Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-07-31
Huarong LIU
Xinyu ZHU
Nanying LI
Xinrui HUANG
Qingqing DU
Ruoting LIU
Liyunhan PENG
Feng YU
Kaiping PENG
Sylvia Xiaohua CHEN
Xiaomeng HU
Abstract： With the rapid development and widespread application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, the profound cultural influence on AI values has attracted widespread attention. Research to date, however, has not systemically looked at both the human universals and cultural differences in people’s normative expectations of AI values. To further explore the potential impacts of culture on AI values through the lens of cultural psychology and highlight the importance of taking into account the role of cultural diversity played in AI developments and applications, our current integrative review briefly synthesizes what might be the cross-cultural consensus and what might be the cultural differences in shaping people’s attitudes, behaviors, and normative expectations regarding AI values. In addition, we discuss the vital role of cultural beliefs and cultural norms in the ethical supervision and application of AI in human society. To better understand the complex interaction between AI and culture, future work should focus on developing and iterating algorithms for diverse cultural scenarios, thereby both promoting the globalization of AI application and meet diverse cultural demands to ultimately improve the well-being of individuals and society across the globe.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-07-29
Abstract： In real-life situations, facial expressions often change dynamically over time, and an individual’s interpretation of any given facial expression may be influenced by the dynamic sequential context in which it is embedded. While recent studies have indicated that simultaneously presented contextual information affect the perception of target expressions, little is known about the effect of sequentially changing context. The present study aims to investigate the influence of sequential changes in facial expressions (i.e., dynamic sequential context) on the perception of past and current expressions, as well as the underlying mechanisms, through the use of behavioral experiments and eye-tracking technology. The stimuli include both artificially synthesized and human-performed dynamic facial expressions. The research findings will contribute to our understanding of facial expression processing in ecologically valid contexts and provide valuable insights for the artificial the development of AI-based dynamic facial expression recognition systems.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-07-26
Abstract： China has entered a new stage of consolidating achievements in poverty alleviation, where it is crucial to stimulate the development of endogenous power among the population that has emerged out of poverty. Therefore, enhancing self-development capabilities among adolescents from out-of-poverty families is vital for overcoming the intergenerational transmission of poverty and promoting social integration. Social mobility belief is an important embodiment of strong endogenous power for independent development and the realization of life value, which is related to the positive socialization development of adolescents from out-of-poverty families. Theintegrated theories from various disciplines, such as sociology, economics, and psychology, are used to construct a unified theoretical framework, which posits that social mobility is a key mechanism through which economic inequality affects the health and behavior of disadvantaged adolescents. Additionally, owing to the long-standing urban‒rural dual structure in China, there are significant differences in the social mobility expectations and social development of adolescents in different urban and rural social environments. This study examined the longitudinal relationship between social mobility belief and prosocial behavior among adolescents from out-of-poverty families and whether the longitudinal relationship is moderated by urban‒rural differences among adolescents from out-of-poverty families.
This study followed 847 adolescents (Mage 11.38±2.30 years old, 58% girls) from out-of-poverty families, with two follow-up surveys administered during the following two years. Data analyses were performed via SPSS 24.0 and Mplus 8.4. The parallel latent growth model was used to explore the longitudinal relationship between social mobility belief and prosocial behavior, and the latent growth interaction model was subsequently used to explore the moderating role of rural–urban differences in this longitudinal relationship.
The results revealed that (1) social mobility belief exhibited a linear increase in development trajectory, whereas prosocial behavior showed a linear decrease in development trajectory among adolescents from out-of-poverty families. (2) Controlling for gender, the parallel latent growth model revealed that the initial level of social mobility belief positively predicted the initial level of prosocial behavior and negatively predicted the decline in prosocial behavior. Moreover, the increasing trajectory of social mobility belief negatively predicts adecline in prosocial behavior. (3) The latent growth interaction model revealed that rural–urban differences served as a moderating factor in the longitudinal relationship between social mobility belief and prosocial behavior. Specifically, for rural adolescents in out-of-poverty families, a higher initial level of social mobility belief was associated with a higher initial level of prosocial behavior. Moreover, a faster growth rate in social mobility belief had a stronger predictive effect on reducing the decline rate of prosocial behavior among these adolescents from out-of-poverty families.
The findings of this study demonstrate the longitudinal relationship between social mobility belief and prosocial behavior among adolescents from out-of-poverty families, as well as the moderating impact of urban–rural differences. These findings suggest that the upward trend of social mobility belief can foster the positive social development of rural adolescents among out-of-poverty families. Research findings indicate that China’s poverty alleviation policies have not only effectively increased social mobility belief among adolescents in out-of-poverty families who have overcome poverty but also significantly mitigated the decreased development of prosocial behavior in rural adolescents from out-of-poverty families.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-07-25
Abstract： Enviro-materialism refers to the phenomenon in which individuals who hold materialistic values engaging in pro-environmental behaviors. Unlike previous views on the contradiction between the materialistic values and pro-environmental behavior, the phenomenon emphasizes that the pursuit of material possessions can coexist harmoniously with concern for the natural environment. The psychological mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of enviro-materialism can be understood from five perspectives: crossvergence theory, costly signaling theory, impression management theory, compensatory ethics theory, and goal-framing theory. Moreover, certain individual, situational and cultural boundary conditions are required for the phenomenon to occur, including global cultural identity, levels of environmental knowledge,public-private attributes of decision-making situations, types of benefit appeals, nature contact, market context and generations. Future research needs to further clarify the connotation of enviro-materialism, explore more boundary conditions that promote the phenomenon and effective strategies to ensure its stable existence, as well as strengthen the inquiry into the causal mechanisms of materialism promoting pro-environmental behaviours.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-07-25
Abstract： In recent years, gender opposition trends in social media have become increasingly apparent. Many are concerned that discussions labeled as “misandry” or “man hating” may influence female users, leading to tendencies such as “fear of marriage” and “fear of childbirth”, thereby exacerbating gender divides. Can such discourse indeed prompt women to avoid interactions with men? If so, what are the underlying mechanisms? There is limited research addressing these public concerns. Moreover, is there a way to mitigate the avoidance of men caused by such discourse? Previous studies have yielded controversial findings on this matter. Therefore, this study utilizes large-scale Weibo data to analyze how intergroup threat perceived by users posting "fear of men" and "hatred towards men" content influences avoidance of interactions with men. Behavioral experiments explore whether parasocial interactions can mitigate the negative impact of perceived intergroup threat. Specifically, Study 1 collected over 100,000 Weibo posts related to “fear of men” and “hatred towards men”. Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling and Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) methods, two clusters of perceived intergroup threat were identified: realistic threat and symbolic threat. Posts associated with realistic threat contained more fear, anger, sadness, and anxiety emotions compared to those with symbolic threat, which predominantly included disgust emotions. Study 2 used the same Weibo data to further investigate the mediating role of negative emotions between perceived threat types and avoidance of interactions with men. Results indicated that perceived intergroup threat increased avoidance of interactions with men, with realistic threat exerting a stronger influence than symbolic threat. Additionally, negative emotions mediated the relationship between perceived intergroup threat and social avoidance towards men. These findings indirectly support intergroup threat theory and intergroup emotion theory in explaining women’s avoidance of men in social media. However, Study 1 and Study 2 have limitations: firstly, not all users posting “fear of men” and “hatred towards men” content on Weibo are necessarily female, thus limiting the generalizability to female populations. Secondly, the analyses focused on Weibo posts rather than individual-level data, whereas theories of intergroup threat and intergroup emotion primarily pertain to individuals rather than text. Finally, the data mining in Study 1 and Study 2 revealed only correlational relationships without further exploration of the potential intervention effects of parasocial interactions. Therefore, Study 3 conducted behavioral experiments at the individual level to validate previous findings and further explore the intervention effects of parasocial interactions. Results showed that parasocial interactions could mitigate the negative impact of perceived intergroup threat-induced negative emotions on social avoidance towards men, suggesting parasocial interactions as a potential intervention strategy. In summary, based on intergroup threat theory and intergroup emotion theory, this research employs large-scale Weibo data and behavioral experiments to elucidate the psychological mechanisms underlying “fear of men” and “hatred towards men” discourse on social media. It provides empirical support for parasocial interactions as a potential intervention strategy, aiming to better understand and intervene in the negative societal consequences of gender opposition on social media.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-07-24
Abstract： Harm aversion is a core component of human morality that prevents individuals from harming others and is crucial for biological evolution. It has the positive functions of reducing immoral behavior (such as aggression) and increasing prosocial behavior. Individuals who lack harm aversion may exhibit increased antisocial behavior, which in turn, may cause significant harm to other individuals and society in general. Therefore, exploring the concept of harm aversion has significant theoretical and practical value. However, the structure (basic dimensions) of harm aversion and its functioning and mechanisms for inhibiting aggression remain unclear and necessitate further investigation. This study hypothesized that harm aversion comprises two independent factors: harm action aversion and harm outcome aversion. Additionally, both harm action aversion and harm outcome aversion can inhibit aggression, and moral disengagement is a crucial cognitive mechanism through which harm aversion inhibits aggression./t/nA pilot study and three formal experiments were conducted to test these hypotheses. In the pilot study (N=40), incongruent conditions and congruent conditions based on the process dissociation procedure were developed to separate harm action aversion and harm outcome aversion. Participants completed the harm action/outcome aversion dissociation task, assessed the difficulty of choice and imagination, and provided suggestions for modifications. In Experiment 1 (N=287), the modified harm action/outcome aversion dissociation task was used. The validity of this task was examined using criterion variables such as empathy, moral judgment, deontology parameter, psychopathy, physical aggression, and verbal aggression. Experiments 2a (N=423) and 2b (N=107) explored whether moral disengagement mediated the relationship between harm action/outcome aversion and aggression. Specifically, Experiment 2a used questionnaires to measure moral disengagement and aggression, while Experiment 2b employed an aggression task to measure moral disengagement and aggressive behavior levels./t/nThe pilot study demonstrated that the process dissociation procedure could effectively separate harm action aversion and harm outcome aversion. Experiment 1 found no significant correlation between harm action aversion (Parameter A) and harm outcome aversion (Parameter O). Both Parameters A and O were positively correlated with harm action aversion scores, empathy, moral judgment, and deontology parameter, and negatively correlated with psychopathy and physical aggression. Compared to Parameter A, Parameter O showed stronger relationships with empathy, psychopathy, and verbal aggression. The correlation between Parameter A and harm outcome aversion was not significant. In Experiments 2a and 2b, harm outcome aversion negatively predicted aggression through the mediating effect of moral disengagement. However, while Experiment 2a showed a mediating effect in that harm action aversion negatively predicted physical aggression through moral disengagement, this mediating effect was not significant in Experiment 2b./t/nThese results suggest, therefore, that harm aversion comprises two independent factors: harm action aversion and harm outcome aversion. Harm outcome aversion can inhibit aggression through moral disengagement, but the inhibitory effect of harm action aversion on aggression and moral disengagement is not robust. In developing a research tool for harm aversion, testing the two-factor structure of harm aversion, and examining its cognitive and behavioral differences in inhibiting aggression, this study revealed that moral disengagement is an important cognitive pathway through which harm aversion inhibits aggression. The findings contribute to the theoretical development of harm aversion, and they advance research on the relationship between moral emotions and aggression. This has significant implications for the prevention and intervention of aggressive behavior, as well as practical applications in moral education.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Psychological Measurement submitted time 2024-07-22
Abstract： Existing research has developed a plethora of tools for measuring pro-environmental behavior, encompassing scales, individual behavioral paradigms, and group games. These tools predominantly hinge upon the behavioral domain, with the most frequently mentioned areas being conservation, transportation, waste disposal, consumption, and social citizenship behaviors (e.g., donation). However, current measurements of pro-environmental behavior face challenges related to low standardization and limited generalizability of results. These issues primarily stem from the prevailing reliance on measurement paradigms grounded in behavioral domains, neglecting the crucial consideration of behavioral attributes, which constitute the defining and distinguishing characteristics of behavior. Future research could address these by developing standardized measurement tools based on behavioral attributes and validating them through the selection of various real-life behaviors as criteria for validity testing.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-07-19
Abstract： Previous studies have demonstrated inconsistencies in moral judgments of the same behavior among decision-makers, victims, and bystanders in a specific moral situation. Yet no study has examined how the experience of being decision-maker or victims can influence individuals’ moral judgments when they are third-party bystanders. The present study employed a modified harm paradigm combined with event-related potential (ERP) techniques to investigate the how the experiences of different moral roles modulates third-party moral judgments. Two experiments were included in the study. Each experiment consisted of two tasks: a moral role priming task and a main task of moral judgment. In the priming task, participants were assigned to one of three groups: decision-maker perspective group, victim perspective group, or the control group. Decision-makers groups needed to complete moral decision tasks while the victims group needed to undertake the decision of the decision-maker and to evaluate others’ decisions. The control group did not have a priming task. After the priming task, all the three groups need to undertake the main task, participants were instructed to judge the morality of decisions made by anonymous decision makers as a third party observer. Experiment 1 was a behavioral study involving 90 healthy adults (44 males, mean age 20.58 ± 1.92 years). A 3 (Moral Role Perspective: Decision-maker, Victim, Control) × 3 (Decision-makers’ Benefit: High, Medium, Low) × 2 (Decision Outcome: Accept, Reject) mixed design was used. Experiment 2 is an Event-related potentials study, with 54 healthy adults (28 males, mean age 21.18 ± 2.21 years) participated. A 2 (Moral Role Perspective: Decision-maker, Victim) × 2 (Decision-makers’ Benefit: High, Low) × 2 (Decision Outcome: Accept, Reject) mixed design was used. Behavioral results indicated that different moral role perspective priming did influence moral judgments, with individuals in the victim perspective group making stricter judgments compared to those in the decision-maker and control perspectives groups. Furthermore, the decision-makers’ benefit received from the immoral decisions can moderated this effect, with higher benefits leading to greater differences in moral judgments between groups. ERP results revealed that in the victim perspective group smaller N1 amplitudes and significantly larger FRN amplitudes were induced compared to the decision-maker perspective group when observing other’s decisions. Additionally, FRN amplitudes exhibited consistent patterns with the behavioral results: individuals in the victim perspective group showed significantly larger FRN amplitudes for accepted decisions compared to rejected ones, whereas this difference was not significant for those primed with the decision-maker perspective. No differences were found in the late component P3 across different perspectives. In conclusion, prior moral role experiences does influence individuals’ moral evaluations as third-party judges and this influence are moderated by the decision-maker’s benefit receiving from harming others. This effect occur primarily during the early emotional arousal stage rather than the later cognitive stage during the processing of moral decisions. These findings provide valuable insights into the flexibility in moral judgments and how past experiences shapes our moral standards.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-07-03
Abstract： The effect of repetition on belief is a phenomenon that information repeatedly exposed makes people believe it is true. Although the existence of the effect of repetition on belief is examined in many studies, studies on the relationship between repetition frequency and belief change are relatively limited and have yielded inconsistent results. Furthermore, the underlying psychological mechanisms which repetition frequency affects belief change have rarely been the focus of empirical investigation. The limited researches explore the mechanisms in an isolated manner, without a systematic framework. This study explored the relationship between repetition frequency and belief change and systematically explored its underlying psychological mechanisms./t/nIn Experiment 1, 2 (types of unknown deceptive statement: familiar vs. unfamiliar) × 5 (repetition frequencies: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16) within-subjects design was used to explore the impact of repetition frequency and prior knowledge on belief change. In Experiment 2, 2 (repetitive statement syntax: active vs. passive) × 2 (repetition frequencies: 2 vs. 5) × 3 (test statement types: original statement, paraphrased statement, contradictory statement) within-subjects design was used to explore the impact of repetition frequency and the statement meaning consistency between presentation and test phases on belief change. In Experiment 3, 2 (repetitive statement syntax: active vs. passive) × 2 (repetition frequencies: 2 vs. 7) × 3 (test statement types: original statement, slightly modified statement, reconstructed statement) within-subjects design was used to explore the impact of repetition frequency and the statement perceptual consistency between presentation and test phases on belief change./t/nThe results of Experiment 1 showed a significant natural logarithm relationship between repetition frequency and belief change, with participants possessing prior knowledge gave higher truth ratings compared to those without prior knowledge. However, there was no significant interaction effect between prior knowledge and repetition frequency. The results of Experiment 2 showed that at a repetition frequency of 2, there were no significant differences in truth ratings among original statements, paraphrased statements and contradictory statements. However, at a repetition frequency of 5, participants gave higher truth ratings for both the original and paraphrased statements compared to contradictory statements, with no significant difference observed between the ratings of the original and paraphrased statements. This indicates that participants were able to distinguish the meaning of statements at higher repetition frequencies but were unable to do so at lower repetition frequencies. The results of Experiment 3 showed that at a repetition frequency of 2, participants gave higher truth ratings for both passive reconstructed statements and passive paraphrased statements, compared to contradictory statements, with no significant difference observed between passive reconstructed statements and passive paraphrased statements. At a repetition frequency of 7, there were no significant differences in truth ratings among passive reconstructed sentences, passive paraphrased sentences and passive original sentences. At repetition frequencies of 2 or 7, there were no significant differences in truth ratings among active reconstructed sentences, active paraphrased sentences and active original sentences./t/nIn conclusion, belief growth shows an initially rapid and subsequently decelerating trend with increase of repetition frequency. Participants rely on perceptual fluency for truth judgments at low repetition numbers and conceptual fluency for truth judgments at high repetition numbers. This study contributes to a better understanding of the effect of repetition on belief by exploring the underlying psychological mechanisms and provides practical insights for practices in various fields, including education, advertising, marketing, psychological therapy and policy propaganda.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-07-01
Abstract： Brand anthropomorphism marketing strategies are increasingly prevalent, yet their effectiveness remains contentious, suggesting underexplored boundary conditions. It is meaningful to focus on how commodity type moderates the impact of anthropomorphism on consumer willingness to buy, grounded in self-brand congruence theory which posits consumers prefer brands congruent with their self-concepts. Through two experiments, the research examines the effects of impression-based and interaction-based anthropomorphic cues on consumer willingness to buy, while exploring the mediating roles of individual and social identification. The findings reveal that brand anthropomorphism positively influences consumer willingness to buy utilitarian commodities but negatively affects them for hedonic one. These contrasting effects are mediated by respective increases in individual versus social identification. Moreover, commodity type moderates whether anthropomorphism enhances individual or social brand identification. Theoretically, this study enriches the understanding of boundary conditions surrounding anthropomorphism’s influence, with commodity type as a pivotal moderator. Pragmatically, the findings guide brands on judiciously leveraging anthropomorphic strategies across different commodity categories to optimize marketing effectiveness.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-06-30
Abstract： Face can be understood as the way people interact with each other and thus produce the problem of "how others see me". Face has always been the program of the Chinese spirit and has always guided people’s behaviour. Previous studies have found that face could be a double-edged sword: saving face can stimulate the need for achievement to get ahead, which makes individuals more selfish; it can also stimulate the need for belonging to integrate into the group, which makes them more altruistic. At the same time, as a complex social culture, face can be divided into two dimensions: the desire to gain face and the fear of losing face. The two types of face have different effects on the choice of selfish or altruistic behaviour. cooperation as an indispensable form of social interaction emphasises the reciprocity or win-win of "self" and "other", what is the relationship between it and the level or type of face consciousness? This study investigates the relationship between face consciousness and cooperative behaviour through four studies. Study 1, 1600 face consciousness questionnaires were distributed to subjects, and the top 27% and bottom 27% (N = 153) were selected to participate in the study to investigate the relationship between face consciousness and cooperation. Study 2, 770 face consciousness questionnaires were distributed to subjects, and the top 27% and bottom 27% (N = 143) were selected to participate in the study to investigate the moderating effect of face on the boundary condition of cooperation promotion, i.e. the presence of others. Study 3, 2308 face consciousness questionnaires were distributed to the subjects. A person-centred analysis was used to divide the subjects into a group with a high the desire to gain face (N = 189) and a group with a high the fear of losing face (N = 195). Finally, 140 suitable subjects were invited to participate in the study. Study 4, 239 subjects were invited to participate in the study through a task manipulation to evoke face-gaining and face-losing consciousness in order to investigate the influence of face consciousness type on cooperative behaviour and the moderating effect of the presence of others. The results show that the relationship between face consciousness and cooperative behaviour is influenced by the situational benefit framework. In the public goods dilemma, the promotion effect of high face consciousness on cooperation is more significant, but in the public resources dilemma, the promotion effect is not obvious; the level of face consciousness has an interaction with others. In the open situation, the cooperative behaviour of high face consciousness individuals in the public goods dilemma is significantly higher than that of low face consciousness individuals. In the anonymous condition, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Different types of face consciousness have different effects on cooperative behaviour in the public goods dilemma. Compared to the fear of losing face group, individuals in the desire to gain face group invested more in the public goods dilemma and showed higher levels of cooperation. The types of face consciousness interact with others. In public situations, the cooperative behaviour of individuals in the desire to gain face group is significantly higher than that of individuals in the fear of losing face group. In the anonymous condition, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Based on the cultural perspective, this study explores the influence of "face" on cooperation from the individual level. It not only focuses on the relationship between the level and type of face consciousness and cooperative behavior, but also examines the boundary conditions of face consciousness on the function of promoting cooperation. These studies reveal the functions of different types of face consciousness in cooperative interaction, and reveal how to effectively play the role of desire to gain consciousness in cooperation in future social situations.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-06-17
Abstract： Terror management theory suggests that the salience of mortality unconsciously produces severe anxiety and triggers a change in an individual’s attitude. Most of the research based on terror management theory has utilized experimental methods, and most of these studies have focused on the results of experimentally priming death thoughts, but have rarely considered the effects of death information in real-world settings. The present research explores the salience of mortality in real-world settings based on textual Big Data and large-scale social survey results. We first used a large word vector database to generate death-related words, and created a mortality salience index for each province based on newspaper word frequency, and found that the level of provincial mortality salience was associated with population density, environmental emergencies, suicide rate, and cultural tightness (Study 1). We then examined the effect of mortality salience on collectivism and cultural tightness using publication texts across time, and the vector autoregression results showed that mortality salience had a strong effect on cultural tightness (Study 2). Finally, we examine the effect of provincial death salience on individual and family financial decisions, and multilevel linear modeling results indicate that mortality salience increases family savings rates and reduces individuals’ willingness to intergenerational cooperation (Study 3). These results contribute to the understanding of the impact of death in contemporary societies, provide new evidence for terror management theory, and offer new perspectives for understanding the evolution of cultural and social attitudes.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-06-11
Abstract： Under the influence of the mass media, many individuals have embraced the “thin-ideal” social norm, wherein people accept and adhere to the behavioral norm that perceives thinness as the ideal body type. This trend has resulted in many young adults compromising their positive body image and adopting unhealthy weight loss practices, such as reducing their caloric intake. Based on the self-discrepancy theory, this paper proposes that the thin-ideal social norm will strengthen the thin-ideal self-concept, which will amplify any existing discrepancy between the ideal self and the actual self, ultimately diminishing the individual’s positive body image. In that light, the present research explored the effects of social norm interventions on improving young adults’ positive body image and increasing their caloric intake. The findings suggest that interventions that address misconceptions, particularly when combined with role models, yield more favorable outcomes than interventions that focus solely on correcting misunderstandings within the social norm framework do.
The present research comprised one questionnaire study and three intervention studies, involving 612 participants. Study 1 examined the mediating role of body mass index (BMI) self-discrepancy in the relationship between the thin-ideal social norm and a positive body image. Two hundred eleven participants (113 females, aged 22.31 ± 2.10 years) completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of the social norms, their BMI self-discrepancy, and their positive body image. Studies 2–4 were dedicated to practical interventions. In Study 2, 117 participants (79 females, aged 22.56 ± 2.28 years) received either interventions that addressed misinformation about social norms, or no information. The participants reported their positive body image at the beginning and end of the study, along with their caloric intake over 4 days. Study 3 involved 155 participants (111 females, aged 22.06 ± 2.13 years) who were randomly assigned to one of three interventions: correcting misunderstandings alone, combining that intervention with role models, or no intervention. As was the case with Study 2, the participants reported their positive body image and caloric intake over 4 days. In Study 4, 147 participants (89 females, aged 22.57 ± 2.10 years) were randomly assigned to one of three interventions that were similar to those in Study 3 but spanned 10 days. Those participants reported their body image at two time points and their caloric intake at five time points.
Study 1 revealed that self-discrepancy partially mediated the relationship between the social norms of the thin ideal and body image. Specifically, both the thin-ideal de This research contributes valuable insights into thin-ideal social norms. It suggests a more effective intervention strategy that provides practical recommendations which are applicable to individuals, role models, and commercial organizations.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-06-06
Abstract： People often use the phrase different paths, no conspiracy to describe the difficulty of reaching a consensus after an interpersonal value conflict occurs. Due to the conflict, people will not only experience a series of negative subjective feelings, but also develop prejudice and hostility toward their opponents. Together, these feelings make it very difficult to resolve interpersonal conflicts based on value differences. Values are represented and constructed in such a way that people are prone to two cognitive biases in the face of interpersonal value conflicts: self-threat and the illusion of personal objectivity. Currently, researchers have focused on two interpersonal values conflict mediation strategies: self-affirmation and other-affirmation. Future research needs to enrich the relevant theoretical explanations, focus on the influencing factors and their effects in interpersonal value conflicts, and expand their mediation strategies and related application practices.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-06-06
Abstract： In the 21st century, human society is highly prosperous, but it is still facing a happiness crisis. Since the birth of scientific psychology, psychologists have been committed to understanding and improving human happiness and well-being. With the rapid development of human society and the continuous advancement of science and technology, scientific research on happiness and well-being in scientific psychology has become more comprehensive and diverse, and has gradually transformed from an abstract concept to an interdisciplinary research field that is quantifiable, operational and improvable. Based on the theoretical framework, research paradigm and research conclusions of scientific psychology, this article sorts out and comments on how factors at the individual, interpersonal and social levels affect human happiness and well-being, and explores the great potential and future prospects of scientific psychology in improving human happiness and well-being.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Management Science >> Management Theory submitted time 2024-06-04
Abstract： There is no society without interaction, and only when there is interaction can it be called a society. In the definition of society, overemphasizing identity and belonging, and placing the importance of identity and belonging above interaction, is a narrowing of society and is not in line with reality. There is not only mutual recognition and cooperation, but also contradictions and disputes, which is the normal state of society. Although there can be close relationships between different species of animals, this relationship is often not an equal relationship, and the content is usually incomplete, and only some aspects are similar to society. It is necessary to define the category of society strictly between the same species. As for whether a society can be passed on from generation to generation, this should only be the result of the development and evolution of the society, not whether the society is a necessary prerequisite of a society. A social group that has existed in history but has become extinct is also a form of society, and it cannot be assumed that it is not a society just because it has become extinct.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-06-03
Abstract： Interpersonal invisibility refers to the intentional or unintentional disregard of individuals in social interactions, resulting in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disengagement or reduced engagement. Essentially, it represents an implicit form of interpersonal devaluation and exclusion. Interpersonal invisibility is closely linked to social hierarchy, with individuals of lower social hierarchy being more susceptible to experiencing it. Theoretical frameworks such as sociocultural mechanisms, the status hypothesis, affordance-management theory, and intersectional invisibility theory serve as crucial perspectives for explaining this phenomenon. Future research should further refine the conceptualization and measurement of interpersonal invisibility, deepen theoretical investigations into its effects on individuals of lower social hierarchy, explore the interaction between the social hierarchy of both interactants, address and mitigate the negative consequences of interpersonal invisibility, and examine its unique effects within the context of Chinese culture.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-06-01
Abstract： Body dissatisfaction is common among adolescents, and the use of social networking sites is a risk factor. Conducting a systematic review of the manifestations, pathways, and moderators of how social networking site use affects adolescents’ body dissatisfaction is crucial for preventing and addressing this issue. The use of social networking sites can impact adolescents’ body dissatisfaction in several ways. This influence occurs through three main pathways: comparison and internalization of the ideal body, self-objectification and body surveillance, and appearance self-schema and appearance self-discrepancy. Furthermore, this effect is moderated by personality factors, including the Big Five personality traits, narcissism and perfectionism; self-cognitive factors, such as self-compassion and self-concept clarity; and media-cognitive factors, including social media literacy and appearance-related social media consciousness. Future research should focus on exploring the relationship between social networking site use and body dissatisfaction in China, expanding the scope to include various aspects such as research subjects, methods, and content, and further validating and simplifying the theoretical framework. This will help develop more effective online intervention programs to address adolescents’ body dissatisfaction.
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-05-26
Abstract： Orderly display, from our urban planning to the layout of goods in shops, is widely used in our nearby environment. Researches have shown that the need for order is one of the basic human needs and people prefer objects under orderly display. Our study enriched this line of work by exploring the association between display order and product attribution and providing evidence that disorder can be beneficial. Specifically, natural attribution (vs. artificial product) is associated with disorder (vs. order). Furthermore, for natural product (vs. artificial product), consumers prefer them in disorderly display (vs. orderly display). Based on the associative learning mechanism, 4 studies were conducted to examine how display order and product attribute match together and influences consumers’ product preference. Also, the mediating role of fluency perception and moderating role of valence cue were examined.
Study 1 (N = 34, 18 men) intended to explore the matching relationship between product attribution and display order with the method of Implicit Association Test. Participants were instructed to sort a series of stimuli into two categories(natural or artificial) as quickly as possible. Study 2 (N = 280, 105 men) aimed to test the match effect of product attribution and display order in explicit level using within-subjects design. After showing the interpretation of both constructs’ definition, participants were asked to match natural (vs. artificial) product to orderly or disorderly display. Study 3 (N = 200, 75 men) used between-subjects design to further investigate the effect of product attribution and display order on consumer preference, and the mediation role of processing fluency, with product content remain the same, i.e., mango. Participants were shown one picture and asked to indicate their preference and processing fluency. Study 4 (N = 240, 98 men) investigated the boundary effect of valence cue. The participants were asked to evaluate the valence of all categories of product attribution and display order as priming method. Then participants were shown two pictures of natural or artificial product in disorderly and orderly display. In the end, they indicate their liking and processing fluency of pictures.
The main results of this study are as follows: (1) natural attribution (vs. artificial product) is associated with disorder (vs. order) in both implicit and explicit level; (2) for natural (vs. artificial) product, consumers have higher preference for product in disorderly (vs. orderly) display; (3) product attribution and display order influences consumers’ product preferences through the mediation role of processing fluency; (4) valence cue moderate consumers’ preference for natural products in different display order.
This research identify and explore a previously unidentified lay theory, the natural (vs. artificial) = disorder (order) intuition. Moreover, based on dual-process of associative learning, we further explore the contradictory naïve theory of our proposal. And this research contributes to the literature of natural product and product display. It provides managers with guidelines on arrangement of display order for product with different attribution when organizing shelf display or designing advertisement.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-05-21
Abstract： Individual’s attitudes towards intimate partner violence (IPV) can significantly predict one’s IPV related behaviour, which will be reflected not only in the perpetrator or victim, but also in the willingness and response of third parties to intervene. By introducing attitudes into the field of IPV, we were able to convert the question of the causes of IPV into a question of the causes of IPV attitudes, breaking through the original research limitations. From the perspectives of social learning theory and feminist theory, IPV attitudes connect two explanatory paths: IPV-related social learning experiences/patriarchal ideology – IPV Attitudes - IPV. Future research could benefit from combining the unique perspectives - social learning theory’s emphasis on causal processes and feminist theory’s emphasis on causal roots - to incorporate both protective and risk factors, from the individual level to the group level, and to develop a multivariate interacting explanatory model of IPV attitudes.
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