Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2022-01-31
Abstract：
Eye contact plays an important role in social interaction and can capture and hold attention. Previous studies have shown that eye contact can guide attentional allocation. However, a face with direct or averted gaze is a special object containing social information. The object’s guidance for attentional allocation is called object-based attention, in which items in the cued object are processed more preferentially than items in the un-cued object. It is still unclear how eye contact interacts with objects in guiding attentional allocation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of eye contact and the cognitive mechanism of object-based attention.
We conducted three experiments using the two-rectangle paradigm and objects with different gaze directions. In Experiment 1, faces were used as stimulus and to investigate whether and how eye contact interacted with face to guide attentional allocation. At the beginning of each trial, the fixation cross and two objects originally were displayed for 1000 ms on a screen. Then, a cue appeared randomly at any of the four ends of the two objects for 100 ms. After 0, 200, or 500 ms of inter-stimulus, the target appeared until the participant pressed the “M” key or remained on screen for 1,500 ms. A black screen was then presented for 500 ms after each trial. During the experiment, the participants were asked to locate targets by pressing “M” as quickly as possible. We ruled out the influence of low-level features by using contrast reversed faces in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, cups overlaid with eyes were used to explore whether the effect of eye contact still existed on real objects.
The results of Experiment 1 revealed that there was a significant interaction between gaze directions, cue position, and stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). Specifically, a larger object-based effect was discovered when the cue appeared on the direct-gaze face compared to the averted-gaze face under 300-ms SOA; however, there was no significant difference between them under 100- and 600-ms SOA. Further analysis showed that the differences in object-based effect occurred because the participants reacted more quickly to the target in direct gaze than in averted gaze under the invalid same-object condition, which indicated that direct gaze could capture attention and cause a larger object-based effect. The difference in object-based effect between direct and averted gaze at 300-ms SOA disappeared in Experiment 2. The results of Experiment 3 replicated the results of Experiment 1 and further demonstrated that the influence of eye contact on object-based attention can extend to real objects.
In conclusion, the present study extends the extant literature in several dimensions. First, it provides the first evidence, to the best of our knowledge, that eye contact interacts with objects, including faces and cups, in guiding attentional allocation. The top-down processing of eye contact facilitates the processing of objects under an invalid same-object location, which leads to greater object-based attention and supports the enhancement spreading theory. Second, it also reveals that the influence of eye contact on object-based attention is regulated by SOA.
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2022-01-31
Abstract： <p>Eye contact plays an important role in social interaction and can capture and hold attention. Previous studies have shown that eye contact can guide attentional allocation. However, a face with direct or averted gaze is a special object containing social information. The object’s guidance for attentional allocation is called object-based attention, in which items in the cued object are processed more preferentially than items in the un-cued object. It is still unclear how eye contact interacts with objects in guiding attentional allocation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of eye contact and the cognitive mechanism of object-based attention.</p><p>We conducted three experiments using the two-rectangle paradigm and objects with different gaze directions. In Experiment 1, faces were used as stimulus and to investigate whether and how eye contact interacted with face to guide attentional allocation. At the beginning of each trial, the fixation cross and two objects originally were displayed for 1000 ms on a screen. Then, a cue appeared randomly at any of the four ends of the two objects for 100 ms. After 0, 200, or 500 ms of inter-stimulus, the target appeared until the participant pressed the “M” key or remained on screen for 1,500 ms. A black screen was then presented for 500 ms after each trial. During the experiment, the participants were asked to locate targets by pressing “M” as quickly as possible. We ruled out the influence of low-level features by using contrast reversed faces in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, cups overlaid with eyes were used to explore whether the effect of eye contact still existed on real objects.</p><p>The results of Experiment 1 revealed that there was a significant interaction between gaze directions, cue position, and stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). Specifically, a larger object-based effect was discovered when the cue appeared on the direct-gaze face compared to the averted-gaze face under 300-ms SOA; however, there was no significant difference between them under 100- and 600-ms SOA. Further analysis showed that the differences in object-based effect occurred because the participants reacted more quickly to the target in direct gaze than in averted gaze under the invalid same-object condition, which indicated that direct gaze could capture attention and cause a larger object-based effect. The difference in object-based effect between direct and averted gaze at 300-ms SOA disappeared in Experiment 2. The results of Experiment 3 replicated the results of Experiment 1 and further demonstrated that the influence of eye contact on object-based attention can extend to real objects.</p><p>In conclusion, the present study extends the extant literature in several dimensions. First, it provides the first evidence, to the best of our knowledge, that eye contact interacts with objects, including faces and cups, in guiding attentional allocation. The top-down processing of eye contact facilitates the processing of objects under an invalid same-object location, which leads to greater object-based attention and supports the enhancement spreading theory. Second, it also reveals that the influence of eye contact on object-based attention is regulated by SOA.</p><p>"</p>
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2022-01-30
Abstract：
This paper investigated the structure and function of interactive naturalness through three studies. After command-line interaction and graphic interaction, natural interactions have increased and become mainstream. In measuring interactive experience, the traditional usability standard is not enough to measure the usability and naturality of product interaction. The possible reason is that natural interaction is no longer limited to the product's features but is more concerned with the human experience (the perceived naturalness) or natural experience. A direct, reliable measurement tool is urgently needed to evaluate the natural experience. Most studies used traditional usability dimensions such as visibility and ease of use to simply measure naturalness. But if naturalness simply equals usability, then many traits beyond product usability cannot be measured. Some studies directly measured naturalness with a single item or synonyms of naturalness, but the reliability of these measurements is not enough. This paper aimed to develop and verify a conceptually solid and quantitatively validated scale to measure the naturalness of interaction.
在研究1中，通过使用定性方法（包括字典检索，文献综述和专家访谈）建立了与自然相互作用概念相关的综合项目集。在研究2中，招募了参与者（n = 353）来评估不同智能网联汽车的经验。除了交互式自然性量表外，还收集了几个关键的消费者行为和传统的可用性标准，包括驱动意图，满意度和可用性。在研究3中，使用新样本（n = 349）和更多与标准相关的变量（增加了两个关键的消费行为，即感知忠诚度和推荐意图）来进一步验证所开发测量工具的有效性和可靠性。我们使用SPSS 25.0和Jamovi 1.2.27来分析数据。
根据研究1，基于定性研究开发了9个项目的互动体验量表的自然性。在研究2中，探索性因素分析发现二维模型（六项用于快乐流利度，三项用于普遍意识）最适合数据。验证因素分析验证了双因素模型的稳定性。相关性分析和分层回归分析表明，这两个组成部分具有良好的标准相关有效性，快乐流畅性在预测满意度和驱动意图方面起着至关重要的作用。在研究3中，使用新样本（n = 349）进一步验证量表的有效性。该研究3进一步验证了量表的有效性。研究2中使用的标准相关变量在研究3中也获得了相同的相关性和回归结果。互动自然性的两个因素对新纳入的变量具有显着的预测作用，即推荐意图和感知忠诚度。此外，快乐流畅性更多地与车辆的基本功能相关，而通用意识更多地与先进的智能交互功能相关。
本研究探讨了互动自然性的结构和功能。获得一种心理测量合理的工具，在两个维度上测量智能产品的互动自然体验：快乐的流畅性和普遍的意识。我们发现，互动的自然性与关键的体验和购买后维度密切相关，并且对预测传统可用性维度无法包含的这些变量有额外的贡献。这一发现也得到了不同车辆功能中两个因素之间相关性差异的支持。这些结果表明，本研究开发的量表能够可靠、有效地测量智能产品的自然交互体验。该工具可用于未来的人机交互研究和指导界面和产品设计。
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Geosciences >> Geography submitted time 2022-01-30 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区科学》
Abstract：Hyperspectral remote sensing technology is widely used to detect element contents because of its multiple bands, high resolution, and abundant information. Although researchers have paid considerable attention to selecting the optimal bandwidth for the hyperspectral inversion of metal element contents in rocks, the influence of bandwidth on the inversion accuracy are ignored. In this study, we collected 258 rock samples in and near the Kalatage polymetallic ore concentration area in the southwestern part of Hami City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China and measured the ground spectra of these samples. The original spectra were resampled with different bandwidths. A Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) model was used to invert Cu contents of rock samples and then the influence of different bandwidths on Cu content inversion accuracy was explored. According to the results, the PLSR model obtains the highest Cu content inversion accuracy at a bandwidth of 35 nm, with the model determination coefficient (R2) of 0.5907. The PLSR inversion accuracy is relatively unaffected by the bandwidth within 580 nm, but the accuracy decreases significantly at 85 nm bandwidth (R2=0.5473), and the accuracy gradually decreased at bandwidths beyond 85 nm. Hence, bandwidth has a certain impact on the inversion accuracy of Cu content in rocks using the PLSR model. This study provides an indicator argument and theoretical basis for the future design of hyperspectral sensors for rock geochemistry.
Subjects: Geosciences >> Geography submitted time 2022-01-30 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区科学》
SONG Yujia
LIU Xijun
XIAO Wenjiao
ZHANG Zhiguo
LIU Pengde
XIAO Yao
LI Rui
WANG Baohua
LIU Lei
HU Rongguo
Abstract：The Central Tianshan Block is one of numerous microcontinental blocks within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) that overlies Precambrian basement rocks. Constraining the evolution of these ancient basement rocks is central to understanding the accretionary and collisional tectonics of the CAOB, and their place within the Rodinia supercontinent. However, to date, the timing and tectonic settings in which the basement rocks in the Central Tianshan Block formed are poorly constrained, with only sparse geochemical and geochronological data from granitic rocks within the northern segment of the block. Here, we present a systematic study combining UPb geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, and the SrNd isotopic compositions of newly-identified granitic gneisses from the Bingdaban area of Central Tianshan Block. The analyzed samples yield a weighted mean Neoproterozoic 206Pb/238U ages of 975911 Ma. These weakly-peraluminous granitic rocks show a common geochemical I-type granite affinity. The granitic gneisses are calc-alkaline and enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare earth elements (LREEs), but they are depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs); these characteristics are similar to those of typical subduction-related magmatism. All samples show initial (87Sr/86Sr)(t) ratios between 0.705136 and 0.706745. Values for ƐNd(t) in the granitic gneisses are in the range from 5.7 to 1.2, which correspond to Nd model ages of 2.01.7 Ga, indicating a role for Mesoproterozoic to Paleoproterozoic rocks in the generation of the granitic protoliths. The documented geochemical features indicate that the protoliths for the gneisses have a similar petrogenesis and magmatic source, which may reflect partial melting of thickened crust with the addition of small amounts of mantle-derived material. The Central Tianshan Block probably constitute part of an exterior orogen that developed along the margin of the Rodinian supercontinent during the Early Neoproterozoic and underwent a transition from subduction to syn-collision compression at 975911 Ma.
Subjects: Geosciences >> Geography submitted time 2022-01-30 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区科学》
Abstract：Leaf wetness provides a wide range of benefits not only to leaves, but also to ecosystems and communities. It regulates canopy eco-hydrological processes and drives spatial differences in hydrological flux. In spite of these functions, little remains known about the spatial distribution of leaf wetness under different soil water conditions. Leaf wetness measurements at the top (180 cm), middle (135 cm), and bottom (85 cm) of the canopy positions of rainfed jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in the Chinese loess hilly region were obtained along with meteorological and soil water conditions during the growing seasons in 2019 and 2020. Under soil water non-deficit condition, the frequency of occurrence of leaf wetness was 5.45% higher at the top than at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions. The frequency of occurrence of leaf wetness at the top, middle and bottom of the canopy positions was over 80% at 17:00‒18:00 (LST). However, the occurrence of leaf wetness at the top was earlier than those at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions. Correspondingly, leaf drying at the top was also latter than those at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions. Leaf wetness duration at the middle was similar to that at the bottom of the canopy position, but about 1.463.01 h less than that at the top. Under soil water deficit condition, the frequency of occurrence of leaf wetness (4.92%45.45%) followed the order of top>middle>bottom of the canopy position. As the onset of leaf wetness was delayed, the onset of wet leaf drying was advanced and the leaf wetness duration was shortened. Leaf wetness duration at the top was linearly related (R2>0.70) to those at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions under different soil water conditions. In conclusion, the hydrological processes at canopy surfaces of rainfed jujube depended on the position of leaves, thus adjusting canopy structure to redistribute hydrological process is a way to meet the water need of jujube.
Subjects: Geosciences >> Geography submitted time 2022-01-30 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区科学》
Abstract：Groundwater plays a dominant role in the eco-environmental protection of arid and semi-arid regions. Understanding the sources and mechanisms of groundwater recharge, the interactions between groundwater and surface water and the hydrogeochemical evolution and transport processes of groundwater in the Longdong Loess Basin, Northwest China, is of importance for water resources management in this ecologically sensitive area. In this study, 71 groundwater samples (mainly distributed at the Dongzhi Tableland and along the Malian River) and 8 surface water samples from the Malian River were collected, and analysis of the aquifer system and hydrological conditions, together with hydrogeochemical and isotopic techniques were used to investigate groundwater sources, residence time and their associated recharge processes. Results show that the middle and lower reaches of the Malian River receive water mainly from groundwater discharge on both sides of valley, while the source of the Malian River mainly comes from local precipitation. Groundwater of the Dongzhi Tableland is of a HCO3CaNa type with low salinity. The reverse hydrogeochemical simulation suggests that the dissolution of carbonate minerals and cation exchange between Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ are the main water-rock interactions in the groundwater system of the Dongzhi Tableland. The 18O (from 11.70 to 8.52) and 2H (from 86.15 to 65.75) values of groundwater are lower than the annual weighted average value of precipitation but closer to summer-autumn precipitation and soil water in the unsaturated zone, suggesting that possible recharge comes from the summer-autumn monsoonal heavy precipitation in the recent past (220 a). The corrected 14C ages of groundwater range from 3,000 to 25,000 a old, indicating that groundwater was mainly from precipitation during the humid and cold Late Pleistocene and Holocene periods. Groundwater flows deeper from the groundwater table and from the center to the east, south and west of the Dongzhi Tableland with estimated migration rate of 1.291.43 m/a. The oldest groundwater in the Quaternary Loess Aquifer in the Dongzhi Tableland is approximately 32,000 a old with poor renewability. Based on the 18O temperature indicator of groundwater, we speculate that temperature of the Last Glacial Maximum in the Longdong Loess Basin was 2.4C6.0C colder than the present. The results could provide us the valuable information on groundwater recharge and evolution under thick loess layer, which would be significative for the scientific water resources management in semi-arid regions.
Subjects: Geosciences >> Geography submitted time 2022-01-30 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区科学》
Abstract：Long-term monitoring of the ecological environment changes is helpful for the protection of the ecological environment. Based on the ecological environment of the Sahel region in Africa, we established a remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) model for this region by combining dryness, moisture, greenness, and desertification indicators. Using the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data in Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, this study analyzed the ecological environment quality of the Sahel region during the period of 20012020. We used liner regression and fluctuation analysis methods to study the trend and fluctuation of RSEI, and utilized the stepwise regression approach to analyze the contribution of each indicator to the RSEI. Further, the correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between RSEI and precipitation, and Hurst index was applied to evaluate the change trend of RSEI in the future. The results show that RSEI of the Sahel region exhibited spatial heterogeneity. Specifically, it exhibited a decrease in gradient from south to north of the Sahel region. Moreover, RSEI in parts of the Sahel region presented non-zonal features. Different land-cover types demonstrated different RSEI values and changing trends. We found that RSEI and precipitation were positively correlated, suggesting that precipitation is the controlling factor of RSEI. The areas where RSEI values presented an increasing trend were slightly less than the areas where RSEI values presented a decreasing trend. In the Sahel region, the areas with the ecological environment characterized by continuous deterioration and continuous improvement accounted for 44.02% and 28.29% of the total study area, respectively, and the areas in which the ecological environment was changing from improvement to deterioration and from deterioration to improvement accounted for 12.42% and 15.26% of the whole area, respectively. In the face of the current ecological environment and future change trends of RSEI in the Sahel region, the research results provide a reference for the construction of the ''Green Great Wall'' (GGW) ecological environment project in Africa.
Subjects: Geosciences >> Geography submitted time 2022-01-30 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区科学》
Abstract：As an important natural resource, forest land plays a key role in the maintenance of ecological security. However, variations of forest land in the agropastoral ecotone of northern China (AENC) have attracted little attention. Taking the AENC as an example and based on remote-sensing images from 2000, 2010 to 2020, we explored the spatiotemporal variation of forest land and its driving factors using the land-use transfer matrix, spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial error model. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, the total area of forest land in the AENC increased from 75,547.52 to 77,359.96 km2 and the changes were dominated by the transformations among forest land, grassland and cropland, which occurred mainly in areas with the elevation of 5002000 m and slope of 1525. There was obvious spatial agglomeration of forest land in the AENC from 2000 to 2020, with hot spots of forest land gathered in the southern marginal areas of the Yanshan Mountains and the low mountainous and hilly areas of the Loess Plateau. The sub-hot spots around hot spots moved southward, the sub-cold spots spread to the surrounding areas and the cold spots disappeared. The spatiotemporal variation of forest land resulted from the interactions of natural environment, socioeconomic and policy factors from 2000 to 2020. The variables of average annual precipitation, slope, terrain relief, ecological conversion program and afforestation policy for barren mountains affected the spatial pattern of forest land positively, while those of annual average temperature, slope and road network density influenced it negatively.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-01-30
Abstract：
Boundaries are obstacles with extended surfaces in the spatial environment and contribute significantly to the spatial navigation for humans and animals. Cognitive developmental studies found that children could reorient successfully by using the geometry of the boundary when they were disoriented at the age of 1.5~2 years old, and gradually using the vertical information until they were 3.1~4.7 years old, length information until the age of 4~5, and visual opaqueness information until the age of 5 years old in navigation. In addition, neuroimaging studies in adults have found that the medial temporal lobe and parietal lobe play different roles in boundary processing. Specifically, the boundary geometry and constituent elements were represented in the parahippocampal place area and the retrosplenial complex. Furthermore, the navigational affordance for a boundary was represented in the occipital parietal area. Finally, encoding and retrieval of the boundary-based object’s location were associated with the hippocampus. Several issues are unaddressed that should be investigated in future. First, future studies should explore the comprehensive cognitive processes of boundary-based navigation and its development trajectory. Second, further research could explore the functional interaction between the medial temporal lobe and posterior parietal cortex. Third, we could pay attention to the distinctions and associations between the cognitive neural mechanisms of the boundary and geometry center encoding. Forth, further study could investigate specific behavioral impairment of boundary-based navigation in individuals with at-genetic-risk Alzheimer’s disease. Finally, we could about the boundary influence mechanisms in long-term memory, time estimation, visual space, and social networks.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-01-30
Abstract：
How concepts are represented in the brain is an important topic in cognitive science. There are two different theories on this research question, i.e., propositional symbol theory and perceptual symbol theory. The difference between these two theories is how to treat the relationship between the internal symbol and the external archetype. The propositional symbol theory holds that the relationship between the two is arbitrary. Perceptual information does not participate in the processing of concepts. While perceptual symbols theory holds that the relationship between the two is similar. Perceptual information participates in the processing of concepts.
People learn conceptual information in the vertical space. The spatial information is stored in long-term memory along with the representation of concepts. This hypothesis has been supported by many studies and is in line with the perceptual symbol theory. However, few studies have tested what factors influence sensorimotor simulation in conceptual processing. In this study, the semantic relevance judgment paradigm is used to test this question. The present study examined whether the sensorimotor simulation participates in conceptual processing in the first and second languages. Then, the present study examined how situational information modulates conceptual processing, by manipulating the intensity of spatial information and the level of semantic processing.
In Experiment 1, the semantic relevance judgment paradigm is used to test whether sensorimotor simulation is involved in the second language processing and whether there is any difference between the first language and second language processing. The results of Experiment 1 show that the sensorimotor simulation has participated in the second language processing. However, there is an accuracy advantage in the sensorimotor simulation in the first language. In Experiment 2, two experiments are conducted to test the effect of the perceptual situation on sensorimotor simulation. Experiment 2a tests the influence of perceptual situation on sensorimotor simulation by changing the intensity of individual perceptual in vertical spatial axis. The results show that the sensorimotor simulation can be found in both strong and weak spatial perception. The effect of semantic processing level on perceptual motion simulation is tested in Experiment 2b. The experiment manipulates the level of semantic processing by using the semantic relevance judgment task and word judgment task. The results show that sensorimotor simulation participates in the processing of concepts, while semantic situational did not modulate this effect. The results of Experiment 2 suggest that sensorimotor stimulation may be automatic in conceptual processing.
The present study conducted two experiments to test the role of sensorimotor simulation in conceptual processing. Results found that the sensorimotor simulation participates in conceptual representation, supporting the perceptual symbol theory. Furthermore, the sensorimotor simulation takes place in both Chinese and English. This finding extends the perceptual symbol theory. Finally, results found that sensorimotor stimulation may be automatic in conceptual representation and is not affected by spatial information and semantic processing.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Clinical and Counseling Psychology submitted time 2022-01-28
Abstract：
Conceptually, prosocial behavior reduces externalizing problems (e.g., aggression) and internalized problems (e.g., depression) because prosocial behavior promotes positive emotions (e.g., to find delight in helping others). Therefore, understanding the development cascades of prosocial behavior tendency, internalizing and externalizing problems is of great value to the promotion of adolescent mental health.
Developmental cascades model describes the above-mentioned process, that is, the function of one domain (level or system) will affect the function of another domain (level or system); as time goes on, multiple interactions in different domains (levels or systems) will produce cumulative effects that can spill over and affect the functions of other domain (level or system) (Masten & Cicchetti, 2010). Researchers usually use longitudinal data to test a developmental cascade model. However, previous studies tend to base their conclusions on Cross-Lagged Panel Models (Kenny, 1975), which cannot sufficiently answer the causally reciprocal relationship the developmental cascade model described because CLPM mixed the between- and within-person effects(Berry & Willoughby, 2017; Hamaker et al., 2015). The results of the within-person analysis, which takes the person himself as the control, is more likely indicating the within-person changes of studied variables and their temporal relationships, and thus are consistent with the theoretical hypothesis of the developmental cascades model (Zyphur et al., 2020). The current study attempts to test the developmental cascades of prosocial behavior tendency, internalizing and externalizing problems in a sample of Chinese adolescents, and to show how the within-person analysis and the analysis based on traditional CLPM influence the conclusions.
The demographic questionnaire together with Prosocial Behavior Tendency (Carlo & Randall, 2002), Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (Wang et al., 2016) and Buss Warren Aggression Questionnaire (Maxwell, 2008) were administered in two junior schools for three years. Totally 894 students completed the three-wave investigation. Among them, the age ranged from 11 to 15 years old (12.7 ± 0.60), including 517 boys (57.8%) at the beginning of the investigation. In terms of parents' education level, 94.6% of fathers completed nine-year compulsory education, and 56.9% of them completed high school or above level education; 91.5% of mothers completed nine-year compulsory education, and 52.2% of them completed high school or above level education.
Two models of within-person analysis (RI-CLPM and GCLM) (Hamaker et al., 2015; Zyphur et al., 2020) were used to analyze the data, compared with the traditional CLPM. The data fitting indexes of the three models are all acceptable, but the results are different leading to very different conclusions. Particularly, GCLM can separate within- and between-person effects; (2) GCLM do not assume continuous development in comparison with RI-CLPM. These advantages of GCLM make GCLM have accurate estimates than other two models. Based on the results of GCLM, the research showed that: (1) at the within-person level, prosocial behavior tendency has a moderate or weak co-movements with internalizing and externalizing problems. The prosocial behavior tendency measured at T1 can predict the internalizing problems measured at T2, and the prosocial behavior tendency measured at T2 can predict the externalizing problems measured at T3; (2) For the girl group, the internalizing problems measured at T2 can predict the externalizing problems measured at T3, while in the boy group, the results did not support the reciprocal relationship between internalizing and externalizing problems; (3) The public, submissive, emotional and altruistic factors of prosocial behavior tendency can negatively predict the next-year internalizing problems, and these four factors can negatively predict the externalizing problems measured at T2. These results suggest the value of prosocial behavior as the potential way to promote adolescent’s mental health, within-person analysis in the developmental cascades research, and also indicate that mental health promotion programs should take the gender difference into account.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-01-28
Abstract：
Joint consumption is pervasive in daily life, such as watching movies with friends, eating out with family and shopping for communal kitchens with roommates. Comparing with individual consumption, decisions in joint consumption are distinct in a variety of aspects. The number of existing literatures on joint consumption is increasing year by year, but the research topics are too scattered to form a system. Previous researches can be divided into three categories: driving factors, decision results and their influencing factors and subsequent consequences. However very few studies have examined whether consumers would behave differently in the context of individual and joint consumption. In the current research, we extend the extent literature by examining how consumer respond to exploration behavior when shopping either individually or with others.
Choosing between familiar and unfamiliar products is one of the most common forms of exploratory behavior. Perceived risk is an important factor affecting this choice. According to risky-shift theory, an individual in a group has greater risk-taking tendencies than when alone because sharing the decision result could weaken the perceived risk of each group member. In addition, there are researches showing mere being accompanied by others also decreases risk perception. Therefore, we inference that comparing with individual consumption, consumers in joint consumption would perceive less risk so that they prefer unfamiliar options. Nonetheless, the main hypothesis is limited. In the light of product category risk and impression management, this effect appears only when individuals are with close companions and face with low-risk products.
Five studies were conducted to examine our hypotheses. As a lab experiment, study 1a (N = 138) was a 2 (consumption situation: individual vs. joint) between-subjects design, which proved that participants in the joint condition were more likely to choose the unfamiliar product than those in the individual condition. Study 1b (N = 263) repeats the main effect with a 3 (consumption situation: individual vs. joint with friends vs. joint with families) between-subjects design and also excluded the potential influence of relationship type on this effect. And by changing the manipulation and measurement method, study 2 (N = 150) verified the mediating effect of perceived risk with a 2 (consumption situation: individual vs. joint) between-subjects design. And it also ruled out the alternative explanation of emotional arousal. Study 3 (N = 213) was 3 (consumption context: individual vs. joint with a close friend vs. joint with a distant friend) between-subjects design. It identified two important moderating variables. On the one hand, we can only investigate the effect of joint consumption among low-risk products. On the other hand, participants were more interested in unfamiliar products only when they were with close friends. Additionally, it examined the mediating role of perceived risk and excluded the alternative explanation of diffusion of responsibility. Study 4 (N = 148) extended the scope of application of this main effect with a 2 (consumption situation: individual vs. joint) between-subjects design. The results show that even when faced with daily choices in non-consumption situations, participants under joint consumption showed exploratory behavior.
Our investigation suggests that join consumption (vs. individual consumption) encourages consumers to try new and unfamiliar products/services through a decreased perception of consumption risk. This effect would be attenuated when consumers are shopping with distant companions or when consumers face the choice of high-risk products/services. Our findings supplement the literature on joint consumption, exploration behavior and risk-shift theory, while practically suggesting that managers can integrate the joint consumption context into the new product promotion process by defining product positioning.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2022-01-27
Abstract：
The microbiota-gut-brain axis hypothesis has attracted more and more attention in the research of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Previous research has preliminarily investigated the relationship between the composition of gut microbiota and the brain imaging and clinical manifestation of patients with schizophrenia, but the specific action path is still unclear. This research summarized the latest research progress, and on this basis, proposed the mechanism hypothesis of gut microbiota affecting the brain structure and function of patients with schizophrenia. The related contents will provide a theoretical basis for further elucidation of the pathological mechanism of schizophrenia and for incorporating gut microbiota into the assessment and intervention of schizophrenia.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Educational Psychology submitted time 2022-01-27
Abstract：
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Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-01-26
Abstract：
Cognitive control is the ability of individuals to flexibly adjust their thoughts and behaviors and deal with compatible and conflicting information when facing tasks. It ensures that our actions are performed smoothly according to the expected purpose. However, conflict information contains pure cognitive conflict and social conflict information. With the development of society, the division of labor of gender roles in the family has changed. Nevertheless, the traditional stereotype that men work outside and women work inside the house still exists. Furthermore, although many studies have examined the consistency effect of gender stereotype activation, the influence of cognitive control induced by different conditions on gender stereotype expression is not apparent under the task background of different conflict levels. Therefore, based on previous studies, the classic dual cognitive control theory that explains cognitive control processing, and the conflict monitoring theory that explains conflict tasks, this study systematically discusses the behavior patterns of gender stereotype expression under different conflict test times.
In Experiment 1, the participants were asked to complete the picture classification tasks with three conflict levels using the gender picture as the priming stimulus and housework picture and work picture as the target stimulus. Experiment 2 adjusted the target stimulus to semantic stimulus and asked the participants to complete three-word classification tasks with different conflict levels. To further investigate the influence of varying conflict backgrounds of subsequent task conflict, Experiment 3 adopted the trial-to-trial control adjustment paradigm. In this paradigm, a full trial consists of two judgment tasks. First, the participants complete the word classification tasks with different conflict levels. Thereafter, they complete the gender Flanker tasks with the same conflict level.
Experiment 1 showed that the image classification task could inhibit the expression of gender stereotypes regardless of the proportion of conflict times. Regarding the word classification task in Experiment 2, compared to the baseline level, the expression of gender stereotypes was inhibited at the high conflict level and activated at the low conflict level. Experiment 3 showed that the cognitive control processing generated by high conflict levels could be maintained in subsequent tasks. Furthermore, it was not affected by the change of task type. Additionally, Experiments 2 and 3 using the processing separation program showed that the control processing value under the high conflict condition was higher than that under the low conflict condition.
These results indicate that cognitive control induced by tasks with different conflict proportions can inhibit the expression of gender stereotypes; however, it is affected by the presentation of information.
Subjects: Geosciences >> Geography submitted time 2022-01-26 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：频繁的旱灾对甘肃省经济、农业生产造成严重危害，因此利用先进方法建立准确可靠的农业干旱监测模型对该省防旱减灾十分重要。本文基于随机森林（RF）、BP神经网络和支持向量机（SVM）3种机器学习方法，利用甘肃省20022019 年410 月多源遥感数据得到的植被状态指数（VCI）、温度状态指数（TCI）、植被供水指数（VSWI）、降水状态指数（PCI）以及DEM、土壤有效含水量（AWC）和气候类型作为自变量，气象站点以3个月时间尺度的标准化降水蒸发指数（SPEI_3）为因变量，构建3种不同的农业干旱监测模型，分析比较出适用于监测甘肃省农业干旱的最佳模型，同时进一步探究了机器学习方法构建的模型在不同环境下的适用性。结果表明：构建的3种机器学习模型中，随机森林模型的R2平均值高（0.86）且误差小（RMSE为0.40，MAE为0.31），农业干旱的监测效果要优于BP神经网络和支持向量机模型；干燥和湿润两种环境下分别构建的3种机器学习模型在湿润环境中监测能力表现均更优异（R2>0.82），而随机森林模型在两种环境中监测干旱的表现比其他两种模型强。研究结果为甘肃省的农业干旱监测与评估提供了新的科学方法，对农业干旱研究具有重要意义。
Subjects: Geosciences >> Geography submitted time 2022-01-26 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：为探究保护性耕作对陇中黄土高原旱作麦田蓄水保墒效果和产量形成的影响。在连续5 a田间试验的基础上，分析了陇中黄土高原旱作麦田从2019年8月至2020年8月一个耕作周期内，不同耕作措施（传统耕作T、秸秆覆盖TS，免耕NT和免耕秸秆覆盖NTS）对麦田休闲期蓄墒率、水分利用效率、春小麦干物质积累与转运、产量及农艺性状的影响。结果表明：（1）与处理T相比，NTS处理提高了耕层土壤容重和含水量，提高了旱作麦田播种和收获期土壤蓄水量，使水分利用效率提高了48.18%、休闲期蓄墒率提高了5.70%；（2）NTS处理显著提高了春小麦叶面积指数、延缓了叶片的衰老，相比于TS和NT处理，NTS处理下花后干物质积累量分别提高了67.38%和32.14%，花后干物质贡献率分别提高了12.47%和6.61%；（3）NTS处理优化了产量构成因素、显著提高了春小麦产量，使产量达到了3243.30 kg∙hm-2，比传统耕作（T）产量提高了49.32%；NTS处理改善了春小麦群体结构，显著提高了春小麦根系干重、株高和生物量，降低了根冠比，相关性分析表明水分利用效率、叶面积指数、根系干重的提高是促进小麦增产的重要原因。在本试验条件下，免耕秸秆覆盖是实现陇中黄土高原旱作麦田蓄水保墒及节水增产的最优耕作措施、值得在该地区推广应用。
Subjects: Geosciences >> Geography submitted time 2022-01-26 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：农村饮水安全工程是实现全面小康的重大民生工程。研究基于统计数据、实地走访和调查问卷，运用熵权法和模糊数学法，对甘肃省农村饮水安全工程运行管理现状进行评价。旨在建立较全面系统且合理长效的评价体系，同时分析目前饮水安全工程运行管理中存在的问题。结果表明：（1）甘肃省农村饮水安全工程运行管理状况良好，但是省内地区间差异较大，表现为河西5市的评价结果较好，南部各县（市、区）的评价结果相对较差。（2）对评价等级为一般的地区，需要针对政策落实、管理条例更新执行、提升公众维护意识、水管员队伍建设以及供水管道的智能化建设方面进一步优化部署。经过多年的实践探索，甘肃省形成了集中供水工程和分散供水工程并举的特色饮水安全工程建设模式。本研究以期为农村饮水安全工程建设提供切实可行的对策建议，同时也为今后甘肃省乃至全国其他地区的农村饮水安全建设提供技术支撑与科学依据。
Subjects: Geosciences >> Geography submitted time 2022-01-26 Cooperative journals: 《干旱区研究》
Abstract：半干旱地区矿区的土地利用格局在采矿干扰下发生着巨大变化，以全国八大煤炭生产基地之一的山西省大同矿区为研究对象，分析19852015年土地利用类型的时空变化以及影响土地利用变化的驱动因子，构建RF（Random Forest，RF）-FLUS（Future Land Use Simulation，FLUS）模型模拟预测半干旱区矿区未来土地利用变化，结果表明：（1）19852015年，矿区的林地、耕地和水域面积减少，草地和建设用地面积增加。（2）林地、草地分布受气候及距离水系和设施点的距离影响较大；耕地分布受气候、高程及距水域、居民点的距离影响较大；水域分布最重要的影响因子是降水；建设用地分布主要受生产能力和距设施点的距离影响较大。（3）FLUS模型和RF-FLUS模型拟合精度均较高，但RF-FLUS模型比FLUS模型精度更高，更接近实际土地格局变化结果。（4）根据RF-FLUS模型对矿区2025年土地利用变化预测表明，矿区内林地、草地和耕地均呈下降趋势，下降速率变化不大；水域保持不变，建设用地与其他类型（裸地和未利用地）保持稳定上升的趋势。本研究为探究矿区土地格局复杂动态演变机制、探索小尺度土地资源优化路径、促进区域生态健康发展提供有利的科学依据。
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