Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Forgetting is an adaptive process that can limit the interferences from irrelevant distractors and update valuable information. With regard to negative events, intentional forgetting can effectively help us to recover from trauma. The research on the intentional forgetting of emotional information usually adopts the directed forgetting paradigm. The better memory performance of R items relative to F items is referred to as the typically directed forgetting effect. Although emotional information is thought to be easier to remember than neutral information because of the attentional capture and elaborative process, whether emotional information is more resistant to forgetting is obscured. Most studies on emotional directed forgetting used various discrete items, such as words and pictures, and few addressed continuous events that are actually common in our episodic memory. Directed forgetting is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon because specific and general information appears to be forgotten at different rates. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the influence of emotions on the directed forgetting effect of continuous events. This study also explores the differences in forgetting rates between general/gist memory and specific memory.In the present study, we adopted the event directed paradigm that embeds memory instructions into continuous videos. In experiment 1, 36 participants were equally divided into two groups: one group watched a neutral video, and the other group watched a negative one. Each video contained nine R segments and nine F segments that were surrounded by green and purple borders. The colored borders acted as memory instructions. The participants were asked to remember the video segments when the border was green and to forget the video segments when the border was purple. The test phase involved free recall and recognition. The participants were requested to recall all information about the video regardless of the classification of the memory instruction (R or F segments). Then, the participants were asked to identify the old pictures among the distractors. The old pictures were taken from the studied videos, and the distractors were slightly similar to the old pictures. The participants’ responses were classified as general/gist memory and specific memory on the basis of previous studies. In experiment 2, we disrupted the play order of segments to further explore the influence of continuity on the directed forgetting effect.The results of experiment 1 showed that the directed forgetting effect was lower in the negative video than in the neutral video. In addition, the participants demonstrated good memory for the general/gist information of the negative video in free recall. In the recognition phase, no directed forgetting effect was observed for specific memory in the negative video. The result indicated that emotions impaired or eliminated directed forgetting for continuous events. However, the performance of the gist-only memory for the R and F segments was not significant in the neutral and negative videos. Therefore, we speculated that the sequential play of segments might have led to the possibility of participants correctly guessing the general gist of the content. Therefore, we disrupted the order of segments in experiment 2, and the results showed a typically directed forgetting effect for gist-only memory.In conclusion, directed forgetting could appear in continuous events. However, emotions impair the directed forgetting effect for a specific memory. For gist-only memory, the directed forgetting effect is affected by the continuity of events.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： The human brain automatically segments continuous experiences into discrete events to better remember ongoing experiences in daily life. This automatic process is known as event segmentation. The time points between different events are called event boundaries—they indicate when one event ends, and another begins. Studies have shown that the event boundaries may enhance the item-context source memory of information at the boundaries but impair temporal order memory in across-event information. Notably, previous studies mainly focused on the boundaries caused by changes in the external environment and rarely paid attention to the subjective boundaries caused by changes in an individual’s internal psychological context. Moreover, Rouhani et al. (2020) first confirmed that reward prediction errors (RPE) could be used as event boundaries to influence memory. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the RPE event boundary reduces the temporal order memory in across-event information. However, the effects of the RPE event boundary on temporal order and source memory and whether the mnemonic trade-off effect exists are not clear. The neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the effects of event boundaries on memory require further examination. This study used behavioral and event-related potentials (ERP) technology in three experiments to explore the effect of RPE event boundaries on temporal order and source memory, respectively, based on behavioral and neurophysiological mechanisms. Experiment 1 used a neutral scene picture matching value as materials. The value of successive pictures fluctuates around an average value to form an event, and event boundaries denote when there is a significant shift in the value, which is the reward prediction error. The participants were required to complete two memory tests: a temporal order memory test and a source memory test. The source memory test was presented with a neutral scene picture, and participants were asked to choose a value that matched the learning stage from the two alternatives. We aimed to explore the effect of the RPE event boundary on temporal order and source memory. However, no mnemonic trade-off effect was observed. Therefore, whether other factors might influence the mnemonic trade-off effect that exists is not clear. In Experiment 2, RPE was divided into high and low strength. We aimed to explore the effects of different RPE strengths on temporal order and source memory. After we obtained stable results, in Experiment 3, we used ERP technology to explore the N400 and P600 effects under different conditions at the memory retrieval stage in the high RPE condition to examine the detailed mechanism of the effect of event boundary on memory. The behavioral results showed that the RPE event boundary enhanced only the neutral scene picture-value source memory of information at the boundaries in Experiment 1. High and low RPE event boundaries affect temporal order and source memory differently. The high RPE event boundary enhanced the neutral scene picture-value source memory of information at the boundaries. Further it reduced the temporal order memory of information across-events, which caused the mnemonic trade-off effect between temporal order and source memory in Experiment 2. The ERP results showed that compared to the within-event/non-boundary condition, correctly retrieving information of temporal order and source memory in the across-event/boundary condition induced a larger N400 (350−550ms) effect but did not induce a larger P600 (600−1000ms) effect in Experiment 3. These two memory tests were activated in different brain regions. The temporal order memory in the across-events condition was mainly activated in the anterior region, while the source memory boundary condition was mainly activated in the parietal region. This study can be summarized as follows. The segmentation strength of the event boundary is an important factor affecting the mnemonic trade-off effect between temporal order and source memory. The mnemonic trade-off effect only occurs when the representation difference between events is sufficiently vast, and the segmentation strength of the boundary is sufficiently high. Furthermore, the N400 component is an important index that reflects the integration and segmentation of episodic memory using event boundaries.
submitted time 2023-03-16 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： The human brain automatically segments continuous experiences into discrete events to better remember ongoing experiences in daily life. This automatic process is known as event segmentation. The time points between different events are called event boundaries—they indicate when one event ends, and another begins. Studies have shown that the event boundaries may enhance the item-context source memory of information at the boundaries but impair temporal order memory in across-event information. Notably, previous studies mainly focused on the boundaries caused by changes in the external environment and rarely paid attention to the subjective boundaries caused by changes in an individual’s internal psychological context. Moreover, Rouhani et al. (2020) first confirmed that reward prediction errors (RPE) could be used as event boundaries to influence memory. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the RPE event boundary reduces the temporal order memory in across-event information. However, the effects of the RPE event boundary on temporal order and source memory and whether the mnemonic trade-off effect exists are not clear. The neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the effects of event boundaries on memory require further examination. This study used behavioral and event-related potentials (ERP) technology in three experiments to explore the effect of RPE event boundaries on temporal order and source memory, respectively, based on behavioral and neurophysiological mechanisms. Experiment 1 used a neutral scene picture matching value as materials. The value of successive pictures fluctuates around an average value to form an event, and event boundaries denote when there is a significant shift in the value, which is the reward prediction error. The participants were required to complete two memory tests: a temporal order memory test and a source memory test. The source memory test was presented with a neutral scene picture, and participants were asked to choose a value that matched the learning stage from the two alternatives. We aimed to explore the effect of the RPE event boundary on temporal order and source memory. However, no mnemonic trade-off effect was observed. Therefore, whether other factors might influence the mnemonic trade-off effect that exists is not clear. In Experiment 2, RPE was divided into high and low strength. We aimed to explore the effects of different RPE strengths on temporal order and source memory. After we obtained stable results, in Experiment 3, we used ERP technology to explore the N400 and P600 effects under different conditions at the memory retrieval stage in the high RPE condition to examine the detailed mechanism of the effect of event boundary on memory. The behavioral results showed that the RPE event boundary enhanced only the neutral scene picture-value source memory of information at the boundaries in Experiment 1. High and low RPE event boundaries affect temporal order and source memory differently. The high RPE event boundary enhanced the neutral scene picture-value source memory of information at the boundaries. Further it reduced the temporal order memory of information across-events, which caused the mnemonic trade-off effect between temporal order and source memory in Experiment 2. The ERP results showed that compared to the within-event/non-boundary condition, correctly retrieving information of temporal order and source memory in the across-event/boundary condition induced a larger N400 (350−550ms) effect but did not induce a larger P600 (600−1000ms) effect in Experiment 3. These two memory tests were activated in different brain regions. The temporal order memory in the across-events condition was mainly activated in the anterior region, while the source memory boundary condition was mainly activated in the parietal region. This study can be summarized as follows. The segmentation strength of the event boundary is an important factor affecting the mnemonic trade-off effect between temporal order and source memory. The mnemonic trade-off effect only occurs when the representation difference between events is sufficiently vast, and the segmentation strength of the boundary is sufficiently high. Furthermore, the N400 component is an important index that reflects the integration and segmentation of episodic memory using event boundaries.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2019-07-11 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： 老年人的联结记忆随年龄增长而出现普遍损伤,这种增龄性联结记忆损伤究竟是因捆绑功能受损导致的特定损伤还是因整体认知机能受损导致的信息表征能力的整体损伤,还存有争论。以Naveh-Benjamin(2000)的联结损伤假说(ADH)为代表的特定损伤观认为,增龄性联结记忆损伤与老年人捆绑不同项目和提取这些捆绑的特定加工过程的损伤有关;而以Benjamin (2010)的 DRYAD模型为代表的整体损伤观则认为,增龄性联结记忆损伤与老年人因老化而导致的记忆保持精度的整体损伤有关。二者在基本观点、实验支持及存在问题上各有侧重。此外,影响增龄性联结损伤的因素还可大致分为刺激信息特性、被试主体特点两方面。同时强调未来研究不仅要关注老年人联结损伤的认知机制和影响因素,更应关注其实际应用和临床指导价值。
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