Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Working memory training (WMT) induces neuroplasticity, but its specific mechanism remains unclear. In order to explore the spatio-temporal characteristics of brain function changes induced by WMT, the findings of 37 fMRI papers on WMT in normal population over the last 20 years were investigated with a step-by-step approach, including 5 methods and the following 6 steps, as well as with two assumptions based on the two theories— “Extended Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory” (ExtPFIT) and “neuro efficiency hypothesis”. Step 1, the changes of activation pattern and function connectivity in various brain regions before and after WMT among the 37 papers were compared using descriptive review, frequency analysis and Chi-square test. It was found that 5 association areas, 7 macro regions and 3 sub-regions of the brain were changed by WMT. Especially, the number of articles reporting decreased activation in 3 sub-regions—superior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule and cingulate gyrus was more than that reporting increased activation in them, and this difference was statistically significant. Step 2, 26 out of the 37 papers were used to conduct meta-analysis with activation likelihood estimation method, and it showed that 3 sub-regions with the statistically significant effects in their decreased activation were middle frontal gyrus (BA6 and 8), superior frontal gyrus (BA6) and anterior cingulate gyrus (BA24 and 32). Step 3, based on the comprehensive results of qualitative and quantitative research analyses, a spatio-temporal model of decreased distribution in brain regions of WMT was proposed, and there were 5 results and their discussions obtained with the said model. Step 4, 31 out of the 37 papers were analyzed using non-parametric tests to check the factors that possibly regulated the training effect of WMT, which showed that the respective effect of task type and time of the training on brain activation had statistically significant. Step 5, according to the above analyses, 3 conclusions were drawn regarding the spatio-temporal characteristics of the neuroplasticity induced by WMT in normal population, i.e. 1) WMT can either weaken or enhance the brain activities, and the weakening effect appears more prominent. In addition, updating and shorter time of WMT tend to induce more weakening effects; 2) Such changes occur mostly in the frontal-parietal association area, but also possibly in the temporal lobe, occipital lobe, cingulate gyrus, striatum and other association areas, which reflects the whole brain functional association within a certain range. It highlights the spatial characteristics of the neuroplasticity, which fits in easily with ExtPFIT; 3) The 4 sub-regions of the middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule and cingulate gyrus (anterior in particular) in decreased activation mainly reflect the spatial characteristics of the neuroplasticity which fits in easily with “neural efficiency hypothesis” and “smarter brains may be slightly lazier”. Step 6, it was proposed that further research of the neuroplasticity induced by WMT was to possibly focus on low brain activity on its plasticity, distinguish the temporal characteristics of the training effect reflected in 4 sub-regions of middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule and cingulate gyrus (anterior in particular), as well as to probe the comprehensive influencing factors that increase or decrease the brain activities.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Physiological Psychology submitted time 2021-09-10
Abstract： " Working memory training (WMT) has induced neuroplasticity, but its specific mechanism remains unclear. In order to explore the spatio-temporal characteristics of brain function changes induced by WMT in normal population, the findings of 37 fMRI studies on WMT in normal population over the last 20 years were summarized with a step-by-step approach and two assumptions based on two theories, Extended Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory(ExtPFIT) and neuro efficiency hypothesis. First, the changes in activation pattern and function connectivity of the various brain regions before and after WMT were compared using descriptive review, frequency analysis and Chi-square test. It showed that there were 5 networks, 7 macroscopic areas and 3 sub-regions in brain involved in WMT. Especially, the activation in 3 respective sub-regions of superior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule and cingulate gyrus was weakened more than their activation enhanced, and this difference was statistically significant. Then, 26 studies among them were used to conduct meta-analysis with activation likelihood estimation method, and it showed that 3 sub-regions with the statistically significant effect were middle frontal gyrus (BA6 and 8), superior frontal gyrus (BA6) and anterior cingulate gyrus (BA24 and 32). Next, based on the comprehensive results of qualitative and quantitative research analysis, a spatio-temporal model of decreased distribution in brain regions was proposed, and 5 results and their discussion were obtained with the said model. In addition, 33 studies among them were analyzed using non-parametric tests to check the factors that possibly regulated the training effect of WMT, which showed that the task type and time of WMT had statistically significant effects on brain activation. According to the above analysis, four conclusions were drawn regarding the neuroplasticity induced by WMT in normal population, i.e. 1) WMT could either weaken or enhance the brain activities, and the weakening effect appeared to be more prominent; 2) such changes occurred mostly in the frontal-parietal network, but also in the temporal network, occipital network, cingulate gyrus, striatum and other network, which reflected the whole-brain functional connectivity within a certain range. In addition, updating and shorter time of WMT tended to induce more weakening effects; 3) 3 sub-regions of the middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus highlighted the spatial characteristics, and the other three sub-regions of superior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule and cingulate gyrus mainly reflected the temporal characteristics of neuroplasticity induced by WMT; 4) ExtPFIT and neural efficiency hypothesis respectively supported the spatial-temporal characteristics of neuroplasticity induced by WMT. Finally, it was proposed that future further research of neuroplasticity induced by WMT need to distinguish the training effect reflected in 3 sub-regions of superior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule and cingulate gyrus, and to explore the comprehensive influencing factors that increase or decrease the acitivation of brains induced by WMT.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2018-12-20 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验旨在研究饲喂含有棕榈仁粕、油茶籽粕或茶籽粕的饲粮时，断奶夏杂公犊牛生长性能、消化代谢和血清生化指标的差异。选取46日龄健康、平均体重为（79.5±0.79） kg的断奶夏杂断奶公犊牛48头，随机分为4组，每组12头，分别饲喂4种全混合日粮，A、B、C、D组分别饲喂含豆粕、豆粕+棕榈仁粕、豆粕+油茶籽粕、豆粕+茶籽粕的4种等能等蛋白质全混合日粮，饲粮中棕榈仁粕、油茶籽粕、茶籽粕含量均为5%。试验期104 d，其中预试期14 d，正试期90 d。每日测定采食量，每30 d测量1次犊牛的体重；分别在犊牛90和150日龄时以全收粪尿法进行消化代谢试验，测定营养物质消化代谢率；每30 d颈静脉采血用于测定血清生化指标。结果表明：1）试验全期B组平均日增重和干物质采食量显著高于C、D组（P＜0.05），与A组差异不显著（P＞0.05）;D组料重比显著高于其他3组（P＜0.05）。2）犊牛150日龄时，A、B组的干物质表观消化率显著高于D组（P＜0.05）;A组的中性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著高于其他3组（P＜0.05）;A组酸性洗涤纤维显著高于B、D组（P＜0.05）；A、B、C组的消化能代谢率显著高于D组（P＜0.05）;B组的氮表观消化率、氮沉积率显著高于D组（P＜0.05），与A组无显著差异（P＞0.05）。3）61~150日龄，B组血清葡萄糖浓度显著高于A和C组（P＜0.05），A组血清甘油三酯浓度显著低于D组（P＜0.05），C组血清尿素氮浓度显著高于A、B、D组（P＜0.05）;90日龄时，B和C组血清总蛋白浓度显著高于A组（P＜0.05）;150日龄时，A组血清球蛋白浓度显著高于C组（P＜0.05）。综上所述，饲粮中添加5%棕榈仁粕后可以达到与完全豆粕饲养时一样的促进夏杂公犊牛生长的效果，而且此饲粮易消化利用，采食后相关血清生化指标均在正常范围内，并未影响犊牛健康；饲粮添加5%茶籽粕或油茶籽粕降低了犊牛的采食量、消化氮和氮表观消化率，影响了犊牛的生长发育。
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2017-10-23 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验旨在研究非纤维性碳水化合物/中性洗涤纤维（NFC/NDF）对断奶肉公犊牛生长性能、血清生化指标和营养物质消化代谢的影响。选取2~3月龄健康、平均体重为（94.38±0.25） kg的断奶肉公犊牛60头，随机分为4组，每组15头。分别饲喂粗蛋白质水平相近，NFC/NDF分别为1.35（A组）、1.23（B组）、0.94（C组）和0.80（D组）的4种全混合日粮。试验期105 d，其中预试期15 d，正试期90 d。每日测定采食量，每隔15 d测量犊牛的体重；于15、30、45、60、75和90 d颈静脉采血测定血清葡萄糖（GLU）、生长激素（GH）、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ（IGF-Ⅰ）、瘦素（LEP）、胰岛素（INS）、胰高血糖素（PG）和甘油三酯（TG）的浓度；分别在3 0和90 d时以全收粪尿法进行消化代谢试验。结果表明：1）高NFC/NDF饲粮提高了犊牛的平均日增重，A组显著高于其他3组（P＜0.05）；2）A组血清LEP浓度显著高于C组和D组（P＜0.05），D组血清IGF-Ⅰ浓度显著高于其他各组（P＜0.05）；3）90 d时，干物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率及总能消化率、总能代谢率和消化能代谢率随饲粮NFC/NDF的降低而降低，A组均显著高于D组（P＜0.05），D组甲烷能显著高于其他组（P＜0.05），A组尿能、尿氮和消化氮显著高于B组和C组（P＜0.05）。综上所述，NFC/NDF为1.35的饲粮可以满足3~6月龄肉犊牛对营养物质的需求，采食该饲粮不但可以使肉犊牛保持较高的平均日增重(1.14 kg/d)，而且此饲粮易消化利用，采食后相关血清生化指标均在正常范围内，并未影响犊牛健康。
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