Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-08-06
Abstract： A good ecological environment is a strong support for sustainable economic and social development. College students are the backbone of future social development. If they have a pro environmental and friendly attitude and can make environmentally friendly decisions, the entire society will vigorously move towards a sustainable development path. This study provides a theoretical supplement for sustainable dietary research. In addition, promoting personal environmental behavior in daily diet can to some extent solve environmental problems. Natural connection is the personal experience and emotional connection with nature. At present, many studies abroad have confirmed the promoting effect of natural connection on pro environmental behavior, but there is relatively little research on the relationship between natural connection and sustainable diets among domestic college students, and the impact mechanism is not yet clear. According to the theory of planned behavior, it can be inferred that individuals with higher levels of natural connection are more closely connected to nature, more likely to feel prosocial tendencies, and thus make sustainable dietss to alleviate environmental pressure. Therefore, this study suggests that natural connections can promote sustainable diets among college students through the mediating effect of prosocial tendencies. Based on this, this study explores the impact and mechanism of natural connection on sustainable diets among college students through three sub studies. According to the principle of questionnaire development, Study 1 focuses on college students and develops a questionnaire on sustainable diets among college students as a measurement tool for Study 2. Study 2 used self-report questionnaire method to conduct a questionnaire study on 324 college students, investigating the current status of natural connection, prosocial tendencies, and sustainable dietss among college students, exploring the differences in demographic variables among the three, and the relationships among the three. Study Three used experimental methods to investigate the impact of natural connection on sustainable eating behavior and the role of prosocial tendencies in it, using vegetarian behavior, reduce food waste behavior and green tableware behavior as indicators of sustainable eating behavior among 162 college students at the behavioral level. The following conclusions can be drawn from the above three empirical studies: (1) The self-designed College Student sustainable diets Scale has a total of 24 items, which have good validity and reliability and can be used as a measurement tool for sustainable diets among college students in the future. (2) There are significant differences in some demographic variables among college students in terms of natural connection, prosocial tendencies, and sustainable diets. (3) There is a significant positive correlation between natural connections and prosocial tendencies among college students; The sustainable diets of college students is significantly positively correlated with natural connection and prosocial tendencies. (4) After controlling for irrelevant variables, the impact of natural linkage on sustainable diets among college students is mediated by prosocial tendencies.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-08-05
Abstract： Inspiration is a common psychological state that drives individuals to pursue their goals and overcome challenges. The pursuit of the well-being of others or society, as well as the pursuit of personal aspirations, can evoke inspiration in consumers. Inspired consumers embody intrinsic values such as virtue, authenticity, and benevolence, which may influence their subsequent behavior. While it is obvious that moral inspiration leads individuals to behave more morally or less immorally, it remains uncertain whether consumers inspired by goal pursuit exhibit less immoral behavior. Extant literature on inspiration primarily focus on its individual impacts,such as increasing personal happiness and self-efficacy, generating creative ideas and promoting goal pursuit. Limited research explores the social effect of inspiration. However, previous studies discuss the influence of inspiration in the same domain, that is, the stimuli that trigger inspiration and the objects of action after inspiration belong to the same domain, lacking research on the cross-domain effects of inspiration. The present research invastigates whether inspiration in a goal-pursuit domain can affect behaviors in an unrelated domain—specifically immoral behavior. Previous studies have shown that inspiration can promote prosocial behavior, but there has been little discussion on its effect on immoral behavior. Morality literature suggests that moral behavior falls into two categories: prescriptive morality, which focuses on prosocial behaviors individuals should engage in (e.g., "one should tell the truth"), and proscriptive morality, which refers to unacceptable behaviors individuals have a responsibility to suppress (e.g., "one should not lie"). These two forms of morality are not mutually exclusive; there may be an intermediate zone of "keeping silent" between telling the truth and lying. Janoff-Bulman et al. (2009) noted that prescriptive and proscriptive morality constitute distinct categories with unique psychological mechanisms and driving factors. Therefore, it is necessary to explore whether inspiration can reduce immoral behavior. Based on the self-signaling theory, this research conducted four studies to explore the mediating and moderating mechanisms of the impact of inspiration on immoral behavior. Using various manipulations of independent variables and measurements of dependent variables, this research revealed robust results. Firstly, we found that morally irrelevant inspiration can reduce consumers’ tendencies towards and actual engagement in immoral behavior. Secondly, the self-diagnosticity mediates the effect of inspiration on consumers’ immoral behavior, meaning that inspiration drives individuals to introspect on their self-concept and increases the likelihood of perceiving who they are through their behaviors, thereby reducing immoral behavior. Third, the effect of inspiration on immoral behavior is moderated by moral intensity. Specifically, for behaviors of low moral intensity, inspiration has no significant effect on their immoral behavior, whereas for those of high moral intensity, inspiration reduces their immoral behavior. This research examines the impact and underlying mechanism of goal pursuit-evoked inspiration on consumers’ immoral behavior, identifying the cross-domain effect of inspiration. In addition, this research also extends the existing literature from prescriptive to prohibitive morality and uncovers a novel mechanism of self-diagnosticity. This research also provides theoretical guidance for policy makers to reduce immoral behavior.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-08-01
Abstract： The Chinese traditional culture has always adhered to the principle that “the virtue wants to be known by others is not true virtue”. With the rapid advancement of digital technology, online fundraising platforms have provided donors with increasingly sophisticated functions for hiding their information. While numerous studies have investigated the factors influencing individual charity participation behavior, surprisingly, very few studies have examined the relationship between donor information hiding and charity participation behavior in online fundraising platforms. The current study expands the existing literature by examining the positive effect of donor information hiding on charity participation behavior, as well as the underlying mechanisms and boundary conditions. We conducted one secondary data analysis and three experiments in order to test our hypotheses. Study 1 validated the positive effect of donor information hiding on donation behavior, using real fundraising data from the Weibo Gongyi platform. To ensure the robustness and applicability of our research findings, the experiment of Study 2 was conducted online to examine the positive effect of donor information hiding on sharing behavior. The experiment of Study 3 was also conducted online to verify the dual mediating effects of privacy risk and social image damage on the relationship between donor information hiding and charity participation behavior. Lastly, Study 4 utilized a laboratory experiment to investigate how self-construal (independent vs. interdependent) modulates the relationship between donor information hiding and charity participation behavior. The key findings of this study may be summarized as follows: (1) donor information hiding significantly enhances donors’ charitable participation behavior, including donation and sharing behaviors. (2) Privacy risk and social image damage play a significant dual mediating effect on the relationship between donor information hiding and charity participation behavior. Specifically, when donor information is hidden (vs. not hidden), donors’ perception of privacy risk and social image damage decreases, ultimately resulting in an increase in charitable participation behaviors. (3) Self-construal (independent vs. interdependent) plays a significant moderating role on the relationship between donor information hiding and charity participation behavior. The positive effect of donor information hiding on charity participation behavior is only significant for donors with interdependent self-construal. (4) The positive effect of donor information hiding on charity participation behavior mainly exists in long-term charity projects, and its impact on sharing behavior is more significant than that on donation behavior. The findings of this study can contribute to uncovering the psychological mechanisms underlying the widespread phenomenon of “donors not wanting their virtue to be known by others” in online fundraising platforms, further enriching and expanding the theoretical and empirical research of information hiding in the area of online charitable decision-making. Additionally, the outcomes of our research will also provide valuable decision-making guidance for the construction and optimization of online fundraising platforms, and jointly drive the high-quality development of social welfare endeavors.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-08-01
Abstract： As a product of the ’Promotion of Digital Commerce to Revitalize Agriculture’ initiative, agricultural live streaming deeply integrates rural revitalization and internet poverty alleviation, actively responding to the policy advocacy for advancing the integration of digital technology and rural industries. There is an urgent demand for ’new agricultural skills’ that understand agriculture, cherish rural areas, and master short video and live streaming technologies in rural revitalization.Current research focuses on exploring how influencer characteristics, particularly perceived populism, authority, warmth, and competence of official influencer, influence agricultural assistance purchases. This study focuses on the benevolent cause of agricultural live streaming, attempting to combine cause-related marketing with live streaming marketing, and explores how the fit between influencer and agricultural products influences agricultural assistance purchases. This study is divided into four progressive studies, with the basic assumption that influencer-product fit influences consumers’ agricultural assistance purchases. It explores the mediating mechanisms from three perspectives: perceived credibility and altruistic motivation of influencer, perceived authenticity of live streaming, and consumers’ warm glow motivation. It also investigates boundary conditions from two perspectives: the relationship between consumer and influencer, the product involvement of consumer. To achieve the research objectives, seven sub-studies explored the impact of influencer-product fit on agricultural assistance purchases, psychological mechanisms, and boundary conditions. The results indicate: First, in agricultural live streaming, the fit between influencer and agricultural products influences consumers’ willingness to purchase agricultural products. Second, perceived influencer credibility and perceived influencer altruistic motives mediate the effect of influencer-product fit on agricultural assistance purchases. Third, norms of the relationship between consumers and influencer, as well as consumer involvement with the product, can moderate this effect. Specifically, compared to the exchange relationship between consumers and influencer, when consumers have a shared relationship with influencer, the perceived credibility of the influencer significantly influences purchase intention. When consumers have low product involvement, the impact of influencer-product fit on purchase intention is significant. However, when consumers have high product involvement, the influencer-product fit does not significantly influence purchase intention. Fourth, perceived authenticity of agricultural live streaming and consumers’ warm glow motivation can serve as alternative explanatory mechanisms for how influencer-product fit influences agricultural assistance purchases The research findings contribute to providing more targeted and effective recommendations for current agricultural live streaming practices. Future studies could integrate content related to emotional marketing to explore consumer stickiness issues in agricultural live streaming.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-07-30
Abstract： Child-loss is often considered as one of the most painful bereavement, which is associated with a higher prevalence of prolonged grief disorder (PGD). Chinese bereaved parents over the age of 49 who have lost their only child are referred as shidu parents. They face not only significant loss but also societal pressures and are vulnerable to PGD. Grief rumination appears to play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of PGD. The current study employed a mixed method with explanatory sequential design to explore the impact of grief rumination on grief severity among shidu parents. In Study 1, a cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among 310 shidu parents to evaluate the relative importance of rumination on grief. Relative weight analysis indicated that rumination had a greater impact on grief than the three key factors proposed in Cognitive Attachment Model of prolonged grief (integration of autobiographical memory, grief beliefs, and avoidance). In Study 2, a follow-up survey with an interval of about 5 months was conducted among 265 parents who lost their only child in the past 5 years. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses suggested that rumination about meaning and rumination about injustice were significantly positively correlated with current grief levels (Beta = 0.47 and 0.36, p < 0.001). After controlling for covariates and baseline grief levels, only meaning rumination significantly predicting grief severity five months later (Beta = 0.29, p = 0.002). Rumination about social relationships, rumination about personal reactions and counterfactual thinking were not significantly related to grief symptoms. Study 3 employed a qualitative method to conduct in-depth interviews with 11 shidu parents. Results of reflexive thematic analysis revealed that each dimension of rumination had both maladaptive and adaptive influence. Cultural factors, particularly Confucian and collectivist culture such as “having a child to continue the family bloodline”, “raising children for old age support”, and “life and death are determined by fate”, played important roles in the impact of rumination on grief. Meaning rumination produced primarily negative outcomes, whereas the effects of counterfactual rumination were complex. Shidu parents who reported injustice rumination eventually attributed the child-loss to fate, thereby alleviating their grief reactions, which might explain why injustice rumination did not have a long-term negative impact on grief. The findings partly validate and extend the Cognitive Attachment Model hypothesis that rumination can exacerbate emotional distress and hinder the integration of the death event into autobiographical memory through avoidance behavior. Additionally, rumination may trigger or maintain negative repetitive thinking or negative self-evaluations, further affecting grief reactions. These results highlight that rumination is a significant factor influencing the grief of shidu parents, suggesting that meaning reconstruction therapy could be beneficial in helping shidu parents alleviate grief.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-07-24
Abstract： With the deep integration of emerging technologies such as big data and cloud computing into the market economy, ride-hailing services have experienced rapid growth. However, due to the current state of "peak mealtime," drivers were compelled to engage in the common practice of driving while hungry, driven by the allure of high earnings during peak hours and platform algorithms. Although the negative impact of hunger has been extensively studied, there is limited research exploring the specific effects of hunger on workers’ behavior in the workplace. To address this research gap, this study drew on previous research on hunger and the ego depletion theory and hypothesized that hunger positively predicts work deviant behavior, including erroneous driving behavior and dangerous driving behavior. Additionally, we examined the moderating effects of sleep deprivation and driver’s work identity on the negative consequences of hunger./t/nWe conducted two studies to test our hypotheses. In Study 1, we collected data from ride-hailing drivers from multiple platforms in southern China using experience sampling methodology. At Time 1, the drivers were asked to report their demographic information. At Time 2, the drivers completed a report before lunch daily for 10 consecutive workdays. In the daily questionnaire, drivers are required to report their sleep deprivation from the previous night, as well as the conditions during their last order in the morning, including hunger, self-control resource depletion, and work deviant behavior. In Study 2, a quasi-experimental research was conducted to test the causal effect between hunger and self-control resource depletion, as well as the moderating effect of sleep deprivation. We recruited 70 participants through the author’s personal relationships. We used the opportunity of participants needing to attend morning classes to manipulate their sleep deprivation and hunger and measured self-control resource depletion through Stroop tasks./t/nConfirmatory factor analysis, regression analysis, bootstrapping, and Fisher’s method were used for data analysis. The results showed that hunger was positively associated with work deviant behavior. Hunger exacerbated drivers’ self-control resource depletion and increased work deviant behavior. Sleep deprivation and driver’s work identity also moderated the positive effects between hunger and self-control resource depletion. This relationship was stronger for sleep deprivation and drivers’ work identity as a worker. Furthermore, hunger had a conditional, positive indirect effect on work deviant behavior through self-control resource depletion, such that the indirect effects were stronger for sleep deprivation and drivers’ work identity as a worker./t/nThis paper extends the theory and research in three aspects. First, we complement and extend the research on the aftereffects of hunger by validating the positive impact of hunger on work deviant behavior, and clarifying the specific impact mechanism. Second, we enrich the physiological antecedents of work deviation behavior. The existing literature generally explores the antecedents of work deviant behavior from a psychological perspective, such as work stress and negative emotions. Third, we enrich the empirical research on the conditional effect of self-control resource depletion by providing evidence that sleep deprivation and drivers’ work identity are significant factors influencing the process of self-control resource depletion.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Biological Evolution Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-07-19
Abstract： The assumption of biological nature is a foundational and central issue in evolutionary biology. Darwin’s theory of natural selection was initially framed around individual selection, premised on inherent self-interest in organisms. However, it failed to explain the "altruistic behavior" observed in species like bees and ants, giving rise to the critical "altruism dilemma," also known as the "Darwinian dilemma." To tackle this issue, scholars introduced several theories of selection such as group, kinship, gene, and multilevel selection. Beyond individual selection, these theories acknowledge an "altruistic nature" within organisms, collectively referred to as "the existence theory of altruistic nature." Applying this theory to explain the behavior of organisms, including humans, still results in numerous contradictions and continuous debates. Only by rejecting the "existence theory of altruistic nature" and embracing the "non-existence theory of altruistic nature," also known as "selfish nature theory" or "monistic nature theory," can we resolve these complexities. The "existence theory of altruistic nature" is subdivided into three branches: "In-Group Altruism by Nature," "In-Group Diverse Nature Theory," and "Dual Nature Theory." Due to constraints in length, this analysis is conducted over three papers. This paper thoroughly demonstrates the fallacies of the "In-Group Diverse Nature Theory" from various angles, including contradictions with principles of natural science, lack of empirical research premises, and the inability of hypothetAnalyzing "In-Group Altruism by Nature"ical data to represent the actual population.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Biological Evolution Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-07-19
Abstract： The assumption of biological nature is a cornerstone and central issue in evolutionary biology. Darwin’s theory of natural selection originally promoted individual selection, based on the premise of inherent self-interest in organisms. This theory struggled to explain the "altruistic behavior" observed in bees and ants, leading to the critical "altruism dilemma," also known as the "Darwinian dilemma." To resolve this, scholars introduced various theories of selection, including group, kinship, gene, and multilevel selection. Apart from individual selection, these theories acknowledge the existence of an "altruistic nature" in organisms, collectively termed "the existence theory of altruistic nature." However, using this theory to explain the behavior of organisms, including humans, still leads to many contradictions and ongoing debates. Only by completely rejecting the "existence theory of altruistic nature" and adhering to the "non-existence theory of altruistic nature," also known as "selfish nature theory" or "monistic nature theory," can these issues be resolved. This paper divides the "existence theory of altruistic nature" into three branches: "In-Group Altruism by Nature," "In-Group Diverse Nature Theory," and "Dual Nature Theory." Due to space limitations, this analysis is divided into three papers. Based on principles of evolutionary biology, the need for motion theory, principles of natural science, and biological behavior, this paper thoroughly demonstrates that "In-Group Altruism by Nature" is untenable.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-07-15
Abstract： Inward bias is an aesthetic experience widely present in various spatial composition scenarios. It refers to we prefer object that face inward in framed images. The theoretical hypotheses related to it include “affordance space account” and “looking into the future account”, which are controversial due to different emphases. Previous research has found that factors such as the significance of the object, implied direction of motion, and gaze direction can influence inward bias. However, these studies have overlooked the influence of object part directions on inward bias. Therefore, this study explored the influence of object isotropy and anisotropy on inward bias by comparing the differences in inward bias under conditions where the directions of object different parts are consistent or varied. This study employed an object placement paradigm and compared the differences in inward bias intensity under conditions where the directions of different parts of three types of objects (figurative vs. abstracted vs. abstract) were consistent or varied. In Experiment 1, the independent variables were the directions of body, head, and gaze of the figurative objects. In Experiment 2, the figurative objects were initially abstracted, and the independent variables were the directions of body, head and gaze of the abstracted objects. The spatial frame background consisted of blue wall, white tile, and brown floor in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, abstraction’s level was further increased, with the figurative objects abstracted into meaningless abstract objects composed of big, middle and small rings. The independent variables were the directions of big , middle, and small rings. The spatial frame background was solid gray in Experiment 3. All experiments used 3×3×3 within-subjects design, with all independent variables had three directional levels(left vs. direct vs. right). The dependent variable being the ratio of the distance participants moved the object from the frame’s center to the maximum allowed displacement distance within the frame. The results revealed that the directions of different parts of all three types of objects could induce inward bias. For figurative objects, isotropy could enhance inward bias and anisotropy could weaken inward bias. When the directions of the body and head, body and gaze, or head and gaze were consistent, the degree of deviation from the center was greater. But when they were inconsistent, the degree of deviation from the center was smaller, and the inward bias was referenced by the direction of the body or head. For abstracted objects, except for the consistency of the abstracted body and head directions, which could not enhance inward bias, the effects of isotropy and anisotropy were generally consistent with those for figurative objects. For abstract objects, isotropy could not enhance inward bias. Anisotropy could weaken inward bias. When the directions of the big, middle and small rings were inconsistent, the degree of deviation from the center was smaller, and the inward bias was referenced by the direction of the part that constituted a larger proportion of the whole. The research findings support “affordance space account”. Inward bias reflects the affordance space that individuals interpret based on the direction of parts of an object. The size and extension of this affordance space depend on the characteristics of the parts and their significance relative to the whole. The complexity of the parts’ directions causes the affordance space to either overlap or disperse, thereby strengthening or weakening the overall inward bias towards the object.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-07-15
Abstract： We live in a community where we must sometimes lend a helping hand to others and seek help ourselves when facing difficulties. However, most research in this area has focused on individual helpers, and there is relatively little discussion of situations where multiple helpers are involved. While we often form positive impressions of those who help us, it remains unclear whether we evaluate each helper equally when facing multiple helpers. This study proposed a new factor, the "help order", suggesting that the earlier a helper provides assistance, the more positive the help-seeker’ s evaluation and response toward the helper. This order effect is referred to as the "help-seeker’s preference for the first helper". To explore this effect and its mechanism, three studies were conducted. In Study 1, two sub-studies were conducted (Study 1a consisted 273 participants, and Study 1b consisted 160 participants.), which evaluated the emotional response, perceived warmth, and perceived competence of helpers using a work-help scenario. In Study 2(consisting of 58 participants), a within-subject design was used to evaluate the stability and universality of the results in a life-help scenario. The help-seeker’ s behavioral indicators, namely their willingness to seek help again and reciprocate, were used as dependent variables. Study 3(consisting of 199 participants) aimed to explore the mediating role of perceived empathy, perceived distress, and perceived sincerity between the help order and evaluations of the helper. The results showed that: (1) Help-seekers had higher emotional and overall impression evaluations for helpers who provided help earlier. (2) Help-seekers perceived helpers who provided help earlier as warmer and more capable, even when the help provided was the same. The results indicated that the requester was more willing to seek help again and reciprocate with helpers who provided help earlier. (3) The earlier a helper provided assistance, the more the help-seeker perceived him/her as having greater empathy, fewer distress and more sincerity, leading to better impressions and a greater willingness to seek help from them in the future. Moreover, "perceived empathy-perceived sincerity, perceived distress-perceived sincerity " played a parallel chain-mediated role in the relationship between the help order and the help-seeker’ s evaluation of the helper. In conclusion, this study confirmed the help-seeker’s preference for the first helper, demonstrating that earlier help leads to better impressions, and a greater willingness to seek help again and reciprocate. Perceived empathy, perceived distress, and perceived sincerity played an essential role in mediating the relationship between the help order, help-seeker’ s evaluation of the helper, and willingness to seek help again.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-07-12
Abstract： The fluency theory of aesthetic pleasure held that the ease with which stimuli were processed could induce positive emotions, and thus promoting positive evaluation. However, in the past 20 years of conceptual development and empirical research, the model has faced both theoretical and empirical challenges. By incorporating insights from predictive processing frameworks (PPF) and the epistemic motivation model (EMM), it is expected to revise and update the original hedonic fluency theory into a multi-model integrated fluency interpretation framework for aesthetic judgment. It highlights the role of four factors in shaping aesthetic judgment: expectation of stimuli, expectation of fluency itself, directional goals associated with specific beliefs, as well as non-directional goals associated with fluency and certainty. Four factors together determine how fluency is involved in aesthetic judgement and what specific effect it will have. The framework not only provides theoretical support to better explain the paradoxical and complex fluency effects in the process of aesthetic judgment, but also points out the direction for future empirical research in this field.
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-07-09
Abstract： Psychological and brain science explore human behavior and the human brain by studying volunteers who participate in these studies. Given that the mind and behavior of participants are influenced by their own biological and social factors, the generalizability of findings in these fields largely depends on the representativeness of samples. However, the representativeness of samples in psychological and brain science has long been criticized as “WEIRD” (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic). In recent years, several meta-researches have surveyed the representativeness of samples in published studies from different sub-fields, but an overall understanding of the representativeness of samples in psychological and brain science is lacking. In this review, we analyze these meta-researches to provide a comprehensive perspective on the current state of sample representativeness. Two common issues emerged across these meta-researches.
Firstly, the demographics of participants were incomplete in most of the published studies. Most psychological and brain science studies reported participants’ gender, age, and country, but participants’ race/ethnicity, education level, and socioeconomic status were far less reported. Other important demographics, such as rural/urban division, were not reported at all. Additionally, the reporting of these demographics has increased only slightly in recent years compared to decades ago. Thus, the under-reporting of demographic information in literature was largely unchanged.
Secondly, based on the reported demographics, we found that samples in the field are far from being representative of the world population: most participants are young, highly educated Caucasian females in Western countries; middle-aged and older, less educated, colored people in and outside Western countries are less likely to be studied. In terms of countries, Southeast Asian, African, Latin American, and Middle Eastern countries appear fewer in psychological and brain science research.
These two issues may be due to the following reasons: convenience sampling dominates psychological and brain science; Western researchers dominate the field of psychology and brain science, with most of the editors-in-chief, editorial board members, and authors coming from Europe and America; psychology and brain science undervalued the effect of socioeconomic and cultural factors; and researchers mistakenly believe that findings from Western participants can be generalized to all human beings. Addressing the issue of sample representativeness in psychological and brain sciences requires a concerted effort by researchers, academic societies, journals, and funding agencies: Researchers should collect and report detailed demographic information about participants, state the limitations of generalizability, and use sampling methods that can increase representativeness whenever possible (e.g., probability sampling); academic societies should pay attention to the representativeness issues by organizing more academic symposium or workshops on this topic; journals should increase the representativeness of editorial board members and encourage more rigorous research with samples from underrepresented groups or studies that examine the generalizability of important findings; funding agencies can encourage researchers to pay more attention to study groups from underrepresented countries, and provide financial support for studying hard-to-research population. Improving sample representativeness will enhance the value of applying psychological and brain science knowledge in real-life settings and promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-07-06
Abstract： Native Mandarin Chinese listeners usually perceive lexical tones categorically - that is, the identification of one tone category shift sharply to another tone category. On the other side, aging has negative effects on human listeners’ speech perception. In general, aging results in difficulties with speech perception. Although the categorical perception of Mandarin tones has been studied extensively for younger native Chinese listeners, little is known on how aging affects the categorical perception of Mandarin tones. Besides, music and speech share many acoustic commonalities and cognitive mechanisms. Previous studies have found that music experience can improve categorical perception of Mandarin tones in children and adult musicians. However, it remains to be established whether music experience can delay the age-related decline of the categorical perception of Mandarin tones in the older and which aspect of musical plasticity contributes to this compensation./t/nThe present study used a 2 (age: old vs young) x 2 (music experience: musicians vs non-musicians) between-subjects design to investigate the effects of aging and music experience on categorical perception of Mandarin lexical tones continuum（from Tone 1 to Tone 2). Two experiments of Mandarin tone perception were conducted for younger and older listeners with Mandarin Chinese as the native language. The 109 participants were assigned to four groups, young musicians group (n = 27), young non-musicians group (n = 27), old musicians group (n = 28), old non-musicians group (n = 27). The first experiment was the typical categorical perception paradigm: tone identification and discrimination for a series of stimuli, the F0 contour of which systematically varied from Tone 1 to Tone 2. In the second experiment, the individual features of participants were tested, including digital span test, Montreal cognitive assessment and pure-tone audiometry./t/nThis study investigated if age and music experience can influence participants’ boundary position, slope, peakedness, within-category and between-category discrimination accuracy in category perception of Mandarin Tone 1 and Tone 2 through 2 (age: old vs young) x 2 (music experience: musicians vs non-musicians) repeated measures ANOVA. Path analysis was used to examine the direct and indirect effects of age and music experience on categorical perception of Mandarin tones. The results showed that (1) Compared with young listeners, older listeners generally had lower degree of categorical perception of Mandarin tones, but music experience would delay the age-related decline in categorical perception of Mandarin tones. (2) Aging and music training duration had significantly opposite effects on the categorical perception of Mandarin tones on working memory./t/nIn conclusion, these results supported that music experience would improve the ability of speech perception of older listeners, and further explored the internal mechanism on this basis. In addition, this study had a positive effect on revealing that music experience would delay the the age-related decline in speech perception.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-07-05
Abstract： The same location cost refers to the slower responses of the valid cues compared to the responses of the invalid cues when the features of the cues and the targets are inconsistent. One hypothesis explaining the same location cost is feature based suppression. It was found that the distractors with target features captured attention, while the irrelevant feature singletons led to the same location cost. This means that participants suppress feature singletons that do not match the target, causing delayed attentional allocation to this location. The other hypothesis is object updating. This suggests that the cues and the target with inconsistent features appearing in the same location are viewed as an object with changing features, the delayed response to the target reflects the time cost of updating information on the changing object. However, whether the same location cost can occur at the level of abstract conceptual meaning remains not to be studied. Here, we examined the conditions and factors for the occurrence of the same location cost contingent for meaning, in order to determine the mechanism of spatial attentional allocation./t/nA modified spatial cuing paradigm was employed in the current study. For each trial, the fixation display including central fixation and two peripheral boxes presented for 500ms, then the cue display presented for 100ms, after which the fixation display presented again for 100ms, and finally the target display presented for 500ms. In our researches, the semantic congruency between cues and targets, the semantic congruency between cues and non target items, and the locations of cues were manipulated. Cue effect which was the difference between the response of the target when it did not appear at the position of the cue and the response when it appeared at the position of the cue served as the indicator of the cue regulating the spatial attention./t/nExperiment 1 established the attentional inhibition setting for cues that were semantically consistent with non target features, and for the first time we discovered the same location cost contingent for meaning. Experiment 2 excluded the semantic contingency between cues and non target items on the basis of Experiment 1, and the same location cost disappeared, indicating that the same location cost required the attentional suppression based on non target features. Experiment 3 found that the attentional allocation was different when cues appeared at possible and impossible target positions, with only the same location cost occurring when cues appeared at possible target positions. Experiment 4 excluded the meaningful contingency between cues and non target items on the basis of Experiment 3, and the same location cost disappeared without being affected by the location of cues./t/nTo our knowledge, we have discovered for the first time the same location cost contingent for meaning and clarified its mechanism of occurrence. It is concluded that (1) the same location cost can occur at the level of abstract conceptual meaning, contingent on the current attentional control setting which is strong enough, (2) when participants hold a strong attentional control setting that suppresses a certain feature or concept, objects that are consistent with that feature or concept will be suppressed, (3) the same location cost contingent for meaning comes from suppressing non target features, but is limited to possible target locations and exhibits location-based specificity.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-07-05
Abstract： Individuals with high autistic traits exhibit characteristics like those with autism, including impairments in sociability and communication skills. The question of whether high autistic traits individuals exhibit less cooperation remains debated. This study employed the Prisone’s Dilemma game (PDG) to objectively measure the cooperation of individuals with high autistic traits using the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyper-scanning technique. Cognitive and emotional empathy were also measured through laboratory experiments. A total of 112 participants were screened using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient and divided into two paired groups: low-low autistic traits pairs (n = 29) and high-low autistic traits pairs (n = 27). This study revealed several key findings. First, individuals with high autistic traits had a lower unilateral cooperation rate compared to those with low autistic traits. Second, the high-low autistic traits pair group exhibited a lower mutual cooperation rate and reduced inter-brain synchronization (IBS) in the right inferior parietal lobule (r-IPL) and the right temporoparietal junction (r-TPJ) compared to the low-low autistic traits pair group. Third, individuals with high autistic traits had significantly lower cognitive empathy scores than those with low autistic traits. These cognitive empathy scores showed a marginally significant positive correlation with the unilateral cooperation rate and a marginally significant negative correlation with the activation of the right inferior frontal gyrus (r-IFG). While emotional empathy scores did not differ significantly, in individuals with high autistic traits, there was a significant positive correlation between emotional empathy scores and activation of the r-IFG. This study reveals abnormalities in the cooperation of individuals with high autistic traits. It also emphasizes the significant link between empathy and cooperation. This finding suggests that individuals with high autism traits can be regarded as a “simulated population” of autism. This approach allows for further validation and development of autism models by controlling for comorbidities, utilizing larger samples, and employing more complex task situations.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-07-02
Abstract： Experiential avoidance refers to the phenomenon that occurs when a person is unwilling to maintain contact with specific personal experiences and takes measures to change the form or frequency of these events as well as the background that triggers them. As one of the core concepts of psychological pathology models, experiential avoidance is considered a harmful coping strategy. Athletes with high-level experiential avoidance cannot focus on their own goals, training, and competitions, which affects their performance. In the sports training environment, the identity leadership of coaches can effectively promote the formation of positive psychological resources and prevent and reduce the generation of negative factors for athletes. However, there are currently few studies exploring the impact of coach identity leadership on athletes’ experiential avoidance.This study explores the impact of coach identity leadership on athletes’ experiential avoidance and its internal mechanism (athletes’ perceptions of the coach-related critical attitudes and subjective vitality). We employed a questionnaire survey to investigate the impact of coach identity leadership on athletes’ experiential avoidance, and the mediating roles of athletes’ perception of the coach-related critical attitudes and subjective vitality. We conducted random cluster sampling across four grades (from freshman to senior) of 8 universities with athletes (sporting level two and above) in provinces like Shandong, Fujian, Hunan, and Jilin. Specifically, we selected two sports teams from each grade of each university, and distributed the Identity Leadership Scale, Athletes’ Perception of the Coach-related Critical Attitude Scale, Subjective Vitality Scale, and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-Ⅱ to a total of 788 athletes. Afterward, we tested the mediating roles of athletes’ perception of the coach-related critical attitudes and subjective vitality between coach identity leadership and athletes’ experiential avoidance separately. The results showed that (1) There is a significant positive correlation between coach identity prototypicality and subjective vitality, and a significant negative correlation with experiential avoidance, but no correlation with athletes’ perception of the coach-related critical attitudes. Coach identity advancement, identity entrepreneurship, and identity impresarioship all have significant negative correlations with athletes’ perception of the coach-related critical attitudes and experiential avoidance, and significant positive correlations with subjective vitality. Athletes’ perception of the coach-related critical attitudes has a significant positive correlation with experiential avoidance, but no correlation with subjective vitality. Subjective vitality has a significant negative correlation with experiential avoidance. (2) Coach identity leadership (identity prototypicality, identity advancement, identity entrepreneurship, identity impresarioship) has a significant negative impact on experiential avoidance. (3) Athletes’ perception of the coach-related critical attitudes plays a significant mediating role between coach identity leadership ( identity advancement, identity entrepreneurship, identity impresarioship) and athletes’ experiential avoidance. (4) Subjective vitality has a significant mediating role in the relationship between coach identity leadership (identity prototypicality, identity advancement, identity entrepreneurship, identity impresarioship) and athletes’ experiential avoidance. In conclusion, the results showed that the specific dimensions of coach identity leadership could reduce athletes’ experiential avoidance; some dimensions of coach identity leadership, including identity advancement, identity entrepreneurship, and identity impresarioship, could reduce athletes’ experiential avoidance by decreasing athletes’ perception of the coach-related critical attitudes; and the specific dimensions of coach identity leadership could also reduce athletes’ experiential avoidance by enhancing their subjective vitality. Our findings reveal the internal mechanism of how coach identity leadership impacts athletes’ experiential avoidance, assisting coaches in sports training to understand the potential influence of identity leadership on athletes’ experiential avoidance, enabling them to apply relevant knowledge more effectively to address issues related to athletes’ experiential avoidance.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-06-15
Abstract： Good human-pet relationship can bring many benefits to human beings, but the internal mechanism of intimate and important human-pet relationship is still unclear. It may be that due to prolonged close contact, pet owners will treat their pets as part of the family, and may even integrate pets into their self-concept, showing a processing advantage in the processing of pet-related information./t/nBased on this, this research adopts three studies to systematically investigate the relationship between pet owners and pets. Specifically speaking, in study 1, the IOS scale, self-concept questionnaire and anthropomorphic scale were used to examine the relationship between the self-concept of pets and pet owners. In study 2, R/K paradigm was used to investigate the processing characteristics of pet-related information by pet owners in terms of memory processing, and to confirm the existence of the reference effect of pets. Study 3 further used ERP technology to investigate the pet reference processing bias of pet owners from an electrophysiological perspective./t/nThe results showed that: (1) Compared with non-pet owners, pet owners would integrate pets into their self-concept and form the pet self, in which anthropomorphism played an intermediary role. (2) Pet owners have a stronger memory processing advantage for pet-related information, the recognition rate of the pet reference is significantly higher than celebrity reference and semantic reference, and is similar to self-reference and mother reference. (3) The induced LPC amplitude of pet reference was significantly higher than celebrity reference, but similar to mother reference, and significantly lower than self-reference./t/nIn conclusion, the present research demonstrated that pet owners will regard their pets as part of themselves, forming the pet self, and showing the pet reference effect on memory, but the pet self is essentially a relational self, and there is still a certain distance from the core self. Current research on the self focuses on significant others, but doesn’t involve the field of pets. More importantly, it is necessary for us to consider the impact of pets on individuals. Pet owners often treat their pets as important family members, creating a close bond that can help individuals recognize their pets as an extension of themselves and contribute to the positive impact that pets can have on their physical and mental health.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-06-06
Abstract： The sensory dominance is a phenomenon in which the brain selectively processes specificsensory information when presented with multisensory inputs, thereby enhancing humanperception of external stimuli. Previous studies have discussed the sensory dominance atperceptual and response levels. However, how the intermediate processing level betweenperceptual and response levels affects the sensory dominance remains unknown. Therefore, thepresent study adopted the cross-modal 2-1 mapping paradigm and manipulated object categoriesthrough three studies to investigate the role of the intermediate processing level on sensorydominance in cross-modal conflict. In this paradigm, based on key mapping, cognitive processing levels can be defined intopreresponse level (included perceptual and semantic levels) and response level. The differencebetween the audiovisual incongruent condition and the audiovisual congruent condition was calledthe conflict effect, and the sensory dominance can be obtained by comparing the conflict effect ofattention to vision and auditory. Experiment 1 manipulated the degree of difference in objectcategories to explore its impact on sensory dominance. Experiments 1a~c involved animal objects(small differences), tool objects (moderate differences), and animal and musical instrument objects(large differences), 30 participants were recruited for each experiment. Because visual picturesreach perceptual representation earlier, while auditory sounds reach semantic representation earlier. Therefore, Experiment 2 (34 participants) changed visual pictures into visual words on the basis ofExperiment 1c to explore effects of visual presentation way of object categories on sensorydominance. In Experiment 3 (20 participants), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) wasused on the left anterior temporal lobe, an important brain region responsible for processing objectcategories to further causally study effects of object category on the sensory dominance of theresponse level. The results of Experiment 1 showed that, no matter what the difference of object categories, at the preresponse level, the conflict effect of attention to auditory was significantly greater thanthat of attention to vision, that is, visual dominance. However, at the response level, visualdominance appeared when the object category difference was small (Experiment 1a), no sensorydominance was observed when the object category difference was moderate (Experiment 1b), auditory dominance appeared when the object category difference was large (Experiment 1c). Itwas found that the results of Experiment 2 and Experiment 1c were consistent, that is, auditorydominance, indicating that this behavior pattern was not affected by the bottom-up visualpresentation way. The results of Experiment 3 showed that under cathodal tDCS condition, thepreresponse level still showed visual dominance, but the response level no longer showed sensorydominance. This result showed that effects of object categories on the sensory dominance of theresponse level from the causal level. The mechanism of sensory dominance is still under investigation. The present study was firstto find that object categories affected the sensory dominance of the response level. Fromtheperspective of cognitive processing level, intermediate processing level played a regulating role inthe sensory dominance of the response level, enriching the explanatory theory of sensorydominance and providing a new perspective for the study of sensory dominance in cross-modalconflict.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-06-04
Abstract： This study explores the relationship between the content of anxiety dreams and emotional states, analyzing the connection between dream content characteristics and individual emotional states. A purposive and snowball sampling method was used to recruit 120 participants aged 18 to 35. Data were collected through dream diaries and the DASS-21 scale, and dream variables were assessed using the Mannheim Dream Questionnaire. The results showed that the frequency of anxiety dreams was significantly related to the participants’ daily emotional states, and dream tone and emotional intensity were also closely related to emotional states. High-frequency anxiety dreams and negative dream content may reflect individual emotional problems and potentially exacerbate anxiety and depressive symptoms. This systematic exploration of the relationship between anxiety dream content and emotional states provides new perspectives and foundations for understanding and improving individual mental health.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Other Disciplines of Psychology submitted time 2024-06-03
Abstract： According to China’s Internet development statistics report, young Internet users account for 28.4% among the 1.092 billion Internet users. Meanwhile, adolescent cyberbullying has also emerged, who are victims of cyberbullying at risk for depression, anxiety, and non-suicidal self-injury,In order to find intervention methods, researchers urgently need to broaden and deepen the understanding of adolescent cyberbullying./t/nBased on the general attack model, this study used network analysis to explore the network structure and gender differences of 3240 adolescents’ cyberbullying. At the same time, this study also explored the gender differences in the network structure between cyberbullying and trait anger of 1753 middle school students./t/nThe research results show that the network of adolescent cyberbullying contains 15 nodes, 75 non-0 edges, and the average weight is 0.06. Among them, “I often abuse others when playing online games” is the core symptom of adolescent cyberbullying. Besides, there are also gender differences in adolescent cyberbullying. The specific values of boys’ and girls’ networks in terms of overall intensity are 48.62 and 29.24 respectively, and boys are more inclined to direct aggression, while girls’ core symptom are more likely to relational aggression and indirect aggression. However, in both boys’ and girls’ network structures, I often abuse others when playing online games ranked first in the expected influence index./t/nThere are also gender differences in the network structure of adolescents’ cyberbullying and trait anger. In the network structure of girls, the expected influence index of I exclude some people on forum posts or social networking sites is the highest, while in the network structure of boys, the expected impact index of I intentionally divulge private information of others online is the highest. In addition, we found that the items of temperamental anger were more segmented from the overall network, while the items of reactive anger were more closely connected with the overall network.These findings expand our understanding of adolescent cyberbullying and the influence of trait anger on it as well as they provide suggestions for intervention of adolescent cyberbullying.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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