Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-06-30
Abstract： Face can be understood as the way people interact with each other and thus produce the problem of "how others see me". Face has always been the program of the Chinese spirit and has always guided people’s behaviour. Previous studies have found that face could be a double-edged sword: saving face can stimulate the need for achievement to get ahead, which makes individuals more selfish; it can also stimulate the need for belonging to integrate into the group, which makes them more altruistic. At the same time, as a complex social culture, face can be divided into two dimensions: the desire to gain face and the fear of losing face. The two types of face have different effects on the choice of selfish or altruistic behaviour. cooperation as an indispensable form of social interaction emphasises the reciprocity or win-win of "self" and "other", what is the relationship between it and the level or type of face consciousness? This study investigates the relationship between face consciousness and cooperative behaviour through four studies. Study 1, 1600 face consciousness questionnaires were distributed to subjects, and the top 27% and bottom 27% (N = 153) were selected to participate in the study to investigate the relationship between face consciousness and cooperation. Study 2, 770 face consciousness questionnaires were distributed to subjects, and the top 27% and bottom 27% (N = 143) were selected to participate in the study to investigate the moderating effect of face on the boundary condition of cooperation promotion, i.e. the presence of others. Study 3, 2308 face consciousness questionnaires were distributed to the subjects. A person-centred analysis was used to divide the subjects into a group with a high the desire to gain face (N = 189) and a group with a high the fear of losing face (N = 195). Finally, 140 suitable subjects were invited to participate in the study. Study 4, 239 subjects were invited to participate in the study through a task manipulation to evoke face-gaining and face-losing consciousness in order to investigate the influence of face consciousness type on cooperative behaviour and the moderating effect of the presence of others. The results show that the relationship between face consciousness and cooperative behaviour is influenced by the situational benefit framework. In the public goods dilemma, the promotion effect of high face consciousness on cooperation is more significant, but in the public resources dilemma, the promotion effect is not obvious; the level of face consciousness has an interaction with others. In the open situation, the cooperative behaviour of high face consciousness individuals in the public goods dilemma is significantly higher than that of low face consciousness individuals. In the anonymous condition, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Different types of face consciousness have different effects on cooperative behaviour in the public goods dilemma. Compared to the fear of losing face group, individuals in the desire to gain face group invested more in the public goods dilemma and showed higher levels of cooperation. The types of face consciousness interact with others. In public situations, the cooperative behaviour of individuals in the desire to gain face group is significantly higher than that of individuals in the fear of losing face group. In the anonymous condition, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Based on the cultural perspective, this study explores the influence of "face" on cooperation from the individual level. It not only focuses on the relationship between the level and type of face consciousness and cooperative behavior, but also examines the boundary conditions of face consciousness on the function of promoting cooperation. These studies reveal the functions of different types of face consciousness in cooperative interaction, and reveal how to effectively play the role of desire to gain consciousness in cooperation in future social situations.
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Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2024-05-24
Abstract： Studies showed that death awareness may promote or hinder prosocial behavior. This study simultaneously explored and compared the effects and mechanisms of different death awarenesses—death anxiety and death reflection—on prosocial behavior, and revealed the positive and negative effect mechanisms of death awareness on prosocial behavior. Based on the dual-existence system model of death awareness, this study explored the effects of the negative and positive aspects of death awareness—death anxiety and death reflection—on prosocial behaviors and their mechanisms through two studies: a questionnaire survey and a laboratory experiment. Study 1 measured participants’ death anxiety, death reflection, and prosocial behavioral tendencies through relevant scales, and initially explored the predictive effects of death anxiety and death reflection on prosocial tendencies, as well as the role of self-transcendence values and self-enhancement values in them. Study 2 applied experimental methods and selected public goods game situations and real donation situations in prosocial behavior to examine the impact of death awarenesses on prosocial behavior, and continued to verify the mediating role of self-transcendence values and self-enhancement values. Meanwhile, Study 2 set up different donation situations to examine the boundary conditions when individuals with different death awarenesses implement prosocial behaviors, and once again verified the psychological mechanism by which death awareness affects prosocial behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to the DR (Death Reflection) group, MS (Mortality Salience) group, and TR (Toothache Control) group and were required to complete the public goods game (PGG). Afterwards, the participants left the laboratory and participated in the donation activities outside the laboratory (to prevent them from feeling that the donation activities were part of the experiment). Differences in cooperation and donation behavior between participants under different manipulation conditions were compared. The results were observed as follows: 1) Death anxiety negatively predicted or reduced participants’ prosocial behavioral tendencies and behaviors; death reflection positively predicted or increased participants’ prosocial tendencies and behaviors. 2) The impact of death reflection and death anxiety on prosocial behavior was a dual-path mediating mechanism: self-enhancement values played a mediating role in the impact of death anxiety on prosocial behavior, and self-transcendence values played a mediating role in the impact of death reflection on prosocial behavior. 3) Donation context moderated the effects of death reflection and death anxiety on donation behavior. In the public donation situation, the donation amount of the participants in the death anxiety group was higher, while in the anonymous donation situation, participants donated more in the death reflection group. The donation context positively and negatively moderated the two mediating paths between death awareness and prosocial behavior respectively. This study measured, distinguished and compared the impact and mechanism of the specific cognitive states of death awareness—death anxiety and death rumination—on prosocial behavior, and proposes a “dual-path” mediating mechanism by which death awareness affects prosocial behavior. The “dual path” model provides supporting evidence for the dual existence system model, expands the research on the social adaptability of death awareness, and provides new ideas for research on the positive direction of death.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2024-03-28
Abstract： Health issues are of great importance to both individual and social development. Researchers have been paying attention to how to promote healthy behavior decision-making and seeking effective nudge programs. This article is based on the health belief model and regulatory focus theory, by subdividing the scarcity types - demand scarcity and supply scarcity, and incorporating the personal trait of regulatory focus, to explore the impact of the matching of scarcity types and regulatory focus on health behavior decision-making and its mechanisms.
Study 1 conducted a nationwide HPV vaccination willingness survey, divided scarcity types based on the vaccine supply and reservation status in the region displayed on the vaccine appointment applet, and examined the impact of the matching of vaccine scarcity types and regulatory focus on vaccination willingness. Study 2 used an experimental method to activate the scarcity type, and added health scenarios of fitness, physical examination, and vaccination to test the impact of the matching of scarcity type and regulatory focus on health intentions. Study 3 continued to examine the impact of the matching of scarcity type and regulatory focus on health behavior decision-making by simultaneously activating scarcity type and regulatory focus and incorporating real health behavior indicators, and explored the mediating mechanism.
Based on the findings from these three studies, we observed that scarcity type and regulatory fit can significantly influence health behavior decision-making. Study 1 demonstrated that overall vaccine willingness remained high across all scarcity conditions. Considering the impact of the past pandemic, the subsequent studies expanded the range of health-related scenarios to further explore the matching effects. In Study 2, we found that under demand-based scarcity, individuals with a prevention regulatory focus displayed higher health intentions, while under supply-based scarcity, individuals with a promotion regulatory focus showed higher health intentions. There were no significant differences in health intentions in the virtual vaccine scenario. To avoid potential ceiling effects, vaccine-related materials were excluded in subsequent studies. Study 3 once again confirmed the promoting effect of the match between regulatory focus and scarcity type on health behavior, and found that this effect was mediated by value perception. Additionally, the study demonstrated that the fit between trait regulatory focus and scarcity type significantly predicted actual health behavior.
This study extends research on scarcity to the field of health behavior decision-making and provides a research basis for developing health promotion strategies that match personal characteristics. The insights derived from this study can inform individuals and decision-makers in effectively leveraging the congruence between scarcity types and individual motivations, ultimately leading to improved public health outcomes.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Educational Psychology submitted time 2024-03-25
Abstract： Previous meta-analytic studies have mostly examined the effects of family parenting styles on single variables in the structure of positive adolescent development, and no study has examined the effects of family parenting styles on the holistic conceptualization of positive adolescent development. Based on the positive adolescent development perspective, the present study included a series of meta-analyses (206 papers, 1822 independent effect sizes, and a total number of subjects up to 109,968) with a sample of Chinese adolescents, including three variables: academic achievement, self-esteem, and resilience. The results showed that different types of family parenting styles had a significant correlation with the three core indices of positive adolescent development, positive family parenting styles were moderately and positively correlated with positive adolescent development, and negative family parenting styles were weakly and negatively correlated with positive adolescent development, and the moderating effects of female sex ratio and education stage were significant. The above results have important reference significance for comprehensively and profoundly understanding the development resource value of family parenting style under the Chinese cultural background, and further promoting the positive development of adolescents.
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