the adaptation to Kanizsa illusory contours can help us understand the temporal properties of top-down signals in the visual system. In the present study, four experiments were conducted to explore the adaptation to Kanizsa illusory contours. Participants adapted to +5° and −5° illusory contours in experiments 1a and 1b. In experiments 2a and 2b, in order to eliminate the possibility that the adaptation effect could be explained by the lines on the inducers, the inducer lines (experiment 2a) or the whole shape (experiment 2b) was used as the adapting images. For all of the experiments, illusory contours of varied degrees were used as test images. Subjects were instructed to respond as accurately and quickly as possible to the test images to judge whether they were fat or thin. When adapting to fat illusory contours, the participants tended to perceive the following tests as thin; on the contrary, when adapting to thin contours, they tended to perceive the test images as fat. These results showed significant adaption effect of Kanizsa contours. Further control experiments (2a and 2b) indicated that the adaptation effect was mainly caused by the illusory contour itself, rather than by the lines on the Pac-Man. These results revealed that adaptation effect existed in voluntary construction processes, indicating that the strength of feedback signals from higher-level visual cortex could become weak over time.
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preclinical Medicine submitted time 2017-12-07 Cooperative journals: 《南方医科大学学报》
Abstract： Objective To investigate the effect of the biofeedback in regulating the myoelectric activities of the masseter muscles. Methods Twenty orthodontic patients aged from 10 to 14 years with Angle Class II malocclusion, retrusive mandible, and an ANB angle >6�were enrolled in this study. The muscular activities of the anterior temporal muscle and the masseter muscle were evaluated before, during, and after biofeedback treatment by assessing the average integrated electromyogram and temporal/masseter (T/M) ratio in the clenching status. Results The patients' myoelectric activities of the anterior temporal muscle was significantly increased after biofeedback treatment (P<0.05). The patients' T/M ratio in the clenching status was increased after the treatment (1.76�.46 before treatment, 4.71�.03 immediately after treatment, and 2.57�.07 at 1day after treatment; t=4.86, P<0.05). Conclusion Biofeedback treatment can regulate the activities of the anterior temporal and masseter muscles and increase the T/M ratio in the clenching status.
Subjects: Geosciences >> Space Physics submitted time 2016-05-13
Abstract： Effects of the nonuniform feedback magnetic field on the fluxgate sensor is studied, and several typical types of the sensor are analyzed and compared mutually. It is required that the drive cores of fluxgate sensor should work in a uniform magnetic field in principle. When the magnetic field is nonuniform, error signal will be caused. Resultingly, the nonuniformity of the feedback magnetic field will lead to the change of fluxgate sensor's linear coefficient. Typical types of fluxgate sensors which work for space magnetic exploration include discrete form, Helmholtz form and Compacted Spherical Configuration (CSC) form, etc. The nonuniformity of the three feedback coils are analyzed as well as the performance of the fluxgate sensor when the feedback magnetic field is nonuniform. Compared to the simulation results, uniformity and stability of CSC sensor are much better than that of the discrete sensor, and CSC sensor is more conducive to the space magnetic field detection.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： “Sense of agency” refers to the sense of controlling one’s actions and the course of events in the outside world. It is based on the match between the expected action and the real sensory feedback. The first part of this article introduces a method for implicit measurement of sense of agency. The second part deals with the factors that influence the sense of agency from the aspects of intentionality and sensory feedback. Part three provides the conclusion. With an emphasis on the functions of the prefrontal and parietal lobes, this article provides evidence to explain the mechanism of sense of agency through the theoretical model and cognitive neuroscience.
Subjects: Computer Science >> Integration Theory of Computer Science submitted time 2018-10-11 Cooperative journals: 《计算机应用研究》
Abstract： The existing recommendation algorithms are mostly applied to display feedback information to recommend. There are still defects in the accuracy of recommendation and data sparse processing for recommendations made by displaying feedback information. Implicit feedback information was introduced, and a multi-dimensional recommendation algorithm (iMCF) that introduces implicit feedback was designed and implemented. The algorithm covered three dimensions of user, project, and implicit feedback. For the first two dimensions of information, it is modeled by the similarity of the cloud model. The information of the implicit feedback dimension was mainly dealt with by combining the probabilistic matrix decomposition model. Afterwards, the prediction scores obtained from these three dimensions were balanced according to the weights, and obtained the final prediction score and made recommendation. The experimental data shows that the algorithm's performance in terms of recall rate and accuracy has been significantly improved compared to other algorithms, and is suitable for big data environments.
Subjects: Computer Science >> Integration Theory of Computer Science submitted time 2018-08-13 Cooperative journals: 《计算机应用研究》
Abstract： In view of the complexity of fast and time-varying wireless communication in vehicle-to-vehicle communication and the complexity of the tracking, the channel estimation scheme based on the preamble in the IEEE802.11a system cannot meet the requirements in the high-speed scene. This paper proposed a decision feedback channel estimation method based on blind channel estimation. With the help of output decision symbols from the receiver demodulator, the fast changing channel transfer function is tracked using the statistical characteristics of the data transmitted by the noise fading channel. The time truncation technique uses the decision feedback to reduce the noise influence, eliminate the inter carrier interference and improve the estimation accuracy of the fast time-varying channel. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has better BER and MSE performance than these classical channel estimation algorithms.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Sense of agency (SOA) refers to the feeling of controlling one's own actions and events in the external world through voluntary actions. Over the past two decades, SOA has increasingly attracted attention from researchers, and its cognitive neural mechanism is still a cutting-edge scientific problem in this field. There are two ways to measure SOA: explicit measurement (i.e., the explicit judgements of agency reported by individuals) and implicit measurement (i.e., sensory perception difference). Both the temporal binding effect and the sensory attenuation effect can be used as implicit measures for SOA. Intention of action and sensory feedback are two core components constituting the SOA. Intention of action is a conscious experience of determining or planning to initiate an action. Extinction and termination of intention can prospectively affect SOA. The valence of action outcome, the causal relationship between an action and its outcome, and the characteristics of the outcome may retrospectively affect the sense of agency. According to the Comparator Model, a copy of the action command contained in the subjective intention predicts the outcome before action. When comparing the predicted sensory outcome with the actual feedback of the action, the prediction error is zero, generating SOA. Evidence from cognitive neuroscience suggests that intention may be closely related to the activities in the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas, and the action outcome may be related to the activities of the posterior parietal cortex. This project will focus on the neural substrates underlying SOA, and explore the prospective way of intention and the retrospective way of outcome exerting on SOA by manipulating different attributes of two core components (i.e., subjective intention and action outcome). The magnetoencephalography technology, which is of high temporal and spatial resolution, is employed to extract the time-space characteristics of SOA at the fronto-parietal network in both the time windows of action-outcome and after-outcome. Elucidating the neural mechanism of SOA will contribute to our understanding of the generation and aftereffects of human actions, thus providing implications for demarcating behavioral responsibilities in moral and legal settings, and for diagnosing related mental diseases.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： The plasticity of executive function (EF) has been discussed as a core topic in the recent cognitive development research. However, inhibition training research remains inadequate. According to dimensional overlap theory, inhibition has two types: interference and response. The neural networks of the brain that respond to conflicts do not mature until early adulthood. By conducting a comparison of the plasticity of response inhibition between adolescents and adults, the applicable age group for response inhibition training is explored. Introducing online feedback as reinforcement improves the training effects and helps individuals to balance further accuracy and speed. Therefore, we added online feedback in the training groups but used the original Stop Signal task in the active control groups to investigate the training and transfer effects of this task with online feedback.This study included 194 participants (134 adults and 60 adolescents) that were divided into five groups: adult training group (N = 47), adult active control group (N = 45), adolescent training group (N = 30), adolescent active control group (N = 30), and passive control group (N = 42). The response inhibition training consisted of nine sessions, and it was held three times a week. In each training session of the adult and adolescent training groups, participants were guided to finish eight blocks (100 trials in each block) of the Stop Signal task with online feedback. In the adult and adolescent active control groups, participants completed the same amount of the Stop Signal task without online feedback. The passive control group received no training. The participants’ inhibition, working memory, and fluid intelligence were measured before and after training through six tasks (e.g., Inhibition: Stop Signal Task, Go/No-go Task, and Stroop Task; Working memory: 2-back Task and 3-back Task; and Fluid intelligence: Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices).A 9 (all training sessions) × 2 (training group, active control group) × 2 (adult, adolescent) repeated measure ANOVA was used to test the training effects. Both age groups exhibited improved performances with the continuation of the training sessions. However, the adults performed significantly faster and more accurate than the adolescents. Next, four 2 (pretest, posttest) × 5 (all five groups) repeated measure ANOVA were conducted to test the transfer effects. The transfer effect results revealed that (1) on the Go/No-go task, both training groups showed significant improvement; (2) on the Stroop task, only the adolescent training group showed significant improvement; (3) on the 2-back task, both training groups and the adult active control group improved significantly; (4) on the 3-back task, only the adolescent training group gained significant transfer effects; and (5) on the Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices, no group showed significant improvement.To sum up, the results suggest that the Stop Signal training task with online feedback has produced training effects on both age groups, and the transfer effects are influenced by the age difference of cognitive plasticity and the nature of the task. Thus, adding online feedback to computerized training can effectively improve the training and the transfer effects. Finally, inhibition training has a more formative effect on the pre-adult age.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Receiving negative social feedback, e.g., social rejection, criticism, can bring social pain. Unable to forget such painful experiences often results in sustained mental distress, thereby contributing to the onset of psychiatric disorders such as depression. Here, we asked when people received negative social feedback, whether engaging in emotion regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal and distraction would relieve social pain and facilitate forgetting of unwanted social feedback. Besides, we examined whether and how individual differences in depressive symptoms may influence the neural activity and behavioral benefits of emotion regulation. During the experiment, participants received positive and negative social feedback about their personality that were claimed to be from their peers. While reading social feedback, participants were instructed to either naturally watch or actively down-regulate their negative emotions using either cognitive reappraisal or distraction strategy, with electroencephalograms (EEGs) being recorded. Subsequently, participants completed a surprise recall test during which they verbally recall the feedback upon seeing photos of peers from the previous session. We also measured participants’ self-evaluation and attitudes towards peers. Memory about social feedback, self-evaluation and attitudes toward peers were measured immediately after, and in 24 hours again to examine possible long-term benefits of emotion regulation. Participants’ EEG activities during emotion regulation were examined using both the event-related potential (ERP) and the multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA). Results showed that both cognitive reappraisal and distraction attenuated negative emotion and promoted forgetting of negative social feedback. Importantly, the mnemonic benefits of emotion regulation, i.e., forgetting of negative social feedback, were still evident on Day 2 after a 24-hour delay. In addition, participants' depression level significantly moderated the whole brain EEG activity patterns involved in different emotion regulatory strategies. Specifically, in the low-depression group, frontal-central EEG activity distinguished between watch and reappraisal conditions within 2~5 s, with the decoding accuracy predicted participants' subsequent memory performance. Whereas in the high-depression group, the whole-brain EEG activity patterns could distinguish between watch and distraction conditions within 2~3 s post-feedback. Moreover, the amplitude of central-parietal late positive potential (LPP) under the distraction condition were negatively correlated with participants’ depression level, suggesting that participants with higher depressive symptoms might be more effective in using distraction to regulate negative emotion than their low-depression counterparts. Together, these results demonstrate that both cognitive reappraisal and distraction strategies could alleviate social pain and facilitate forgetting of negative social feedback. Moreover, distraction may be a more suitable regulatory strategy particularly among individuals with high levels of depression. In conclusion, this study broadens our understanding of the relationship between emotion and memory from the perspectives of social cognition and motivated forgetting; and provides insights for the alleviation of social pain using emotion regulation strategies.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-12-04
Abstract：
Receiving negative social feedback, e.g., social rejection, criticism, can bring social pain. Unable to forget such painful experiences often results in sustained mental distress, thereby contributing to the onset of psychiatric disorders such as depression. Here, we asked when people received negative social feedback, whether engaging in emotion regulation strategies such as cognitive reappraisal and distraction would relieve social pain and facilitate forgetting of unwanted social feedback. Besides, we examined whether and how individual differences in depressive symptoms may influence the neural activity and behavioral benefits of emotion regulation.
During the experiment, participants received positive and negative social feedback about their personality that were claimed to be from their peers. While reading social feedback, participants were instructed to either naturally watch or actively down-regulate their negative emotions using either cognitive reappraisal or distraction strategy, with electroencephalograms (EEGs) being recorded. Subsequently, participants completed a surprise recall test during which they verbally recall the feedback upon seeing photos of peers from the previous session. We also measured participants’ self-evaluation and attitudes towards peers. Memory about social feedback, self-evaluation and attitudes toward peers were measured immediately after, and in 24 hours again to examine possible long-term benefits of emotion regulation. Participants’ EEG activities during emotion regulation were examined using both the event-related potential (ERP) and the multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA).
Results showed that both cognitive reappraisal and distraction attenuated negative emotion and promoted forgetting of negative social feedback. Importantly, the mnemonic benefits of emotion regulation, i.e., forgetting of negative social feedback, were still evident on Day 2 after a 24-hour delay. In addition, participants' depression level significantly moderated the whole brain EEG activity patterns involved in different emotion regulatory strategies. Specifically, in the low-depression group, frontal-central EEG activity distinguished between watch and reappraisal conditions within 2-5 s, with the decoding accuracy predicted participants' subsequent memory performance. Whereas in the high-depression group, the whole-brain EEG activity patterns could distinguish between watch and distraction conditions within 2-3 s post-feedback. Moreover, the amplitude of central-parietal late positive potential (LPP) under the distraction condition were negatively correlated with participants’ depression level, suggesting that participants with higher depressive symptoms might be more effective in using distraction to regulate negative emotion than their low-depression counterparts.
Together, these results demonstrate that both cognitive reappraisal and distraction strategies could alleviate social pain and facilitate forgetting of negative social feedback. Moreover, distraction may be a more suitable regulatory strategy particularly among individuals with high levels of depression. In conclusion, this study broadens our understanding of the relationship between emotion and memory from the perspectives of social cognition and motivated forgetting; and provides insights for the alleviation of social pain using emotion regulation strategies.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2021-05-16
Abstract： Sense of agency (SoA) refers to the feeling of controlling one's own actions and, through them, events in the external world when performing voluntary actions. Intention of action and sensory feedback are two core components that constitute the sense of agency. However, the cognitive neural mechanism underlying the influence of these two components on SoA is unclear. We propose to explore the feedforward effect of action intention and the feedback effect of sensory feedback on SoA. The magnetoencephalography technology, which is of high temporal and spatial resolution, is employed to extract the time-space characteristics of sense of agency at the fronto-parietal network in both the time windows of action-outcome and after-outcome. The elucidation of this cognitive neural mechanism of SoA will contribute to our understanding of the generation and aftereffects of human actions; furthermore, it will provide implications for the demarcation of behavioral responsibilities in moral and legal settings, and for the clinical diagnoses of related mental diseases. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2020-06-16
Abstract： The plasticity of executive function (EF) has been discussed as a core topic in the recent cognitive development research. However, inhibition training research remains inadequate. According to dimensional overlap theory, inhibition has two types: interference and response. The neural networks of the brain that respond to conflicts do not mature until early adulthood. By conducting a comparison of the plasticity of response inhibition between adolescents and adults, the applicable age group for response inhibition training is explored. Introducing online feedback as reinforcement improves the training effects and helps individuals to balance further accuracy and speed. Therefore, we added online feedback in the training groups but used the original Stop Signal task in the active control groups to investigate the training and transfer effects of this task with online feedback. This study included 194 participants (134 adults and 60 adolescents) that were divided into five groups: adult training group (N = 47), adult active control group (N = 45), adolescent training group (N = 30), adolescent active control group (N = 30), and passive control group (N = 42). The response inhibition training consisted of nine sessions, and it was held three times a week. In each training session of the adult and adolescent training groups, participants were guided to finish eight blocks (100 trials in each block) of the Stop Signal task with online feedback. In the adult and adolescent active control groups, participants completed the same amount of the Stop Signal task without online feedback. The passive control group received no training. The participants’ inhibition, working memory, and fluid intelligence were measured before and after training through six tasks (e.g., Inhibition: Stop Signal Task, Go/No-go Task, and Stroop Task; Working memory: 2-back Task and 3-back Task; and Fluid intelligence: Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices). A 9 (all training sessions) × 2 (training group, active control group) × 2 (adult, adolescent) repeated measure ANOVA was used to test the training effects. Both age groups exhibited improved performances with the continuation of the training sessions. However, the adults performed significantly faster and more accurate than the adolescents. Next, four 2 (pretest, posttest) × 5 (all five groups) repeated measure ANOVA were conducted to test the transfer effects. The transfer effect results revealed that (1) on the Go/No-go task, both training groups showed significant improvement; (2) on the Stroop task, only the adolescent training group showed significant improvement; (3) on the 2-back task, both training groups and the adult active control group improved significantly; (4) on the 3-back task, only the adolescent training group gained significant transfer effects; and (5) on the Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices, no group showed significant improvement. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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