Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： The eye-tracking technique has been widely used in behavioural decision-making research owing to its advantages: 1) does not interfere with the decision-making process, 2) objectively collects information and 3) provides accurate and rich process data. To reveal the causality between eye movement and decision making, gaze manipulation could be utilised to examine whether shifting visual attention can alter choice behaviour. Gaze manipulation is classified into two types: exogenous manipulation and gaze-contingent manipulation. The two types of gaze manipulation have the same goals but have different characteristics, thus typically limiting their use for different research areas. Researchers can use exogenous manipulations, including spatial cueing, visual salience and exposure time to enforce participants’ bias towards attending to a particular stimulus since the initial stage of decision making and to alter their choice finally. Fixation count and fixation duration are two common indexes used for exogenous manipulation. One of the limitations of exogenous manipulation is participants’ possible susceptibility to the demand effect. Participants might infer that the stimulus which presents for longer or brighter is the one they are supposed to choose. Designing the framework of exogenous manipulation experiment is easy, and its conclusion has profound significance in our daily life. Therefore, exogenous manipulation can be used to explore which marketing methods can effectively promote customer purchasing and how to improve the effectiveness of advertising design in consumer behaviour research. Gaze-contingent manipulation is an experimental paradigm that interrupts decision makers’ decision processes on the basis of their gaze behaviour. In this paradigm, participants’ gaze is monitored and information relating to their fixation duration in a trial is used to trigger the decision prompt and remind participants to indicate their choice. Last fixation and fixation duration are two common manipulation indexes in such research. This paradigm overcomes the negative impact on the demand effect because researchers need not change the stimuli. However, participants’ eye movements may occasionally fail to trigger the decision prompt which might then generate timed-out trials. Gaze-contingent manipulation has been widely used in consumption choice, intertemporal choice, risky choice, moral choice and cognitive choice, among others, to explore the causal link between eye movement and decision making and to test and compare different decision models on the basis of the decision-making process. Gaze manipulation study has crucial theoretical and practical significance. On the one hand, examining the causal link between eye movement and decision making may help test and compare different decision-making models to provide process evidence that will support the hypotheses of decision-making models. On the other hand, gaze manipulation can alter decision-makers’ choices on the condition that researchers need not change the value of the choice and interfere with the decision-making process. Thus, it can provide ideas to improve decision making from the perspective of information processing. To improve the gaze manipulation experiment and cater for practical needs, we give three suggestions to advance gaze manipulation study. Firstly, future research should fully consider the differences in individual preference and choice strategy to reduce the number of timed-out trials. Before the experiment, researchers should test individual preference and choice strategy differences under different parameters and set unique stimuli for each participant. Secondly, future research should integrate gaze manipulation with computational modelling or other methods to enrich the manipulation indexes. By computational modelling, researchers can determine key indexes with high explanatory power for outcome and improve the effectiveness of gaze manipulation. By machine learning, researchers can remove the redundancy from massive data and effectively and accurately determine manipulation indexes. Thirdly, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, future research should extend the research field to human resource management and provide suggestions for the changing work style.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Risky choice (RC) and intertemporal choice (IC) are two types of common decisions that are vital to human’s everyday life. RC and IC share similarities regarding theoretical development, behavioral effects, and neural basis. One critical challenge is that, although previous studies have revealed that RC and IC involve similar cognitive processes, results are mixed regarding what the exact mechanism might be. The mainstream discounting model hypothesizes that both RC and IC follow a compensatory and alternative-based rule. However, other models suggest that RC and IC commonly involve non-compensatory and attribute-based processing. Moreover, prior studies primarily based their findings on outcome data and few have attempted to determine whether RC and IC shared a common decision process at the cognitive computational level. To fill this gap, the present study adopts a systematic approach to disentangle the exact mechanism of RC and IC. We considered two well-studied behavioral effects, namely, certainty effect of RC and immediacy effect of IC, respectively, and compared their underlying local and holistic process characteristics by using eye-tracking technique. Besides, we employed hierarchical Bayesian modeling to assess whether alternative- or attribute-based models better fit both RC and IC. We designed a 2×2 within-subject paradigm, with the choice task (RC vs. IC) and the construct of decision options (with vs. without certain/immediate option) as factors. Thirty-three postgraduate students participated in our study. As we were particularly interested in two pairs of decision rules, i.e., compensatory/non-compensatory rules and alternative-based/attribute-based rules, we included a series of decision attributes that reflected them, based on the local and holistic process characteristics derived from eye-movement data to test our hypotheses. Our entire set of analyses aimed to (1) determine whether the decision processes of RC and IC are similar and (2) identify the best computational model that is more suitable for both decisions. For the first aim, results show that RC and IC indeed share comparable decision processes, albeit having a few differences in other aspects. Specifically, RC and IC differ in process characteristics, such as complexity and holistic eye-movement dynamics, and IC is processed in a relatively more deliberate, deeper fashion than RC. However, they are similar in other characteristics, such as search direction, which is more relevant to making decisions. For the second aim, computational modeling of process characteristics suggests that both types of decisions are consistent with non-discounting models. In particular, results of search direction, in light of Bayesian model comparison, reveals that participants are more likely to follow the non-compensatory, attribute-based rule rather than the alternative-based/attribute-based rule when deciding for both RC and IC. Furthermore, different task constructs of decision options, i.e., with or without certain/immediate option, show distinct process characteristics, such as direction, complexity, and depth in both RC and IC.To conclude, the present study shows that although differences exist between RC and IC, they indeed have shared cognitive mechanisms at the core of the decision processes. In both types of decisions, contrary to classic discounting models, individuals seem not to follow compensatory, attribute-based rules, which undergoes a “weighting and summing” or “delay discounting” process. Instead, they are more likely to use simple heuristic rules hypothesized by non-discounting models. Moreover, when including certain or immediate options, individuals tend to follow less compensatory and non-dominant (neither attribute-based nor alternative-based) rules. In sum, our findings not only provide a theoretical and empirical basis for the establishment of a common framework for RC and IC, but also provide a novel direction for thorough theoretical and methodological comparisons between variant decision tasks.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2022-02-24
Abstract：
The eye-tracking technique has been widely used in behavioural decision-making research owing to its advantages: 1) does not interfere with the decision-making process, 2) collects information objectively and 3) provides accurate and rich process data. To reveal the causality between eye movement and decision-making, gaze manipulation could be utilized to examine whether shifting visual attention can alter choice behaviour. Gaze manipulation is classified into two types: exogenous manipulation and gaze-contingent manipulation. This paper reviews studies on gaze manipulation in decision-making, introduces the basic methods and principles of gaze manipulation, and discusses the common manipulation indexes. Additionally, this paper compares the advantages and disadvantages of the two basic methods. Future research from different fields should benefit from fully considering individual preference and choice strategy differences in decision-making, and integrating gaze manipulation with computational modelling or other methods to enrich the manipulation indexes.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Ecology submitted time 2018-05-29 Cooperative journals: 《生态学报》
Abstract：植被物候学作为研究植被与环境条件相互作用的科学，在全球气候变化的大背景下已成为国际热点研究领域，其中森林植被在调节全球碳平衡、维护全球气候稳定的过程中有着至关重要的作用。随着遥感技术的发展，多种遥感指数被应用到森林植被物候研究中，其中以MODIS NDVI和EVI应用最为广泛，而叶绿素荧光（SIF）作为植被光合作用的"探针"也被广泛应用于森林植被物候研究中。为了探究3种指数在森林植被物候研究中的差异与特性，本文以长白山温带红松阔叶林通量观测站为研究区域，采用模型拟合结合动态阈值法提取2007-2013森林物候特征参数，并使用通量数据（总初级生产力GPP）进行验证。结果表明：NDVI与EVI、SIF相比，表现为生长季开始时间与结束时间的明显提前和滞后，与GPP数据偏差较大，且夏季生长季峰期曲线形态过宽且平坦，无法较好反映生长季变化特征；EVI相较于NDVI有所改善，整体变化趋势与SIF、GPP基本吻合，但依然存在秋季衰减时间稍迟于SIF与GPP的问题；SIF虽然存在夏季骤降现象，但依然与GPP数据一致性最好，可以较好反映出森林植被季节变化特征。SIF数据与植被光合作用的紧密关联使其在植被物候研究中具有优于植被指数的准确性，并随着遥感平台的增加和反演方法的改善，将会在多尺度、多类型的植被物候监测中发挥更加重要的作用。
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preclinical Medicine submitted time 2017-12-27 Cooperative journals: 《南方医科大学学报》
Abstract： Objective To investigate the ability of Porphyromonas gingivalis to invade human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) and the effect of intracellular P. gingivalis on cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Methods The invasion ability of P. gingivalis in hPDLCs was tested using an antibiotic protection assay at the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10 and 100. The proliferation of the infected cells was detected using a CFDA-SE kit, and the cells were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) followed by alizarin red staining for detecting mineralization nodules deposition; real-time PCR was used to examine the expression of Runx2 mRNA in the cells. Results P. gingivalis actively invaded hPDLCs, and the internalized P. gingivalis was able to resist antibiotic treatment. The cells infected by P. gingivalis exhibited no significant suppression of cell proliferation, but showed significantly lowered capacity for osteogenic differentiation, down-regulated RUNX2 mRNA expression, and reduced mineral deposition. Conclusion Intracellular P. gingivalis does not significantly affect the proliferation of hPDLCs but inhibits osteogenic differentiation of the cells.
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preclinical Medicine submitted time 2017-12-07 Cooperative journals: 《南方医科大学学报》
Abstract： Objective To explore the expression of Snail and Slug in primary cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) and their relationship with KAI1 expression. Methods The expressions of Snail, Slug, and KAI1 proteins were examined by immunohistochemistry in 154 specimens of CSCC tissues, 50 specimens of cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN), and 40 specimens of normal cervical tissues. Results The positivity rates of Snail, Slug, and KAI1 expression were 0%, 2.5%, and 95.0% in normal cervical tissues, 32.0%, 34.0% and 64.0% in CIN tissues, and 66.2%, 66.9%, and 43.5% in CSCC tissues, respectively, showing significant differences in the rates among the 3 groups (P<0.05). The expressions of Snail, Slug, and KAI1 were significantly correlated with the histological grades of the tumor, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages, and postoperative survival time (P<0.05). The expressions of Snail and Slug were positively correlated (r=0.752, P<0.001), and both of them were negatively correlated with the expression of KAI1 (P< 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients positive for Snail and Slug had significantly lower survival rates than the negative patients (P<0.001), while a positive expression of KAI1 was associated with a higher survival rate of the patients. Cox regression analysis identified Snail, KAI1, and FIGO stage as independent factors that affected the outcomes of CSCC (P<0.05). Conclusion The expressions of Snail, Slug, and KAI1 are related to the tumor grade, FIGO stage, invasive depth, lymph node metastasis, and prognosis of CSCC, and their combined detection can help estimate the outcomes of the patients.
Subjects: Medicine, Pharmacy >> Preclinical Medicine submitted time 2017-12-07 Cooperative journals: 《南方医科大学学报》
Abstract： Objective To explore expressions of CD133, E-cadherin and Snail in hu琺an epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and elucidate their relationship with the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of the patients. Methods The expression of CD133, E-cadherin and Snail were detected by immunohistochemical staining in 150 specimens of EOC and 50 specimens of benign ovarian epithelial tumor tissues. Results The positivity rates of CD133, E-cadherin and Snail protein in EOC were 58.7%, 60.7% and 32.7%, respectively, significantly different from the rates in benign epithelial tumor tissues (10%, 8.0%, and 70% , respectively; P<0.05). The expressions of CD133, E-cadherin and Snail in EOC were significantly correlated with abdominal organ and lymphnode metastases and FIGO stage (P<0.01). E-cadherin expression was inversely correlated with Snail and CD133 expression (r=-0.545 and -0.570, P<0.01), and the latter two were positively correlated (r=0.599, P<0.01). Overexpressions of CD133 and Snail and a decreased expression of E-cadherin were all related to a poor prognosis of the patients (P<0.05). FIGO stage and expressions of CD133, E-cadherin and Snail were all independent prognostic factors of EOC (P<0.05). Conclusion The expressions of CD133, E-cadherin and Snail are related to lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, and prognosis of EOC. Combined detection of these indexes provides important evidence for predicting the progression and prognosis of EOC.
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