Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Engineering Mathematics submitted time 2024-05-10
Shoujing Zhang
Tiantian Hou
Qing Qu
Adam Glowacz
Samar M. Alqhtani
Muhammad Irfan
Grzegorz Królczyk
Z Li
Abstract： Aiming at the distributed flexible job shop scheduling problem under dual resource constraints considering the influence of workpiece transportation time between factories and machines, a distributed flexible job shop scheduling problem (DFJSP) model with the optimization goal of minimizing completion time is established, and an improved mayfly algorithm (IMA) is proposed to solve it. Firstly, the mayfly position vector is discrete mapped to make it applicable to the scheduling problem. Secondly, three-layer coding rules of process, worker and machine is adopted, in which the factory selection is reflected by machine number, according to the characteristics of the model, a hybrid initialization strategy is designed to improve the population quality and diversity; Thirdly, an active time window decoding strategy considering transportation time is designed for the worker-machine idle time window to improve the local optimization performance of the algorithm; In addition, The improved crossover and mutation operators is designed to expand the global search range of the algorithm. Finally, through simulation experiments, the results of various algorithms are compared to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for isomorphism and isomerism factories instances.
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Engineering General Technology submitted time 2024-05-10
Abstract： Due to the complexity of the production shop in discrete manufacturing industry, traditional genetic algorithm (GA) cannot solve the production scheduling problem well. In order to enhance the GA-based method to solve the production scheduling problem, the simulated annealing algorithm (SAA) is used to develop an improved hybrid genetic algorithm. Firstly, the crossover probability and mutation probability of the genetic operation are adjusted, and the elite replacement operation is adopted for simulated annealing operator. Then, a mutation method is used for the comparison and replacement of the genetic operations to obtain the optimal value of the current state. Lastly, the proposed hybrid genetic algorithm is compared with several scheduling algorithms, and the superiority and efficiency of the proposed method are verified in solving the production scheduling.
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Industrial Engineering submitted time 2024-05-09
Gupta, Munish Kumar
Korkmaz, Mehmet Erdi
Sarikaya, Murat
Krolczyk, Grzegorz M.
Gunay, Mustafa
Wojciechowski, Szymon
Abstract： Aluminium alloys are widely used in modern engineering applications such as automobile, aerospace etc because of its characteristics. The machining of aluminium alloys are also considered as difficult because of its sticky and soft nature, low thermal conductivity, strain hardening effect etc. The cooling conditions employed at cutting zone improved the machining performance but the resources, material consumption, skilled labor etc. are also required for performing the machining experiments. Therefore, the simulation of process parameters with the help of Finite Element Modelling (FEM) during machining is highly researched topic these days. In this work, a
new practice from measurement science i.e., FEM simulation was performed with AdvantEdge software and the prediction models were developed for evaluating the cutting forces and cutting temperature while machining AA2024-T351 alloy under dry, liquid nitrogen (LN2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) conditions. Initially, the 3D turning model was developed and the results were compared with experimental findings. The results obtained from simulation model are very close with experimental results with minimum standard value of 0.67 (5.7%) for cutting forces and 4.58 (6.16%) for cutting temperature. Thus, it is worthy to mention that the 3D FE model is efficient and effective to predict and measurement results with minimum error.
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Physics Related Engineering and Technology Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Technology of Instrument and Meter Subjects: Electronics and Communication Technology >> Electron Technology Subjects: Physics >> Interdisciplinary Physics and Related Areas of Science and Technology submitted time 2024-05-06
Abstract： In this work, a design of transimpedance amplifier (TIA) for cryogenic scanning tunneling microscope (CryoSTM) is proposed. The TIA with the tip-sample component in CryoSTM is called as CryoSTM-TIA. With transimpedance gain of 1 Gohm, the bandwidth of the CryoSTM-TIA is larger than 200 kHz. The distinctive feature of the proposed CryoSTM-TIA is that its pre-amplifier is made of a single cryogenic high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), so the apparatus equivalent input noise current power spectral density at 100 kHz is lower than 6 (fA)2/Hz. In addition, bias-cooling method can be used to in-situ control the density of the frozen DX- centers in the HEMT doping area, changing its structure to reduce the device noises. With this apparatus, fast scanning tunneling spectra measurements with high-energy-resolution are capable to be performed. And, it is capable to measure scanning tunneling shot noise spectra (STSNS) at the atomic scale for various quantum systems, even if the shot noise is very low. It provides a powerful tool to investigate novel quantum states by measuring STSNS, such as detecting the existence of Majorana bound states in the topological quantum systems.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Electronics and Communication Technology >> Electron Technology Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Technology of Instrument and Meter Subjects: Physics >> Interdisciplinary Physics and Related Areas of Science and Technology Subjects: Physics >> Condensed Matter: Electronic Structure, Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties submitted time 2024-05-06
Abstract： In this work, we design and fabricate the transimpedance Amplifier (TIA) following the design mentioned in Ref. 1 . In the TIA, the preamplifier (Pre-Amp) is made of a junction field effect transistor (JFET) that can work at 77 K. The post-amplifier (Post-Amp) is made of an operational amplifier. Cascade Pre-Amp and Post-Amp to form the inverting-amplifier. With a 1.13 Gohm feedback network, the gain of TIA is 1.13 Gohm and its bandwidth is about 97 kHz. The equivalent input noise voltage power spectral density of TIA is not more than 9 (nV)2/Hz at 10 kHz and 4 (nV)2/Hz at 50kHz, and its equivalent input noise current power spectral density is about 26 (fA)2/Hz at 10 kHz and 240 (fA)2/Hz at 50 kHz. The measured transport performances and noise performances of TIA are consistent with the simulations and calculations. As an example, the realization of TIA in this work verifies the design method and analytical calculations for the low-noise large-bandwidth high-gain TIA proposed in Ref. 1,2 . And, the TIA in this work is perfect for the cryogenic STM working at liquid nitrogen temperature.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Biomedical Engineering submitted time 2024-04-29
Abstract： The limited training samples pose a significant obstacle to the practical application of brain-computer interface based on error-related potentials (ErrPs), affecting their recognition accuracy. To enhance ErrP recognition under such constraints, we propose a transfer discriminant subspace analysis (TDSA) algorithm that leverages a data alignment strategy. This algorithm extracts a shared discriminant subspace from electroencephalogram samples of both source and target subjects, capturing inter-class differences. By applying temporal alignment within this subspace, it effectively reinforces common features across subjects. We evaluate six different data alignment transfer learning strategies using two publicly available datasets. The results demonstrate that the TDSA algorithm achieves a 6.07% improvement in balanced accuracy for dataset 1 compared to the suboptimal Euclidean alignment method and a 7.88% improvement over non-transfer learning methods. Remarkably, with only 60~100 target subject data samples for training, the TDSA algorithm approaches the classification performance of traditional strategies that require 210~350 samples. This provides a new perspective for facilitating the data alignment of ErrPs.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Information Science and Systems Science >> Basic Disciplines of Information Science and Systems Science Subjects: Computer Science >> Other Disciplines of Computer Science Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Engineering Mathematics submitted time 2024-03-30
Abstract： What is intelligence? is one of the core key questions of artificial intelligence, but there is no universally accepted definition. Based on the relationship between intelligence and life, this paper proposes that intelligence is the basic ability and characteristic attribute of living organisms, and it is the ability to achieve the maximum amount of information with the minimum energy as much as possible, and adapt to the environment and maintain existence through information processing. On this basis, this paper puts forward a new view that intelligence is the ability to convert material energy and information, further puts forward new concepts such as the measurement calculation method of intelligence, average intelligence, and comprehensive intelligence, and finally discusses the quantitative conversion relationship between matter, energy and information, points out the upper bound of intelligence and the lower bound of energy conversion into information, and further gives a dimensionless calculation formula for intelligence measurement in order to facilitate practical application. A feasible calculation method is given for the quantitative analysis of the intelligence of the intelligent system..
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Metrology Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Technology of Instrument and Meter submitted time 2024-03-28
Abstract： mainly introduces the development and application of harmonic power metering technology in China since the 21st century. With the increasing demand for harmonic power metering in the power grid, the introduction of the world’s first harmonic power definition standard, IEEE 1459- - -2000, has promoted the development of harmonic power metering technology. The text also mentions the elements of the application and development of harmonic energy metering technology, including the expansion of the scope of harmonic pollution in the power grid, the confusion of harmonic energy metering instrument adopted by different users, and the new type of harmonic energy metering technology introduced in the world. In addition, this paper also introduces the domestic independent development of harmonic energy measurement technology, such as 0.2S level three-phase electricity meter, 0.2S three-phase harmonic active energy metering series products, three phase wave active energy metering products, and using the Hilbert digital filter and low frequency filter calculation harmonic reactive power metering chip development of cutting-edge practical technology. In general, this paper summarizes the development process, application status and future development direction of harmonic power measurement technology in China, as well as the related technology and product achievements.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Engineering General Technology submitted time 2024-03-28
Baiyi Wang
Zipeng Zhang
Patrick Siarry
Xinhua Liu
Grzegorz Królczyk
Dezheng Hua
Frantisek Brumercik
Zhixiong Li
Abstract： As a new intelligent optimization algorithm, the African vultures optimization algorithm (AVOA) has been widely used in various fields today. However, when solving complex multimodal problems, the AVOA still has some shortcomings, such as low searching accuracy, deficiency on the search capability and tendency to fall into local optimum. In order to alleviate the main shortcomings of the AVOA, a nonlinear African vulture optimization algorithm combining Henon chaotic mapping theory and reverse learning competition strategy (HWEAVOA) is proposed. Firstly, the Henon chaotic mapping theory and elite population strategy are proposed to improve the randomness and diversity of the vulture’s initial population; Furthermore, the nonlinear adaptive incremental inertial weight factor is introduced in the location update phase to rationally balance the exploration and exploitation abilities, and avoid individual falling into a local optimum; The reverse learning competition strategy is designed to expand the discovery fields for the optimal solution and strengthen the ability to jump out of the local optimal solution. HWEAVOA and other advanced comparison algorithms are used to solve classical and CEC2022 test functions. Compared with other algorithms, the convergence curves of the HWEAVOA drop faster and the line bodies are smoother. These experimental results show the proposed HWEAVOA is ranked first in all test functions, which is superior to the comparison algorithms in convergence speed, optimization ability, and solution stability. Meanwhile, HWEAVOA has reached the general level in the algorithm complexity, and its overall performance is competitive in the swarm intelligence algorithms.
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Metrology Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Technology of Instrument and Meter submitted time 2024-03-28
Abstract： The research of smart meter communication technology is an important research direction in the field of electric power, which involves in-depth exploration and technological innovation of smart meter communication system. With the development of smart grid, smart meter, as a key information interaction node between the power grid and users, the research and application of communication technology is of great significance for improving the intelligence level of the power grid and optimizing the allocation of power resources. The study includes the evaluation and improvement of existing communication technologies to meet the specific needs of smart meter communication. For example, narrowband and broadband power line carrier communication is a technical direction that can lead the research and application of the meter industry, and its progress in maintenance-free technology, automatic debugging terminal, automatic networking instrument and other aspects are all hot spots in current research. At the same time, the research and optimization of long-range wireless communication systems and the research and development of intelligent terminals are also important aspects of the research of smart meter communication technology. In addition, the research of smart meter communication technology also needs to pay attention to communication protocols, communication security, data processing and other issues. By formulating a unified communication protocol, the interconnection between different devices can be realized, and the compatibility and scalability of the system can be improved. At the same time, strengthening the research on communication security can ensure the safe transmission of power data and prevent data leakage and illegal access. In terms of data processing, through the use of advanced data analysis technology, power data can be deeply mined, providing strong support for decision-making and operation in the power industry. In general, the research of smart meter communication technology is a comprehensive research topic involving many fields, and it is necessary to continuously track the development of new technologies, and carry out technological innovation and application promotion in combination with actual needs to promote the intelligent development of the power industry.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Metrology Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Technology of Instrument and Meter submitted time 2024-03-28
Abstract： Energy metering and energy efficiency management play an important role in business operations. Energy metering refers to the detection, measurement and calculation of the quantity, quality, performance parameters and related characteristic parameters of each link in the energy process. It is not only the basis for enterprises to strengthen energy management and improve the level of energy management, but also an important guarantee for enterprises to implement national energy-saving regulations, policies and standards, rationally use energy, optimize energy structure, improve energy efficiency, and improve economic benefits and market competitiveness. Energy metering is usually divided into three levels of measurement, that is, incoming and outgoing energy-using units, secondary energy-using units (such as workshops, process sections, etc.) and main energy-using equipment. This hierarchical management helps enterprises to grasp energy usage more accurately, so as to more effectively manage energy and reduce energy consumption. Energy efficiency management is based on energy metering data, through scientific management methods and technical measures, to achieve effective use and conservation of energy. It involves all aspects of energy procurement, storage, conversion, and use, with the goal of improving energy efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and reducing environmental impact. However, in practice, some enterprises may not pay enough attention to energy metering due to their weak awareness of energy metering, resulting in waste of energy use. In addition, some enterprises may lack professional energy metering personnel, and the processing and analysis capabilities of energy metering data are insufficient, which also affects the effectiveness of energy efficiency management. Therefore, enterprises need to improve the awareness of energy metering, strengthen energy metering management, train professional energy metering personnel, and make full use of energy metering data for energy efficiency management. At the same time, the government and society should also strengthen the publicity and promotion of energy metering and energy efficiency management, and improve the awareness and ability of the whole society to save energy. As for the specific application and practice of energy metering and energy efficiency management in specific enterprises or industries, as well as how to measure and manage these energy sources in the process of use, it will be necessary to conduct specific analysis according to the production process, equipment status, energy use characteristics and other factors of specific enterprises. In general, energy metering and energy efficiency management are important means for enterprises to achieve sustainable development and energy conservation and emission reduction goals.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Metrology Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Technology of Instrument and Meter submitted time 2024-03-28
Abstract： This paper deeply discusses the research status and development trend of high-end electric energy meters, and focuses on the differentiated design, technical standards and special test methods of imported high-end electric meters. At the same time, combined with the new needs of two-way interactive smart meters, the key technical design scheme is proposed, which provides a valuable reference for the meter industry.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Metrology Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Technology of Instrument and Meter submitted time 2024-03-28
Abstract： A comprehensive and systematic set of multi-functional watt-hour meter performance evaluation quality test methods was proposed. By comparing and studying the relevant standards and technical indicators of advanced meters at home and abroad, this method comprehensively considers the accuracy, stability, reliability and intelligence of the meter, which provides strong support for the quality improvement and technological innovation of the energy meter industry.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Metrology Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Technology of Instrument and Meter submitted time 2024-03-28
Abstract： The relevant standards of multifunctional energy meters are evaluated for practicability, especially for the comparative analysis of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards and relevant domestic standards. Through an in-depth analysis of the standard, this paper attempts to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of the standard in practical application, and discusses how to further improve the standard to better guide the design, production and application of multi-function energy meters.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Metrology Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Technology of Instrument and Meter submitted time 2024-03-28
Abstract： The application research of energy meter technology is an in-depth and extensive field, covering the design, manufacturing, testing, calibration and application of energy meters in power systems. With the continuous progress of science and technology and the rapid development of the power industry, the application of electric energy meter technology is also constantly innovating and improving. First of all, from the perspective of the design and manufacture of electric energy meters, modern electric energy meters are no longer simple mechanical electric energy meters, but use microprocessor technology and communication technology to become smart electric energy meters. Smart energy meters have the advantages of high precision, multi-parameter measurement, harmonic power power metering, etc., and can accurately measure electric energy usage, including active power, reactive power, apparent power and other related parameters. At the same time, the smart energy meter also has the functions of remote meter reading, real-time monitoring, data transmission, etc., which greatly reduces the demand and cost of human resources, and improves the operation efficiency and management level of the power system. Secondly, advanced technical means are also used in the testing and calibration of electric energy meters. For example, high-speed, real-time measurement AC sampling technology makes the measurement of energy meters more accurate and faster. At the same time, the application of open, high-speed communication technology also makes the data transmission of electric energy meters more reliable and efficient. In terms of the application of energy meters, smart energy meters play an important role in the monitoring and management of power systems. It can collect and analyze the operation data of the system in real time, and adjust it according to the needs to ensure the safe operation of the system. In addition, smart energy meters can also provide data support and decision-making basis for the optimization and energy conservation of the power system, which helps to reduce unnecessary waste of electricity and achieve the purpose of energy conservation and emission reduction. However, there are still some challenges in the application of energy meter technology. For example, with the continuous development of the power system, the performance requirements for electric energy meters are also getting higher and higher, and the measurement accuracy and stability of electric energy meters need to be continuously improved. At the same time, with the access of new energy and distributed power sources, the power system has become more complex, and higher requirements have been put forward for the adaptability of electric energy meters. Therefore, in the future, the application research of electric energy meter technology needs to continue to explore new technical methods and means to meet the needs of the continuous development and change of the power system. For example, more advanced measurement algorithms and calibration methods can be studied to improve the measurement accuracy and stability of electric energy meters, more intelligent data processing and analysis technologies can be studied to achieve more accurate monitoring and management of the power system, and more efficient communication technologies can be studied to improve the data transmission efficiency and reliability of electric energy meters. In addition, it is also necessary to pay attention to the application of electric energy meters in the access of new energy and distributed power sources. How to better adapt to the access of new energy and distributed power sources and improve the operation efficiency and stability of the power system is one of the important directions of the application research of electric energy meter technology.To sum up, the application research of electric energy meter technology is a field that is constantly deepening and developing, which needs to be continuously explored and innovated. Through continuous research and application, it is believed that the electric energy meter will play a more important role in the future power system and make greater contributions to the development of the power industry and the progress of society.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Biomedical Engineering submitted time 2024-03-20
Abstract： Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by high prevalence, heterogeneity, and lifelong impact. The underlying mechanisms of ASD remain largely unknown. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a novel tool to unveil the neuroimaging mechanisms of ASD. Studies based on single-modal MRI have already revealed widespread abnormalities in brain structure, function, and network connectivity in individuals with ASD. The affected regions encompass the amygdala, fusiform gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, superior temporal sulcus, and insula, many of which are implicated in the social brain network. While frameworks for multimodal brain imaging analysis, involving image-level fusion, feature-level fusion, and decision-level fusion, offer multidimensional and multilevel information for understanding neural mechanisms in participants, research on ASD based on multimodal MRI fusion is still in its early stages. Moreover, ASD-assisted diagnosis and subtype classification models based on MRI features hold promise for providing objective evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Future research should aim to construct an integrated analysis framework that fuses multimodal brain imaging, incorporating information from various dimensions such as brain function, structure, and networks. This approach will comprehensively delineate the developmental patterns of ASD and reveal its atypical neurodevelopmental mechanisms. Additionally, future studies need to delve into the abnormal mechanisms of the social brain network in ASD, explore social impairment circuits, and identify potential precision neural regulatory targets, thereby assisting clinical efforts in achieving precise diagnosis and treatment for ASD.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Metrology Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Technology of Instrument and Meter submitted time 2024-02-26
Abstract： The export of high-end meters is the expectation of the development of the meter industry in the next few years. This paper will focus on the innovative achievements of China's high-end electric energy metering technology in recent years; Learn from the experience of international meter design and deepen the development of domestic high-end meter products; The proposal to set up a high-end meter export alliance is described in three topics, and the thoughts and suggestions on how to integrate high-end meters into the international high-end market are put forward for the reference of the development of China's metering industry.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Metrology Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Technology of Instrument and Meter submitted time 2024-02-26
Abstract： mainly introduces the construction of the electricity information collection system to be completed by the State Grid in 2010-2014, and pays special attention to the application and problems of the local narrowband carrier communication mode. The article also mentions the research on the engineering design and management methods of the local narrowband carrier automatic meter reading system, and emphasizes that this is a complex and popular project that requires a lot of investment. The preliminary work study draws on the experience of the performance evaluation system of low-voltage power line narrowband carrier communication system, and proposes a series of innovative construction strategies. At the same time, the paper also points out some mistakes in the formulation process of the enterprise standard of the State Grid electricity information acquisition system, such as the failure to focus on the technical bottleneck of the local narrowband carrier automatic meter reading system for residential users, and some problems and deficiencies in the standard. This text mainly focuses on the "construction of the State Grid electricity information acquisition system" and "the application and problems of local narrowband carrier communication mode", and also involves the preliminary work research, innovative construction strategies and standard formulation failures.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Metrology Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Technology of Instrument and Meter submitted time 2024-02-23
Abstract： A smart meter is not just a device used to measure electricity, but has become a core component of the smart grid, enabling efficient monitoring, prediction and management of electricity use. After taking a closer look at the evolution of smart meter technology, I realized that this change did not happen overnight. It has gone through a long journey from the original mechanical meter to the electronic meter and then to today's highly intelligent meter. Technological breakthroughs at each stage laid the foundation for the final form of the smart meter. In the era of mechanical meters, the measurement of electrical mainly relied on the rotation and counting of mechanical structures. The accuracy and stability of this method are affected by mechanical wear, environmental disturbances and other factors, and it is difficult to meet the growing demand for power management. With the rapid development of electronic technology, electronic meters came into being. It uses electronic technology to sample and process current and voltage, which greatly improves the accuracy and stability of measurement. At the same time, the electronic meter also has the functions of remote meter reading and data processing, which brings great convenience to power management. However, electronic meters still have some limitations, such as the complexity of data processing and the limited communication capabilities. It is these challenges that have driven the creation of smart meters. Smart meters combine advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, and cloud computing to achieve real-time monitoring, analysis, and prediction of power usage. It can not only accurately measure electricity, but also provide personalized electricity consumption suggestions and energy-saving solutions according to users' electricity consumption behaviors and needs. Communication technology plays a crucial role in the evolution of smart meter technology. From the initial wired communication to the integration of various communication methods such as wireless public network, wireless private network, and power line carrier, the smart meter realizes real-time communication and data sharing with the power grid management system. This makes power management more intelligent and efficient, and provides users with a more convenient and personalized electricity experience. However, the development of smart meter technology also faces some challenges. How to ensure data security and privacy protection is an urgent problem to be solved. At the same time, with the continuous development of smart grids, smart meters need to achieve closer connection and coordination with other devices to achieve more efficient and reliable power management. Looking to the future, I believe that smart meter technology will continue to innovate and break through. With the further development of technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, and artificial intelligence, smart meters will have more powerful functions and performance, providing a more solid foundation for the intelligence and efficiency of the power industry. At the same time, we also need to pay attention to challenges such as data security, technical standards, and costs, and actively seek solutions to promote the continuous development and application of smart meter technology.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Metrology Subjects: Engineering and technical science >> Technology of Instrument and Meter submitted time 2024-02-23
Abstract： It mainly describes the transformation of State Grid's investment in smart meters and distribution networks, and the impact of this transformation on the meter industry. The State Grid has shifted its investment focus from smart meters to a new generation of smart substation demonstration projects and smart distribution network construction. The new generation of intelligent substations is mainly characterized by integrated intelligent equipment and integrated business systems, including the integration of primary equipment, the integration of secondary equipment, and the integration of primary equipment and secondary equipment. The State Grid also put forward the urgency of developing the distribution network and plans to speed up the intelligent upgrading process of the distribution network. In addition, the article also mentions the latest development of electronic meter testing technology, especially the progress of the China Metrology Institute in high-voltage three-phase electric energy metering standards, including high-voltage standard power sources and high-voltage/low-voltage multi-function standard meters. These technological advances provide a more accurate and efficient tool for the testing of electronic meters. Overall, it reflects the continuous development and upgrading of grid technology, which presents new challenges and opportunities for the meter industry. Traditional meter companies need to adapt to these changes, learn and research modern power grid measurement technology, and develop new products that adapt to the rapid development of smart distribution networks.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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