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  • 心理与脑科学研究中的样本代表性

    分类: 心理学 >> 心理学其他学科 提交时间: 2024-07-09

    摘要: 心理与脑科学以人类被试作为研究对象,其结果的可推广性(generalizability, 也称为普适性)很大程度上取决于其样本的代表性(representativeness)。但心理与脑科学研究中样本的代表性长久以来饱受诟病。当前研究中主要存在两大问题:(1) 样本信息的缺失,大部分研究仅报告了被试的性别、年龄与国别,而被试的种族/民族、受教育程度和社会经济地位等重要信息较少被报告,且从时间跨度上看,这种状况较以前未得到根本性改变;(2) 从已报告的信息来看,当前样本的代表性不足:女性被试多于男性,集中于西方的、年轻的和受过高等教育的人群,而中老年人、受教育水平较低人群及低收入人群较少被研究者关注,亚洲人/亚裔、黑人/非洲裔、西班牙裔/拉丁裔人群同样较少受到关注,从国别角度来说,亚非拉国家尤其是非洲、拉丁美洲与中东地区的人群较少出现在心理和脑科学研究中。以上两大问题的产生可能主要存在如下原因:方便取样法作为主要的取样方法;欧美研究者主导了心理与脑科学的研究;整体上忽视文化以及不同人口因素的影响;研究者自身存有偏见。要改变这种现状,需要研究者、学术组织、期刊编辑和基金资助方等多方的共同努力。提升样本代表性将有助于让心理与脑科学的科学知识应用于更广泛的群体,推动人类命运共同体的构建。

  • 创业激情的“错位”对创业努力和创业成瘾的机制研究

    分类: 心理学 >> 管理心理学 提交时间: 2024-07-09

    摘要: 本研究基于身份控制理论,通过两项内容接续的子研究,深入探究创业激情的两个组成部分:创业身份中心性和强烈积极情绪的不同匹配状态,分别对创业努力和创业成瘾的影响,以及其中的潜在机制。在研究 1 中,对145名新创业者进行间隔6周,连续8次的追踪调查。研究 2 使用来自不同背景的不同样本,在再次验证研究 1 结果的同时,引入自满感和焦虑感这两种成就情绪作为中介变量,探究其潜在机制。(1)相较于身份中心性—积极情绪不匹配,二者匹配时的创业努力较高,创业成瘾较低。(2)相较于低身份中心性—低积极情绪,高身份中心性—高积极情绪创业者的创业努力较高,创业成瘾也较高。(3) 相较于低身份中心性—高积极情绪,高身份中心性—低积极情绪的创业者创业努力较高,创业成瘾也较高。(4)身份中心性—积极情绪不匹配会通过自满感降低创业努力,而通过焦虑感增强创业成瘾。结果回应了过往学者对创业身份中心性和强烈积极情绪二者间存在错位关系的呼吁,对于理解创业努力和创业成瘾具有一定的理论借鉴意义。

  • An efficient implementation for solving the all pairs minimax path problem in an undirected dense graph

    分类: 计算机科学 >> 计算机科学的集成理论 提交时间: 2024-07-09

    摘要: We provide an efficient $ O(n^2) $ implementation for solving the all pairs minimax path problem or widest path problem in an undirected dense graph. It is a code implementation of the Algorithm 4 (MMJ distance by Calculation and Copy) in a previous paper. The distance matrix is also called the all points path distance (APPD). We conducted experiments to test the implementation and algorithm, compared it with several other algorithms for solving the APPD matrix. Result shows Algorithm 4 works good for solving the widest path or minimax path APPD matrix. It can drastically improve the efficiency for computing the APPD matrix. There are several theoretical outcomes which claim the APPD matrix can be solved accurately in $ O(n^2) $ . However, they are impractical because there is no code implementation of these algorithms. It seems Algorithm 4 is the first algorithm that has an actual code implementation for solving the APPD matrix of minimax path or widest path problem in $ O(n^2) $, in an undirected dense graph.

  • Two-phase flow thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling for a water flooding field case

    分类: 矿山工程技术 >> 矿山工程技术其他学科 提交时间: 2024-07-08

    摘要: Simulation of subsurface energy system involves multi-physical processes such as thermal, hydraulical, andmechanical (THM) processes, and requires a so-called THM coupled modeling approach. THM coupled modelingis commonly performed in geothermal energy production. However, for hydrocarbon extraction, we need toconsider multiphase flow additionally. In this paper, we describe a three-dimensional numerical model of non-isothermal two-phase flow in the deformable porous medium by integrating governing equations of two-phasemixture in the porous media flow in the reservoir. To account for inter-woven impacts in subsurface condi-tions, we introduced a temperature-dependent fluid viscosity and a fluid density along with a strain-dependentreservoir permeability. Subsequently, we performed numerical experiments of a ten-year water flooding pro-cess employing the open-source parallelized code, OpenGeoSys. We considered different well patterns with colderwater injection in realistic scenarios. Our results demonstrate that our model can simulate complex interactions oftemperature, pore pressure, subsurface stress and water saturation simultaneously to evaluate the recovery per-formance. High temperature can promote fluid flow while cold water injection under non-isothermal conditionscauses the normal stress reduction by significant thermal stress. Under different well patterns the displacementefficiency will be changed by the relative location between injection and production wells. This finding hasprovided the important reference for fluid flow and induced stress evolution during hydrocarbon exploitationunder the environment of large reservoir depth and high temperature.

  • Rockburst prediction using artificial intelligence techniques: A review

    分类: 矿山工程技术 >> 矿山工程技术其他学科 提交时间: 2024-07-08

    摘要: Rockburst is a phenomenon where sudden, catastrophic failure of the rock mass occurs in underground deep regions or areas with high tectonic stress during the excavation process. Rockburst disasters endanger the safety of people’s lives and property, national energy security, and social interests, so it is very important to accurately predict rockburst. Traditional rockburst prediction has not been able to find an effective prediction method, and the study of the rockburst mechanism is facing a dilemma. With the development of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in recent years, more and more experts and scholars have begun to introduce AI techniques into the study of the rockburst mechanism. In previous research, several scholars have attempted to summarize the application of AI techniques in rockburst prediction. However, these studies either are not specifically focused on reviews of the application of AI techniques in rockburst prediction, or they do not provide a comprehensive overview. Drawing on the advantages of extensive interdisciplinary research and a deep understanding of AI techniques, this paper conducts a comprehensive review of rockburst prediction methods leveraging AI techniques. Firstly, pertinent definitions of rockburst and its associated hazards are introduced. Subsequently, the applications of both traditional prediction methods and those rooted in AI techniques for rockburst prediction are summarized, with emphasis placed on the respective advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of prediction methods leveraging AI are summarized, alongside forecasting future research trends to address existing challenges, while simultaneously proposing directions for improvement to advance the field and meet emerging demands effectively.

  • Hyper-gravity experiment of solute transport in fractured rock and evaluation method for long-term barrier performance

    分类: 矿山工程技术 >> 矿山工程技术其他学科 提交时间: 2024-07-08

    摘要: Hyper-gravity experiment enable the acceleration of the long-term transport of contaminants through fractured geological barriers. However, the hyper-gravity effect of the solute transport in fractures are not well understood. In this study, the sealed control apparatus and the 3D printed fracture models were used to carry out 1 g and N g hyper-gravity experiments. The results show that the breakthrough curves for the 1 g and N g experiments were almost the same. The differences in the flow velocity and the fitted hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient were0.97-3.12% and 9.09-20.4%, indicating that the internal fractures of the 3D printed fracture models remained stable under hyper-gravity, and the differences in the flow and solute transport characteristics were acceptable. A method for evaluating the long-term barrier performance of low-permeability fractured rocks was proposed based on the hyper-gravity experiment. The solute transport processes in the 1 g prototype, 1 g scaled model, and N g scaled model were simulated by the OpenGeoSys (OGS) software. The results show that the N g scaled model can reproduce the flow and solute transport processes in the 1 g prototype without considering the micro-scale heterogeneity if the Reynolds number (Re) � critical Reynolds number (Recr) and the Peclet number (Pe) � the critical Peclet number (Pecr). This insight is valuable for carrying out hyper-gravity experiments to evaluate the long-term barrier performance of low-permeability fractured porous rock.

  • Experimental investigation on acoustic emission precursor of rockburst based on unsupervised machine learning method

    分类: 矿山工程技术 >> 矿山工程技术其他学科 提交时间: 2024-07-08

    摘要: The key to achieving rockburst warning lies in the understanding of rockburst precursors. Considering the correlation characteristics of rockburst acoustic emission (AE) parameters, a self-organizing map neural network (SOMNN) based method for rockburst precursor inversion was proposed. The feature of this method lies in acyclic data segmentation iteration process based on the thinking of "interference signal screening", "key signal extraction", and "precursor signal inversion". The rationality of this method has been verified in three groups of rockburst experiments. The results revealed that rockburst AE precursor signals consist of a series of signals characterized by long duration, high energy, low average frequency, high energy amplitude, and low peak frequency. Subsequently, potential value in long term rockburst warning of the precursor obtained in this study was shown via the comparison of conventional precursors. Finally, a preliminary interpretation for rockburst precursor was proposed under the framework of AE parameters physical significance, and it is revealed that AE precursor signals are likely linked to the creation of large-scale tensile cracks before rockburst

  • Compaction and seepage characteristics of broken coal and rock masses in coal mining: A review in laboratory tests

    分类: 矿山工程技术 >> 矿山工程技术其他学科 提交时间: 2024-07-08

    摘要: Broken coal and rock (BCR) are an important component medium of the caving zone in the goaf (or gob), as well as the main filling material of fault fracture zone and collapse column. The compaction seepage characteristics of BCR directly affect the safe and efficient mining of coal mines. Thus, numerous laboratory studies have focused on the compaction seepage characteristics of BCR. This paper first outlines the engineering problems involved in the BCR during coal mining including the air leakage, the spontaneous combustion, the gas drainage, and the underground reservoirs in the goaf. Water inrush related to tectonics such as faults and collapse columns and surface subsidence related to coal gangue filling and mining also involve the compaction seepage characteristics of BCR. Based on the field problems of BCR, many attempts have been made to mimic field environments in laboratory tests. The experimental equipment (cavity size and shape, acoustic emission, CT, etc.) and experimental design for the BCR were firstly reviewed. The main objects of laboratory analysis can be divided into compression tests and seepage test. During the compaction test, the main research focuses on the bearing deformation characteristics (stress-strain curve), pore evolution characteristics, and re-crushing characteristics of BCR. The seepage test mainly uses gas or water as the main medium to study the evolution characteristics of permeability under different compaction stress conditions. In the laboratory tests, factors such as the type of coal and rock mass, particle size, particle shape, water pressure, temperature, and stress path are usually considered. The lateral compression test of BCR can be divided into three stages, including the self-adjustment stage, the broken stage, and the elastic stage or stable stage. At each stage, stress, deformation, porosity, energy, particle size and breakage rate all have their own characteristics. Seepage test regarding the water permeability experiment of BCR is actually belong to variable mass seepage. While the experimental test still focuses on the influence of stress on the pore structure of BCR in terms of gas permeability. Finally, future laboratory tests focus on the BCR related coal mining including scaling up, long term loading and water immersion, mining stress path matching were discussed.

  • 儿童用药行为量表的开发与验证

    分类: 医学、药学 >> 预防医学与公共卫生学 提交时间: 2024-07-07

    摘要: [目的]编制儿童用药行为量表并检验其信效度。[方法]采用文献回顾法、专家咨询法形成量表初稿。在全国各省市63家定点医院进行问卷调查,测定量表的信效度。[结果]正式量表由6个维度28个条目组成。总量表Cronbach’s α系数为0.914,各维度Cronbach’s α系数为0.792~0.941;探索性因子分析共提取6个因子,累积贡献率为73.084%。量表结构效度良好(χ2/df=4.534,RMSEA=0.050,GFI=0.93、CFI=0.963),内容效度为0.96,各条目内容效度指数为0.8~1。[结论]儿童用药行为量表具有良好的信效度,可用于评价儿童药物使用行为的安全性与规范性,为儿童用药规范管理提供参考。

  • 中药塌渍联合穴位按摩治疗1例腰椎压缩骨折术后顽固性腹胀便秘的护理体会

    分类: 其他 提交时间: 2024-07-06

    摘要: 本文总结1例腰椎压缩骨折术后顽固性腹胀便秘采用中药塌渍联合穴位按摩治疗的中医护理体会。基于中医辨证施护,配合饮食、情志、生活起居、健康知识宣教等常规护理措施,对于术后使用常规通便治疗无效的患者中医外治法在临床治疗腰椎压缩骨折术后严重腹胀、便秘上获得了较好的疗效,并提高患者生活质量。

  • 音乐学习延缓老年人普通话声调范畴感知衰退:工作记忆的中介作用

    分类: 心理学 >> 心理学其他学科 提交时间: 2024-07-06

    摘要: 本文采用经典范畴感知实验范式,探讨音乐学习对老年人普通话声调范畴感知的影响及工作记忆的中介作用。本研究通过考察年轻音乐组、年轻非音乐组、老年音乐组和老年非音乐组人群对普通话声调阴平(T1)-阳平(T2)的范畴感知表现,并基于路径分析探讨个体性因素对老年人声调范畴感知能力的潜在影响。结果发现:(1)相比年轻群体,老年群体的声调范畴感知能力普遍衰退,但音乐学习可以增强老年人声调范畴感知能力;(2)年龄和音乐训练时长通过工作记忆对老年人声调范畴感知衰退产生相反的影响。研究支持音乐学习提升老年人语音感知能力的观点,并在此基础上进一步探明其内在机制。同时,研究对揭示音乐学习延缓言语感知老龄化具有积极作用。

  • 创造性活动参与是否促进了恐怖娱乐消费?来自二手数据和实验的证据

    分类: 心理学 >> 管理心理学 提交时间: 2024-07-06

    摘要: 恐怖娱乐消费是指对唤起恐惧和害怕情绪的体验或产品的消费(如,观看恐怖电影)。以往研究表明,消费者会出于不同的动机和原因消费恐怖体验及产品。由于消费者过去的经历会对其后续消费偏好产生重要影响,因此,本文基于跨情境视角探究了影响消费者恐怖娱乐消费偏好的前因。通过一项二手数据研究和六项实验研究,本文发现先前参与创造性活动(vs.非创造性活动)会促进消费者随后对恐怖娱乐消费的偏好与选择,自我效能的提升是中介机制。此外,本文还表明,创造性活动参与对消费者的恐怖娱乐消费偏好的影响受到反馈效价以及活动难度的调节。本文对已有的消费者创造力研究和恐怖娱乐消费研究做出了推进,对恐怖娱乐产业提供了实践启示。

  • 选我所看,看我所选?消费决策中注意力漂移扩散模型的应用与争论

    分类: 心理学 >> 应用心理学 提交时间: 2024-07-05

    摘要: 注意力与价值之间的因果关系是决策领域的一个核心议题。借助于计算建模的发展,特别是注意力漂移扩散模型(attentional drift diffusion model, aDDM)的应用,研究者发现注意力可以放大选项价值以引导决策,即“选我所看”。但该模型在实际应用中的局限和矛盾结果使得其所支持的观点备受质疑,反而暗示了一种相反的因果关系——“看我所选”,即消费者基于商品价值做出选择,注意力仅被动反映价值。本综述旨在通过探讨aDDM的应用价值及其在揭示注意力与价值关系方面的矛盾结果,以期阐明两者之间的因果关系。结果发现,尽管aDDM为 “选我所看”提供了切实证据,但其证据力度并不足以完全支持该观点。而且,建模结果揭示了注意力与价值之间存在更为复杂的相互作用,暗示两者之间可能表现一种互为因果的动态关系。未来研究需细化注意力的时间窗口,并在更加开放的理论框架下探讨这一因果关系,同时关注其对消费决策领域的应用价值。

  • 远近端食物感官因素对食物健康性评估及健康食物选择的影响

    分类: 心理学 >> 应用心理学 提交时间: 2024-07-05

    摘要: 食物“色、香、味”等感官线索是影响人们食物健康性评估和健康食物选择的重要因素,但传统感官因素分类未能充分体现新技术环境下食物感官体验的多样性。在此背景下,可根据感觉器官检测距离(远端vs.近端)以及体验来源(直接vs.间接)将食物感官因素划分为四种类型:近端直接感官因素、近端间接感官因素、远端直接感官因素及远端间接感官因素。这四类感官因素经由不同心理机制对食物健康性评估及健康食物选择产生差异性影响。对于远端感官,直接和间接体验的感官因素均主要通过心理想象模拟及认知加工机制起作用,而对于近端感官,直接体验的感官因素主要通过生理唤醒与大脑奖赏、情绪与记忆产生影响,但间接体验的感官因素则依然需要通过心理想象模拟机制发挥作用。同时,感官加工特质、感官刺激暴露情景及间接体验情景会调节食物感官因素与心理机制间关系,而食物类型与个体特征会调节心理机制和食物健康性评估与健康食物选择间关系。最后,基于以上整合框架提出未来研究方向展望

  • 意义关联的同位置成本现象:基于非目标特征及可能目标位置的抑制

    分类: 心理学 >> 心理学其他学科 提交时间: 2024-07-05

    摘要: 采用线索化范式,建立线索和靶子及非靶项目间的意义关联,形成较强的注意抑制定势,探索基于抽象概念水平的同位置成本现象的出现条件及限制因素。实验1建立了基于非靶项目特征的意义水平的注意抑制定势,首次发现了意义关联的同位置成本现象。实验2排除了线索和非靶项目的意义关联,结果同位置成本现象消失。实验3增加了不可能目标位置的线索,发现线索出现在可能靶子位置和不可能靶子位置时对注意分配的调节情况不同。实验4排除了线索和非靶项目的意义关联,同位置成本现象消失且不受线索位置的影响。研究结果说明:(1)同位置成本现象可以发生在抽象的意义概念水平,受当前的注意控制定势影响;(2)相对于特征关联的同位置成本现象,意义关联的同位置成本现象需要更强的注意抑制定势;(3)意义关联的同位置成本来源于对非目标特征的抑制,但仅限于可能目标位置。

  • 心心不通?孤独症倾向对合作的影响:来自近红外超扫描的证据

    分类: 心理学 >> 心理学其他学科 提交时间: 2024-07-05

    摘要: 正常发展人群中的高孤独症倾向个体是否如孤独症患者一样表现出较少的合作,其机制如何仍有待探讨,本研究采用近红外超扫描技术客观衡量高孤独症倾向个体的合作表现。采用经典囚徒困境任务,发现(1)高孤独症倾向个体的单人合作率显著低于低孤独症倾向个体;(2)与低-低孤独症倾向配对组相比,高-低孤独症倾向配对组的双人合作率更低,且右侧顶下小叶(r-IPL)和右侧颞顶联合区(r-TPJ)的脑间同步性(IBS)更低;(3)高孤独症倾向个体认知共情得分显著低于低孤独症倾向个体,认知共情得分与其单人合作率呈显著正相关,与右侧前额下回(r-IFG)激活存在显著负相关;高孤独症倾向个体情绪共情得分与低孤独症倾向组相比不存在显著差异,高孤独症倾向个体情绪共情得分与右侧前额下回(r-IFG)激活存在显著正相关,但与合作率无关。本研究从社会互动视角揭示高孤独症倾向个体其亲社会合作行为存在异常表现,且可能与其认知共情能力有关。

  • 面向科技文献的多维度学科交叉特性研究

    分类: 图书馆学、情报学 >> 情报学 提交时间: 2024-07-04

    摘要: [目的/意义]从多维度出发探究不同发展阶段下学科交叉融合的变化过程,有助于丰富学科交叉特性研究方法,挖掘出推动学科交叉融合的核心技术及潜在方法,为交叉学科相关政策制定提供参考。[方法/过程]采用文献计量与自然语言处理结合的方式,利用多样性、持久性、稳定性和亲和度指标进行粗粒度学科交叉特性分析。同时,,自动抽取文献中的技术/方法元素,并将结果映射到学科,识别学科相关研究方法与技术元素,进行细粒度学科交叉特性分析。最后融合粗粒度与细粒度分析,揭示领域内被交叉学科之间的潜在技术对。[结果/结论]以数字人文领域为例进行实证分析,结果表明提出的方法能有效揭示领域内学科交叉的特性。

  • 基于PLUS土地利用模拟的阿克苏河流域NEP时空格局研究

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2024-07-04 合作期刊: 《干旱区研究》

    摘要: 净生态系统生产力(NEP)是评估陆地生态系统碳吸收量的重要指标,而土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)是影响区域碳吸收量变化的主要因素之一,分析LUCC与NEP的变化趋势,对区域实现“双碳”目标具有重要意义。基于阿克苏河流域 2000—2020 年 LUCC 与 MODIS 遥感数据估算区域内各土地利用/覆盖类型的年均固碳速率,借助PLUS模型模拟未来40 a的LUCC,预测未来40 a流域NEP时空变化趋势。结果表明:(1)近20 a流域内总NEP呈上升趋势,上升速率为0.136 Mt C·(10a)-1 ,林地平均固碳速率最高;(2)未来40 a阿克苏河流域总碳吸收量在不断上升。林地面积的增加是阿克苏河流域碳吸收量上升的主要途径,生态保护工程的积极性对流域内碳吸收量起到关键作用。

  • 1991—2020年新疆中小湖泊面积变化时空特征及趋势分析

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2024-07-04 合作期刊: 《干旱区研究》

    摘要: 湖泊作为陆地生态系统中的关键组成部分,是区域经济发展和生态安全的重要保障。本研究分析了1991—2020年间新疆地区74个中小湖泊的面积动态,对不同海拔和地理特征的湖泊进行了综合分析。研究发现,1991—2020年间,新疆湖泊总面积从167.98 km2增加至400.51 km2,尤以山区湖泊面积增长最为显著。月度尺度分析山区湖泊面积变化具有明显的季节性特征。统计分析显示,新疆不同海拔的湖泊对气候变化的响应各异。新疆山区湖泊面积显著扩大,主要受气候变化的影响,尤其是年均温度上升。在平原湖泊区域,人类活动(特别是灌溉)是湖泊面积变化的主要驱动因素,而气候因素的影响则相对较小。

  • 甘肃兴隆山不同演替阶段群落土壤氮素矿化对温度的响应

    分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2024-07-04 合作期刊: 《干旱区研究》

    摘要: 土壤氮素矿化是土壤中氮素循环的关键过程,而温度是影响土壤氮素矿化的最重要的因素之一,研究温度变化对不同演替阶段群落土壤氮素矿化特征的影响,对于明确陆地生态系统中土壤氮素循环过程具有重要意义。本研究以甘肃兴隆山不同演替阶段群落为研究对象,采用室内恒温好气培养法,研究不同演替阶段群落[(草地、灌丛林、白桦林(Betula platyphylla forest)、青杄-白桦林(Picea wilsonii-Betula platyphylla forest)和青杄林(Picea wilsonii forest)]在不同温度(15 ℃、25 ℃和35 ℃)下的土壤氮素矿化特征。结果表明:(1)除草地的0~20 cm土层外,其余演替阶段群落土壤氮素矿化速率随着温度(15~35 ℃)的增加而增大,且不同演替阶段群落土壤氮素累积矿化量随着温度的增加而增加;(2)随着演替的正向推进,不同演替阶段群落土壤氮素矿化速率与累积矿化量均呈先升高后降低趋势, 白桦林的土壤氮素矿化速率最大,分别均是草地、灌丛林、青杄-白桦林、青杄林的1.63倍、1.61倍、1.25倍、1.47倍;而青杄-白桦林的累积矿化量最高,分别是草地、灌丛林、白桦林、青杄林的0.68倍、0.72倍、0.84倍、0.97倍;(3)随着土壤深度的增加,土壤氮素矿化速率与累积矿化量均呈降低趋势,以0~20 cm土层的最大;(4)不同演替阶段群落在15 ℃培养和25 ℃培养下的温度敏感系数Q10均有显著差异(P0.05)。研究结果将为群落土壤的质量演变和土壤供氮能力的动态变化提供理论依据。