Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Currently, the global energy system is shifting from the absolute dominance of fossil energy to the transition of lowcarbon and multi-energy. The global energy production and consumption revolution is constantly deepening, and emerging industries and new formats continue to grow and develop. In the process of energy transformation, major developed countries take science and technology innovation as the forerunner and take system reform as the starting point. They are committed to solving major strategic problems, such as green energy and low carbon transition, multi-energy complementary coupling utilization, deep electrification, and smart energy network construction. Based on these, they can build a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient modern energy system, and strive for the competitive strengths of energy science and technology revolution and industrial transformation. At the same time, energy technology innovation is in a highly active period, and emerging energy technologies are accelerating at an unprecedented rate, with a number of disruptive technologies spawning. This study systematically sorts out the major strategic plannings for energy science and technology developed by major developed countries and regions, as well as analyzes the progresses and important achievements of energy technology, which can help to accurately grasp the evolving technology directions. Finally, it proposes several constructive recommendations for the development of energy science and technology in China.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The UK is a proponent and pioneer of carbon neutral strategic actions. In-depth analysis and comparison of the characteristics of the carbon neutral policy system between China and the UK will be of reference value for China to promote the deployment of carbon neutral actions. Based on content analysis and grounded theory method, the “3MS” analysis framework of macro-strategy, medium skeleton and micro#2;structure are designed and put forward, and the overall text and logical characteristics of its policy are summarized. Research shows that at the overall level, the UK has basically formed the policy system of “1+1+N+X” for carbon neutrality strategy, and established a strategic promotion system of “consultation, decision making, implementation and evaluation”, with an organizational structure of central coordination, institutional promotion, think tank support and private collaboration. In addition, it has well-coordinated policy networks such as legislative constraints, overall deployment, clear mission, detailed response, mutual support, and technological guidance. In contrast, China’s legislative guarantee, promotion system and think tank support are insufficient. It is suggested that the five dimensions of legal guarantee, system and mechanism, implementation path, scientific and technological innovation, and think tank support should be taken into consideration. The improvement of China's carbon peak and carbon neutral strategic policy system should be undertaken from the perspectives of different emission reduction departments, different industrial technologies, as well as government, industry, enterprise, society and other levels.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-10-09 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Previous studies have found that participants benefit more from blocked learning in rule-based category learning but perform better with interleaved learning in information-integration category learning. In interleaved learning, participants need to generate four categories at the same time, which will create a high working memory load if applying a rule-based learning strategy and hence will encourage participants to switch from this sub-optimal strategy to information integration. However, previous studies always require passive conduct of blocked learning or interleaved learning. In real life, people will strategically switch between these two kinds of learning schedules. To grasp a better understanding, we compared passive and proactive learning schedules (blocked, interleaved, self-regulated, random). In addition, the categories used in previous studies are mutually exclusive, which contradicts real life where categories always overlapped each other and cannot be perfectly distinguished according to one or more combinations of features. For mutually exclusive structures, it is easy to confuse rule-based and information-integrated learners, and there is a countable difference in the learning speed of these two category structures. To gain more reliable results, an appropriate overlap level and the number of categories were chosen for this study. The classical four categories rule-based and information integration task is revised to contain overlapping stimuli. If classified by both two dimensions the highest accuracy was 90%. A 2 × 4 between-subject design was adopted. The dependent variables are accuracy and response time, and the first independent variable was the category structure: rule-based (RB) and information-integration (II). The second variable was the schedule of learning: blocked, interleaved, self-regulated, and random, with random presentation as the baseline condition. 265 college students were paid to participate in the experiment. Each participant should observe and report to which categories the line segment belonged. There were 100 trials each for both the learning phase and the test phase. Each phase comprised 25 trials for each category. For the test phase, a new set of stimuli are used and no feedback is provided. The behavioral data collected fit into a mathematical model to analyze what strategies participants used during tasks. The results showed a significant main effect of category structure. That is, the classification accuracy of the information-integration task is significantly higher than the rule-based task. The main effect of learning schedules was also significant. That is, the classification accuracy of interleaved, self-regulated, and random learning was significantly higher than that of blocked learning. Post hoc tests showed that the classification accuracy of the blocked learning was significantly lower than that of interleaved, self-regulated, and random learning under rule-based conditions. For the information-integration condition, the classification accuracy of the blocked learning was significantly lower than that of self-regulated. In addition, this study further analyzed learners' self-regulated learning behaviors under the overlapping category structure and found that for both rule-based tasks and information-integration tasks, learners' average length of blocked learning was significantly negatively correlated with their classification accuracy. A mathematical technique of the “Decision Bound Model” was used to analyze the data from the experiment. The results of model fitting showed that in both rule-based and information-integration tasks, self-regulated learners can use the optimal strategy more frequently. In conclusion, this study makes up for the deficiency of perfectly classified categories, finds the advantages of self-regulated learning and the disadvantages of blocked learning in category overlap, and preliminarily reveals the self-regulated learning advantages and information processing characteristics of overlapping category learning. It believes that category overlap interferes with the corresponding rules formed by learners for each category under the condition of blocking learning, which is not conducive to the blocked learning of rule-based tasks. In addition, the overlapping category structure will weaken the different information between categories and retain the common information within categories, which is not conducive to the interleaved learning of information-integration tasks. However, compared with passive learning, self-regulated learning has advantages in the learning of the two types of category structure because of its “decision-driven” and “data-driven” effects.
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2023-05-30
Abstract： Previous studies have found that participants benefit more from blocked learning in rule#2;based category learning but perform better with interleaved learning in information-integration category learning. In interleaved learning, participants need to generate four categories at the same time, which will create a high working memory load if applying a rule-based learning strategy and hence will encourage participants to switch from this sub-optimal strategy to information integration. However, previous studies always require passive conduct of blocked learning or interleaved learning. But in real life, people will strategically switch between these two kinds of learning schedules. To grasp a better understanding, we compared passive and proactive learning schedules (blocked, interleaved, self-regulated, random). In addition, the categories used in previous studies are mutually exclusive, which contradicts real life where categories always overlapped each other and cannot be perfectly distinguished according to one or more combinations of features. For mutually exclusive structures, it is easy to confuse rule-based and information-integrated learners, and there is a countable difference in the learning speed of these two category structures. To gain more reliable results, an appropriate overlap level and the number of categories were chosen for this study. The classical four categories rule-based and information integration task is revised to contain overlapping stimuli. If classified by both two dimensions the highest accuracy was 90%. A 2 × 4 between-subject design was adopted. The dependent variables are accuracy and response time, and the first independent variable was the category structure: rule-based (RB) and information#2;integration (II). The second variable was the schedule of learning: blocked, interleaved, self#2;regulated, and random, with random presentation as the baseline condition. 265 college students were paid to participate in the experiment. Each participant should observe and report to which categories the line segment belonged. There were 100 trials each for both the learning phase and the test phase. Each phase comprised 25 trials for each category. For the test phase, a new set of stimuli are used and no feedback is provided. The behavioral data collected fit into a mathematical model to analyze what strategies participants used during tasks. The results showed a significant main effect of category structure. That is, the classification accuracy of the information-integration task is significantly higher than the rule-based task. The main effect of learning schedules was also significant. That is, the classification accuracy of interleaved, self-regulated, and random learning was significantly higher than that of blocked learning. Post hoc tests showed that the classification accuracy of the blocked learning was significantly lower than that of interleaved, self-regulated, and random learning under rule-based conditions. For the information-integration condition, the classification accuracy of the blocked learning was significantly lower than that of self-regulated. In addition, this study further analyzed learners' self-regulated learning behaviors under the overlapping category structure and found that for both rule-based tasks and information-integration tasks, learners' average length of blocked learning was significantly negatively correlated with their classification accuracy. A mathematical technique of the “Decision Bound Model” was used to analyze the data from the experiment. The results of model fitting showed that in both rule-based and information-integration tasks, self#2;regulated learners can use the optimal strategy more frequently. In conclusion, this study makes up for the deficiency of perfectly classified categories, finds the advantages of self-regulated learning and the disadvantages of blocked learning in category overlap, and preliminarily reveals the self-regulated learning advantages and information processing characteristics of overlapping category learning. it believes that category overlap interferes with the corresponding rules formed by learners for each category under the condition of blocking learning, which is not conducive to the blocked learning of rule-based tasks. In addition, the overlapping category structure will weaken the different information between categories and retain the common information within categories, which is not conducive to the interleaved learning of information-integration tasks. However, compared with passive learning, self#2;regulated learning has advantages in the learning of the two types of category structure because of its "decision-driven" and "data-driven" effects.
Subjects: Agriculture, Forestry,Livestock & Aquatic Products Science >> Basic Disciplines of Agriculture submitted time 2017-11-06 Cooperative journals: 《中国生态农业学报》
Abstract：2013—2014 年以苏州市相城区望亭镇某河道污泥为研究对象, 以农田施用污泥20 kgm2和不施用污 泥为主处理, 以施氮肥120 kg(N)hm2 (LN)和240 kg(N)hm2 (NN)为副处理, 连续两季种植粳稻品种‘武运粳24’, 研究河道污泥农田施用对水稻和土壤重金属含量及水稻氮素利用的影响。结果表明: 1)河道污泥农田施用,显著提高了稻田土壤有机质含量、速效氮含量和重金属Cu、Zn、Pb 含量, 水稻产量平均增加7.05%, 水稻籽粒中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb 含量分别增加53.66%、18.71%和802.29%, 水稻吸氮量显著增加, 氮素利用效率显著降低。2)河道污泥施用后, 较高施氮量(NN)增加了稻田土壤有机质含量和速效氮含量, 对稻田土壤重金属含量和水稻籽粒中重金属含量影响不大, 水稻产量、水稻吸氮量显著增加, 但氮素利用效率显著降低。3)污泥处理条件下, 与第1 季相比较, 第2 季稻田土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb 含量平均下降5.0%左右、籽粒中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb 含量下降7.27%~12.65%, 但均显著大于不施河道污泥的对照处理。4)污泥×氮肥、污泥×年度、氮肥×年度和污泥×氮肥×年度的互作效应对稻田土壤养分含量、重金属含量, 水稻产量、籽粒重金属含量和水稻氮素吸收利用的影响均未达显著水平。
Subjects: Agriculture, Forestry,Livestock & Aquatic Products Science >> Basic Disciplines of Agriculture submitted time 2017-11-08 Cooperative journals: 《中国生态农业学报》
Abstract：利用地面实测资料研究稻田地表反照率, 一方面可以更好地刻画以稻田为主要土地利用方式的流域地气之间的能量分配过程; 另一方面, 可以为陆面模式提供更为准确的参数值, 以及为遥感反演的地表反照率提供验证, 从而为更好地解释土地利用/覆被变化对全球气候变化的影响机制提供参考。本文利用江苏省农业科学院溧水试验基地四分量仪测得的2016年稻田地表反照率数据, 分析了稻田地表反照率特征, 并结合同期观测的太阳短波辐射、温度、湿度、风速、风向等气象数据, 进行相关性分析, 识别影响稻田地表反照率的主要气象因子, 为进一步量化地表反照率与温度及湿度等的参数化关系提供参考。结果表明: 晴天稻田地表反照率整体上呈“U”型分布, 中午较低, 下午和上午较高。晴天稻田地表反照率在一天内的变化呈不对称特性, 其不对称性主要是由露水和风速、风向引起。太阳高度角较小时, 露水的散射作用使得上午时分的地表反照率值较下午高; 而太阳高度角较大时, 西南风促使作物叶面倾斜, 从而使得下午的地表反照率值较上午高。稻田晴天地表反照率值较阴雨天高。地表反照率在晴天与出射短波辐射相关系数最高(0.670, P<0.01), 在阴天与相对湿度之间的相关程度最高(0.480, P<0.05)。在整个观测期间, 稻田生长季内地表反照率呈现先升高后降低的趋势, 地表反照率最高值出现在灌浆期到成熟期之间, 插秧到分蘖期之间最低, 其中灌浆期地表反照率与太阳短波辐射及湿度间的相关程度较高, 并且均通过了P <0.01显著性检验。分蘖期和拔节期是水稻生长季内地表反照率变化较快的两个生育期, 并受气象因素的显著影响。
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals is a major strategic decision made by the Chinese government, which will bring extensive and profound systemic changes for the economy and society. S&T is the core driving force that supports the goal of carbon neutrality. On the basis of the related concepts of carbon neutrality, this study analyzes the strategic actions and the characteristics of technological layout of carbon neutrality in developed countries/regions and international organizations. Major countries have promoted carbon neutrality through legislative regulation, energy strategies, technology roadmaps, carbon markets and other policy actions. They focus on deploying transformative green low-carbon technologies, such as hydrogen, CCUS, renewable energy, energy storage, nuclear energy, and clean power, to seize the technological commanding heights of the future green industrial revolution. Based on the two fundamental paths of achieving carbon neutrality — “emission reduction”, “increasing sinks”, and three research directions—“building a zero-carbon energy system”, “rebuilding low-carbon industrial processes”, and “ecological carbon sequestration and increasing sinks/negative emissions”, this study puts forward 14 important scientific issues aiming to guide more than 70 key technological breakthroughs. On the basis of all findings, 6 suggestions are proposed for China’s carbon neutrality strategy and technological layout as they are (1) strengthen the top-level design and scientific planning of the action plan for carbon neutrality; (2) accelerate the construction of the technology supporting system for carbon neutrality; (3) establish a zero#2;carbon energy system and a new power system; (4) accelerate the construction of the low-carbon industrial system; (5) promote the prospective applications of negative carbon emission technologies and the ecological carbon sequestrations; (6) Enhance the application of systematic solutions in carbon neutral strategic actions.
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