Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-07-04
Abstract： Research has demonstrated that making Judgments of Learning (JOLs) has a direct impact on learners’ memory performance, which the phenomenon known as the reactivity effect of JOLs. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. Recognition memory is generally understood to involve both familiarity and recognition processes. This study utilized event-related potentials (ERPs) techniques to focus on how JOLs affect these two processes, aiming to elucidate the mechanisms through which JOLs influence recognition memory./t/nIn Experiment 1, the Remember/Know (R/K) paradigm was employed to explore the effects of JOLs on familiarity and recognition. The results indicated that making JOLs improved participants’ memory performance. Further analysis suggested that JOLs might enhance the recognition process specifically, though behavioral data alone were insufficient to confirm this effect. Consequently, Experiment 2 used ERPs to further investigate the effects of JOLs on familiarity and recognition./t/nExperiment 2 used ERPs to delve deeper into the effects of JOLs on familiarity and recognition. The behavioral results of Experiment 2 were consistent with Experiment 1, showing that JOLs improved recognition memory performance. EEG findings revealed no significant difference in FN400 amplitudes, associated with the familiarity process, between JOL and no-JOL conditions. However, LPC amplitudes, associated with the recognition process, were significantly higher in the JOL condition compared to the no-JOL condition, indicating that JOLs enhance memory by facilitating the recognition process./t/nIn conclusion, this study found that the reactivity effect of JOLs enhances recognition memory by promoting the recognition process.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-07-01
Abstract： Metric structure is the temporal framework of music. It is not only the basis for composers to create music, but also the prerequisite for people to process musical aesthetics, musical emotion and musical meaning. Hence, within the predictive coding framework, the proposed project explores the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying the prediction and integration of metric structure, using behavioral experiments and electroencephalogram techniques. Specifically, it includes the following four studies: (1) track the dynamic neural activity during the representation construction of metric structure and the prediction establishment as rhythmic sequences unfold, (2) explore how listeners use prediction errors to update the prediction of metric structure, (3) examine the neural mechanisms underlying the integration of multiple hierarchical metric structure at the phrase level and (4) investigate how listeners integrate nested metric structure according to long-distance dependency at the period level. The above research will reveal the general cognitive mechanism of the processing of musical structure and lay the foundation for the construction of cognitive neural model of music. Simultaneously, the results will provide empirical evidence for music appreciation activities and music aesthetics research, which has potential application prospects in the field of music.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-06-24
Abstract： The location-specific proportion compatibility (LSPC) effect, as a key index to test cognitive control, using location as a contextual cue to manipulate the proportion of conflict congruent and incongruent trials, shows a larger conflict in location with more congruent trials (MC) compared to that with more incongruent trials (MI). Previous researches have found that LSPC effect can transfer to near MC (NMC) and near MI (NMI) locations with same proportion of congruent and incongruent trials, showing a larger conflict in NMC location than that in NMI location. And the spatial information of stimulus is a prerequisite for this transfer. However, these studies only utilized the stimuli with explicit spatial information (e.g., arrow) to construct conflict, leaving it unclear whether the conflict construced by the stimuli with implicit spatial information (e.g., number) could induce the transfer of LSPC effect. In this study, numeric stimuli (1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9) with implicit spatial information were used to construct conflicts in two experiments. A number parity judgment task was adopted to construct a SNARC conflict in experiment 1 (Experiment 1a: 33 participants; Experiment 1b: 36 participants). Experiment 1a investigated LSPC effect within SNARC conflict by manipulating proportion congruency at two spatial positions. Experiment 1b extended this design to four positions, aiming to replicate Experiment 1a results and examine spatial transfer of the LSPC effect. To enhance the strength of implicit spatial information representation, experiment 2 manipulated proportion congruency at five positions along a diagonal line, using a magnitude comparison task to construct a numerical Flanker conflict (38 participants), expecting to observe LSPC effect and its spatial transfer. In Experiment 1a, the LSPC effect was observed for the first time in SNARC conflict, with a larger conflict in the MC location compared to the MI location. In Experiment 1b, the LSPC effect was replicated. However, there was no spatial transfer of the LSPC effect, showing that the conflict at the NMC location was not significantly larger than that at the NMI location. This lack of spatial transfer might be attributed to relatively weak implicit spatial information representation in the parity judgment task. In Experiment 2, the LSPC effect and its spatial transfer were observed, with a larger conflict effect at the MC/NMC location than at the MI/NMI location. These results indicated the robustness of the LSPC effect across diverse conflict tasks. Furthermore, it identifies that implicit spatial information can facilitate the spatial transfer of the LSPC effect. And the strength of implicit spatial information representation might impact the spatial transfer of the LSPC effect. These findings support the attentional modulation hypothesis that cognitive control plays a significant role in the spatial transfer of LSPC effect. These results highlight the adaptability of cognitive processes across varying contexts, underscoring the role of implicit spatial information in modulating cognitive control mechanisms.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-06-21
Abstract： Faces and gaze direction are essential cues in interpersonal interactions. Examining how infants, especially newborns, process faces and gaze direction enhances our understanding of the origins and development of human social abilities. A review of existing literature shows that neonates (0~28 days old) generally prefer human faces and direct gaze, while infants around 3 months old begin to follow gaze direction. Brain imaging studies have revealed that infants older than 3 months exhibit neural responses to faces and gaze processing similar to those of adults. Future research could further explore neonatal preference for face and direct gaze, as well as gaze following in infants, using various brain imaging techniques, particularly novel magnetoencephalography, to uncover the neural basis of infants’ innate sensitivity to human faces and eye gaze, and the cognitive mechanisms influenced by acquired experience.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-06-20
Abstract： The self plays a significant role in shaping social interactions, often capturing attention due to an inherent preference for stimuli related to the self. However, the mechanisms that govern attention in this context remain not fully elucidated. Research has suggested that the self holds social salience, potentially underpinning the prioritization of self-related information in attentional processes. Yet, other studies indicate that the self may not bias attention as automatically as physiologically salient stimuli, implying that self-related cues do not influence attention at an early, pre-attentive stage. We hypothesize that the self might enhance the salience of meaning post the initial perceptual phase, rather than affecting spatial prominence at an early stage. The current study is designed to investigate how neutral stimuli linked to an individual’s self impact selective attention processing, thereby illuminating the mechanisms of self-biased attentional processes. We conducted three experiments, each enlisting 24-25 college students. Initially, participants were engaged in an associative learning task, where they associated labels for themselves (’you’), familiar others (’friend’), or strangers (’stranger’) with neutral colors (Experiments 1 and 2) or abstract symbols (Experiment 3). Subsequently, they were tasked with identifying which labels matched the given neutral stimuli. We then employed the dual-rectangle cuing paradigm to distinguish between space-based and object-based attention, with the neutral stimuli serving as the target-irrelevant dimension, allowing us to examine the influence of self-association on selective attention. In addition to behavioral responses, we utilized the Hierarchical Drift Diffusion Model (HDDM) to dissect the decision-making process. Experiment 1 revealed that processing associated with the self primarily affects object-based selective attention. The object-based effect—calculated by the difference between the same and different object conditions—was diminished or absent when targets contained self- or friend-associated stimuli, compared to those with stranger-associated stimuli. However, the space-based effect—determined by the difference between valid and invalid cueing conditions—did not significantly vary among the three social identities. Experiment 2 replicated this finding, even when the associative learning context was different from the cueing task, thereby ruling out the impact of context familiarity. Experiment 3, which used abstract symbols for identity association and colors for task stimuli in the cueing task, did not find a significant effect of self-related information on object-based attention. Further analysis indicated that the influence of self-association on object-based attention was only evident among participants with longer reaction times. These results suggest that the activation of self-representation can be essential for modulating object-based attention. Moreover, the HDDM analysis indicated that the impact of self-related information on object-based selective attention predominantly occurs during the stimulus encoding stage. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that self-associated stimuli, when task-irrelevant, regulate object-based selective attention over space-based selective attention, consistently across varying experimental contexts. This research uncovers a critical distinction between object-based and space-based attention in the realm of self-associated processing, offering new insights into the complex dynamics of attentional mechanisms related to the self. It not only deepens our understanding of the self’s influence on cognitive processes but also paves the way for future explorations in this domain.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-06-17
Abstract： Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by significant and lasting sadness. Previous studies have indicated that cognitive deficits, particularly in cognitive flexibility, are one of the core features of MDD, and the impairment pattern may play a key role in the onset and development of MDD. Cognitive flexibility, as a key component of cognitive function, often manifests as impaired in MDD patients, evidenced by rigid thinking and difficulty in flexibly switching among negative stimuli. Research suggests that cognitive inflexibility to emotional information may underlie the chronicity of negative emotional states in MDD./t/nWhile previous neuropsychological tests and clinical observations have shown that patients with MDD exhibit abnormal cognitive flexibility, behavioral studies have failed to reach a consensus on whether cognitive flexibility is impaired in both non-emotional and emotional stimuli in patients with MDD. It is suggested that integrating more precise neurophysiological measures could offer clearer insights into the mechanisms of cognitive inflexibility in MDD. Given the established link between the theta, alpha and beta bands and cognitive flexibility, the non-phase-locked activities that occur during task switching, which may be ignored in ERPs studies, may hold significant importance. Therefore, it is still necessary to further conceptualize EEG as multi-dimensional time-frequency signals to capture the changes of neural oscillations during task switching. Since time-frequency analysis offers temporal context while analyzing frequency components, the analysis of time-varying signals becomes more intuitive and comprehensible. Therefore, this study aims to employ time-frequency analysis to scrutinize the alterations of ERS/ERD in the theta, alpha and beta bands during both non-emotional and emotional task switching in patients with MDD, and explore the time-frequency characteristics that may indicate cognitive inflexibility in patients with MDD./t/nA demographically matched cohort of 74 MDD patients and 72 healthy control (HC) subjects completed both non-emotional and emotional task switching paradigms, with behavioral and electroencephalogram data being collected simultaneously. Neural oscillation activities of θ, α and β bands were analyzed as indices of brain electrical time-frequency dynamics, with their event‐related synchronization (ERS) or event‐related desynchronization (ERD) analyzed by 2 (group: MDD vs. HC) ×2 (paradigm: non-emotional vs. emotional) ×2 (task: repeat vs. switch) ×4 (region of Interest: frontal, central, parietal, occipital) repeated-measures ANOVA to compare the group differences in power across frequency bands./t/nOur results showed that the MDD group made more errors and took longer to complete the task-switching paradigms compared with the HC group. Specifically, the MDD group had significantly smaller θ-ERS in all regions of interest during non-emotional repeat and switch tasks, and significantly smaller θ-ERS in the frontal and central regions during emotional tasks. Additionally, the energy difference of θ band in the parieto-occipital region was significantly larger during emotional task switching. The MDD group had significantly smaller α-ERD in the non-emotional task switching paradigm, significantly smaller β-ERD in non-emotional repeat task, and significantly smaller β-ERD in both emotional tasks./t/nThe study concludes that patients with MDD exhibits impaired cognitive flexibility in response to both neutral stimuli and negative stimuli. Cognitive inflexibility in response to non-emotional stimuli is associated with less θ-ERS and excessive activity of α-ERD and β-ERD. Similarly, cognitive inflexibility in response to emotional stimuli is associated with less θ-ERS and excessive activity of β-ERD in MDD, with β-ERD emerging as a potentially sensitive biomarker for impaired cognitive flexibility in MDD. This study sheds new light on the understanding of impaired cognitive flexibility in MDD and further clarifies the underlying neural oscillatory mechanism of impaired cognitive flexibility.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-06-12
Abstract： Attention is the orientation and concentration of individuals to specific objects. Basic attentional functions such as alerting, orienting, and executive control, and complex attentional functions such as selective attention and sustained attention have various trajectories of germination, development, and decline. Based on previous studies on attention development, this paper reviewed the lifelong development trajectories of basic and complex attentional functions and suggested that the development of attention roughly includes three stages: the germination period (0–1 year old), the development period (1 year old-adulthood), and the degenerating period (adulthood-old age). Furthermore, this paper emphasized the significance of the cooperation among attentional functions for understanding the development of attention. In specific, complex attentional functions depend on the cooperation of basic attentional functions. Their developmental trajectories also depend on the development of the latter. In the future, longitudinal studies especially in adolescents and studies of the cooperation among attentional functions should be strengthened with high reliability and validity measurement tools sensitive to attention levels. The theory of attentional development would benefit from such studies.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-06-06
Abstract： Objectives: The form analysis system efficiently conceptualizes how object recognition is encoded in a frame-and-fill model. However, little is known about the neural basis of the form system. The present study aimed to narrow this gap using EEG. Methods: Participants were instructed to passively view six types of images: geometric shapes, animal headless bodies, plants, Chinese words, English words, and Greebles. Result: Shared negativity waves in the occipital lobe from 100 ms to 200 ms were observed across the three object domains, including geometric figures, animal bodies, and plants, but not observed in Chinese characters, English words, or Greebles. Conclusion: The form analysis system was engaged with geometries, bodies, and plants, but not with words or faces. These results suggest that stimuli holding the medial axis structure can induce similar negativity waves in the human brain. Our study sheds new light into the human visual system, revealing a form analysis system existed. Understanding the neural patterns of the form analysis system enhances our comprehension of visual object recognition. It could inform advancements not only in human visual cognition research but also in machine visual fields.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-06-05
Abstract： With the expansion of urban scale and the increase of urban road network density, pedestrians need to find their way in different route environments, especially in complex routes. The use of modern assisted navigation devices may help pedestrians better find their way, but the interaction between humans and navigation devices and the presentation of information on different navigation maps may affect actual wayfinding behavior. Therefore, in the face of increasingly complex road traffic, this paper explores how to improve pedestrian wayfinding behavior performance from the perspective of pedestrians. According to embodied cognition and the factors affecting pedestrian wayfinding, this paper uses virtual reality (VR) technology and psychophysical experiments to explore the optimal navigation scheme of pedestrian wayfinding behavior in different routes./t/nIn Experiment 1, a two-factor design was employed: 2 (route difficulty: simple route, complex route) ×2 (interaction mode: active interaction, passive interaction). Firstly, the impact of route difficulty and human-computer interaction mode on pedestrian wayfinding performance was examined. In Experiment 2, a 2 (interaction mode: active interaction, passive interaction) ×2 (map type: fixed map, rotating map) design was implemented across subjects to investigate further methods for enhancing pathfinding performance under different interaction modes in complex routes. Ultimately, the findings from Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 were collectively analyzed, and a navigation strategy aimed at improving wayfinding performance from the perspective of map types was proposed./t/nThe study revealed that the performance of wayfinding and acquisition of spatial knowledge in simple routes surpasses that in complex routes. However, there is no significant difference in route knowledge acquisition between the two types of routes. In the active interaction mode, the performance of wayfinding and acquisition of landmark knowledge in simple routes is significantly higher than that in complex routes. Conversely, in the passive interaction mode, there is no significant difference between the two types of wayfinding performance and route knowledge acquisition. Within complex routes, the passive interaction method can yield better landmark knowledge compared to the active interaction method. On the other hand, within complex routes, the use of a fixed map significantly outperforms a rotating map in terms of wayfinding performance and route knowledge acquisition; however, there is no significant difference between them regarding landmark knowledge acquisition. Furthermore, within complex routes and using passive interaction mode, utilizing fixed maps can notably enhance wayfinding performance and landmark knowledge acquisition compared to unassisted maps./t/nIn summary, this article concludes that route difficulty and interaction mode in the spatial environment significantly impact pedestrians’ pathfinding performance. In simple routes, individuals actively utilize navigation devices to effectively enhance their pathfinding performance, while in complex routes, passive interaction between individuals and navigation devices with the assistance of fixed maps can effectively improve their pathfinding performance. Therefore, incorporating passive interaction with auxiliary fixed maps into complex routes is the optimal navigation strategy for effectively enhancing wayfinding performance.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-06-05
Abstract： According to the dual-system theory of addiction, both substance and behavioral addictions are caused by the interaction between the reflective system represented by the prefrontal cortex and the impulsive system represented by the striatum. However, while most current studies examine the changes in the reflective and impulsive systems of substance and behavioral addictions separately, the overall understanding of these under different tasks remains incomplete. There is a need for further exploration of the commonalities and differences in the neural mechanisms between different types of addictions. Therefore, the current study used meta-analysis to investigate the neural activation patterns of substance and behavioral addictions in three types of tasks: inhibition control, reward processing, and craving induction. Then, contrast analysis was used to evaluate the similarities and differences in neural activation patterns of substance and behavioral addictions in these three tasks. The current study used activation likelihood estimation (ALE) to conduct a meta-analysis of neuroimaging data. The substance addiction included 22 inhibition control tasks, 9 reward processing tasks, and 17 craving induction tasks. The behavioral addiction included 15 inhibition control tasks, 22 reward processing tasks, and 12 craving induction tasks. The meta-analysis was conducted in the standard Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space, and GingerALE (3.0.2) was used to convert the Talairach coordinates obtained in the studies to MNI coordinates. The probability maps used p < 0.001 (Uncorrected) as threshold. The minimum cluster size was set at 250 mm3. Finally, under the three different tasks, contrast analysis was performed on substance and behavioral addictions. Group similarities and differences were examined using contrast analyses. The threshold for group-contrasts was set to p < 0.01 uncorrected for multiple comparisons with 10000 permutations, and the minimum cluster size was greater than 50mm3. The results found that: (1) In inhibition control tasks, substance addictions and behavioral addictions do not have the same activated brain areas; however, substance addictions exhibit decreased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, while behavioral addictions show increased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. (2) In cue-induced craving tasks, both substance addictions and behavioral addictions showed increased activation in the inferior frontal gyrus. (3) In reward processing tasks, substance addictions exhibit stronger activation in the striatum than behavioral addictions. In summary, the current meta-analysis shows that substance addictions and behavioral addictions exhibit differences and similarities in neural mechanisms in the prefrontal cortex and striatum in inhibition control, cue-induced craving, and reward processing tasks. In the striatum system, although substance addiction showed stronger activation increase than behavioral addiction in reward-related tasks, both substance and behavioral addictions showed abnormal activation increase. However, in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, behavioral addiction only showed a substance addiction-like response when induced by addictive cues; in inhibition control, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation decreased in substance addiction, while it increased in behavioral addiction, allowing behavioral addiction to meet task requirements through compensatory activation.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-31
Abstract： The development of attentional functions is a fundamental issue of human cognitive development, but the available evidence for its developmental trajectory is inconsistent due to the diversity and low reliability of measurement paradigms. The study examined the development of attentional functions and attentional collaborations in 281 Chinese primary school children (109 girls, 5.98-13.24 years old) using the self-designed High Reliability-Composite Attention Test. Results showed that the executive control continued to develop prior to the age of 10. It further contributed to the linear development of attentional collaborations. Each of these scores exhibited a split-half reliability exceeding 0.82. Therefore, we effectively demonstrated a mechanism for attentional development that revolves around executive control.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-29
Abstract： Writing is a complex perceptual-motor process that involves both central cognitive coding and peripheral motor execution. It requires a lot of cognitive resources and is therefore susceptible to physiological aging. Research based on written products has found that older adults always show variations in font size, stroke inversions, reduced smoothness, and increased error rates. Studies on the writing process have revealed that older adults tend to show slower responses, increased pauses, prolonged execution, decreased speed, and uneven pen pressure. Cognitive aging in writing primarily stems from neurodegeneration of the brain, decline of sensory-motor mechanisms, and interference from hormonal changes or bone loss to hand movements. Future research should focus on the synchrony and asynchrony of aging in different writing processes, as well as the universality and specificity of cognitive aging in writing. Meanwhile, research should also be conducted to develop and apply clinical diagnostic criteria for cognitive aging in writing.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-21
Abstract： Over the past decade, there has been a growing trend in investigating sensory processing during human locomotion. However, questions related to multisensory processing while walking remain numerous and not yet well explored. In this theoretical research, we provide a general review of the progress made in human walking-related cognition research based on the development of Mobile EEG, while highlight the lack of focus on multisensory processing. Additionally, we present some interesting findings from animal models related to multisensory processing during locomotion, which contributes to the motivation of a systematic investigation into multisensory processing. Finally, we propose several interesting and practical research questions that future studies should address to gain a better understanding of human cognition.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-18
Abstract： Chinese is a writing system widely used by Chinese people worldwide and has many distinct characteristics. Due to its uniqueness, theories and models of alphabetic languages cannot be directly applied to Chinese. Previous Chinese studies lack systematic computational models for lexical and semantic processing. To address this issue, this study first plans to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of previous literature. Next, computational models will be constructed to simulate the processing of Chinese word presented in isolation and during natural reading. The model has the following characteristics: a) it can process both single-character and multi-character words; b) it can simulate orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing of words, as well as their interactions; c) it can simulate the impact of contextual cues on word processing during sentence comprehension. Finally, the assumptions and predictions of the model are planned to be validated in experimental studies. The established model can guide experimental research and has significant theoretical significance. The research findings will help clarify the cognitive mechanisms of Chinese reading and the dynamic process of lexical processing.
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-09
Abstract： The effect of difficulty on the font size effect was examined by event-related potentials (ERPs) technique. The results revealed that (1) subjects gave lower judgment of learning (JOLs) values for difficult word pairs compared to simple word pairs; and there was no difference in JOLs values for large fonts compared to small fonts. (2) Font size affects the early stage of encoding (200-300 ms), which induces individuals to process learning items superficially (non-semantic encoding); and difficulty affects the middle and late stage of encoding (450-600 ms), when difficult word pairs induce individuals to process learning items deeply (semantic encoding). (3) Subjects performing JOLs would evoke LPN components in the prefrontal lobe representing the attempted extraction. The above results indicate that the difficulty cue in the encoding stage eliminates the font size effect by inducing individuals to semantically encode items; in the JOLs stage individuals will make attempts to extract, a process in which individuals make accurate JOLs based on semantically encoded information.The results of the present study not only illustrate the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying the generation and elimination of the font size effect, but also provide neural evidence on how to improve the accuracy of JOLs, a metamemory monitoring process provides neural evidence for the accuracy of the process.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-09
Abstract： Judgments of learning (JOLs) refer to learners’ subjective predictions of whether they can successfully extract what they have learned on future tests. Face memory is an important foundation for acquiring information during social interactions and ensuring that social activities are carried out properly. Emotion and attractiveness are two important cues that influence JOLs of face memory. In reality, emotion and attractiveness often appear simultaneously in the same face. However, previous studies have only examined the effects of the two cues on JOLs individually, and have not deeply explored the effects of the integration of the two cues on the accuracy of JOLs and their mechanisms./t/nThe present study first explored the proportion of the number of emotional and attractive cue integrators. Then, we increased the gradient of each level of the attractiveness cue in Experiment 1, and utilized a mixed experimental design of 2 (group: cue-integrated group, non-cue-integrated group) × 3 (emotional cue: high-intensity, medium-intensity, and low-intensity) × 3 (attractiveness cue: high-intensity, medium-intensity, and low-intensity) to explore whether the cue-integration could improve face memory and the accuracy of JOLs. In Experiment 2, in order to further improve the sensitivity of the subjects to the two cues, the mixed experimental design was changed to 2 (group: cue-integration group, non-cue-integration group) × 2 (emotional cues: high intensity, low intensity) × 2 (attraction cues: high intensity, low intensity), and the EEG was used to investigate the temporal characteristics of cue-integration in promoting the accuracy of JOLs./t/nFindings: (1) Subjects integrated both emotion and attraction cues for JOLs ratings(the pre-experiment). (2) Integrating emotional and attractiveness cues improved the accuracy of JOLs (Experiment 1). (3) The group that integrated cues had a higher amplitude of late positive waves (LPP) in the parietal region during the encoding stage and late negative waves (NSW) in the frontal region during the JOLs stage compared to the group that did not integrate cues. Additionally, the amplitudes of NSW and LPP in the cue-integrated group were significantly correlated with the accuracy of JOLs(Experiment 2). The study found that individuals who integrated emotion and attractiveness cues during the encoding stage were better able to allocate cognitive resources for cognitive assessment and retain information in the JOLs stage. This led to more accurate monitoring of their own face memory. The study suggests that integrating two cues can improve cognitive performance./t/nThis study offers a foundation for individuals to comprehend the impact of cue integration on memory and metamemory in real-world face learning scenarios. It also aids in the development of effective learning plans and strategies, as well as precise monitoring of the learning process.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-08
Abstract： With the advent of the era of human-robot coexistence, robots gradually penetrate into children’s lives. Robots play an important role in children’s study and life, and effective human-robot interaction is conducive to robots to play a greater role. Trust is one of the prerequisites for effective interaction between humans and robots. Do children trust robots the same as trusting people? As the trend of robot development, how does anthropomorphism affect children’s trust in robots? This research adopted the trust game paradigm of Berg et al. (1995) and Evans et al. (2013). The trust behavior of children aged 4-6 in the economic game was investigated through two experiments. At the same time, anthropomorphic factors that may affect children’s trust in robots are investigated, including anthropomorphic appearance (anthropomorphic appearance) and anthropomorphic behavior (verbal feedback and social contingent interaction). In the first experiment, by investigating children’s trust behavior in robots NAO and JIBO (high anthropomorphism VS low anthropomorphism) in anonymous trust game, it was found that the trust of 4-year-old children in robots was significantly lower than that of 5-year-old and 6-year-old children. However, the influence of appearance anthropomorphism only appears in 6-year-old children, and the trust of children is positively correlated with the degree of appearance anthropomorphism of robots. In the second experiment, the robot was made to have anthropomorphic behavior by using WeChat video calls with people, NAO and JIBO, and the trust behavior of children to different trust objects was investigated in the anonymous trust game, and the role of anthropomorphic behavior was investigated. The results show that children’s trust can be significantly improved when the robot had anthropomorphic behavior characteristics. It can be seen that the trust of children aged 4~6 in robots is not only related to their age, but also influenced by the anthropomorphism of robots (anthropomorphism in appearance and anthropomorphism in behavior), and the degree of anthropomorphism is positively related to children’s trust behavior.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-03
Abstract： While previous studies have primarily focused on exploring the sources of time perception bias at an individual level, limited research has been conducted on understanding the mechanisms behind time perception bias in social contexts. To fill this gap, the present study combined a joint action paradigm with a time perception paradigm to investigate time perception in social contexts and further examine the mechanisms of co-representation and/or social facilitation in joint temporal perception through three experiments.
In general, the study utilized a between-subject 2 x 2 experimental design, with the factors of context (individual vs. joint) and duration distribution (short intervals vs. long intervals). The stimulus durations were either 400 ms or 1000 ms for the short interval group, and 1000 ms or 1600 ms for the long interval group. The different intervals were filled with either yellow or green circles. Participants first completed a learning task alone and then were randomly assigned to either an individual or joint context and completed a practice task. In the joint condition, two participants not knowing each other practiced in different temporal intervals and completed the experiment together. In the individual condition, one participant sat alone on the left or right side of the screen and completed the experiment. During the learning phase, participants were familiarized with the short- and long-interval stimuli. During the practice phase, orange solid circles of different durations (ranging from 400 ms to 1000 ms, in steps of 100 ms) or green solid circles (ranging from 1000 ms ~ 1600 ms, in steps of 100 ms) were randomly presented on the screen. Participants judged whether the duration of the stimulus was short or long according to the criteria formed during the learning phase.
In Experiment 1, we discovered that individuals’ subjective equivalence points were significantly altered, and their sensitivity to time perception was notably reduced in joint situations compared to individual situations. In Experiment 2, we stimulated co-representation by manipulating beliefs, and the absence of peers weakened the strength of social inhibition. The results indicated that individuals exhibited similar shifts in subjective equivalence points as observed in joint situations, but there was no significant change in temporal perceptual sensitivity. In Experiment 3, the effect of co-representation was attenuated by manipulating the peer’s task goal to be a non-temporal estimation task, while the presence of peers elicited social inhibition. The findings demonstrated a significant decrease in individuals’ time-perception sensitivity compared to the individual situation, but no significant shift in subjective equivalence points.
In summary, the present study suggests that individuals in joint action contexts represent their peers’ task information through the mechanism of co-representation, which introduces bias in time estimation. Additionally, the presence of others competes for attentional resources, leading to a reduction in individuals’ sensitivity to time perception in joint action contexts.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-05-02
Abstract： Face-name memory is a special kind of memory that includes visual and semantic memory. Existing research suggests that name retrieval is located at the final stage of face recognition, but the exact timing has not been fully investigated. This study used ERPs and a method of spatially localizing brain activity to investigate neural mechanisms underlying face-name memory. Participants were given four tasks: perceiving unfamiliar faces, learning face-name pairs, recalling a name by a face, and recognizing familiar faces but without names. We found that recently learned face-name pairs had the same highly activated brain regions as long-term familiar faces, but the long-term familiar faces exhibit larger amplitudes on the P100 component in the ventral occipital cortex and the N400 component in the thalamus and Gpi. Faces that can be recognized by name elicit a stronger response in the N400 component, particularly in the left hemisphere-dominant thalamus, Gpi, hippocampus, and putamen, compared to faces that are only familiar but not known by name. Results suggest that N400 may represent the retrieval of semantic information related to the name and the depth of retrieval of face-name pairs.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2024-04-28
Abstract： This study used event related potential (ERP) technology to investigate the effects of different types of unitization on item recognition in both younger and older adults through two experiments. A total of two theoretical accounts concern the role of unitization in both item and associative recognition: “benefits and costs” and “benefits-only” accounts. This study hypothesized that because young adults have more cognitive resources, either type of unitization with different demands on cognitive resources does not impair their item memory. However, older adults have fewer cognitive resources, and whether different types of unitization impair their item memory depends on how these demand cognitive resources. Experiment 1 manipulated the level of bottom-up unitization by using compound words and unrelated words. Experiment 2 manipulated the level of top-down unitization using definition and sentence.
In experiment 1, a total of 19 community-dwelling older and 23 younger adults were asked to learn compound and unrelated word pairs, and during tests, they were asked to perform item recognition and associative recognition tasks. In experiment 2, a total of 19 community-dwelling older adults and 20 younger adults were asked to learn word pairs under definition and sentence conditions, and during the test they were required to perform item recognition and associative recognition tasks. In our sample of two experiments, all Older adults completed the mini mental state examination and scored at least 26 points
For younger adults, two types of unitization condition had no effect on their associative and item recognition. The ERP results of Experiment 1 revealed a comparable frontal old/new effect in both compound wordsand unrelated words condition, and the compound words condition reduced the parietal old/new effect. The ERP results of Experiment 2 indicated that the frontal old/new effect was absent in the definition condition, and both unitization conditions revealed a comparable the parietal old/new effect. For older adults, two types of unitization enhanced their associative recognition, however, have different influence on the item recognition. The behavioral results of Experiment 1 showed that older adults’ item recognition performance under the compound words condition was superior to that under the unrelated words condition. The ERP results indicated that the frontal old/new effect was only present in the compound words condition, and both encoding conditions revealed a comparable the parietal old/new effect. The behavioral results of Experiment 2 showed that older adults’ item recognition performance under the definition condition was inferior to that under the sentence condition. The ERP results revealed that the frontal old/new effect was absent in definition condition and only present in the sentence condition, and both encoding conditions were found to have comparable parietal old/new effect.
The influence of unitization on the item recognition depends on the encoding types. For younger adults, the item recognition in both unitized encoding conditions were comparable to that in the non-unitized encoding. Equivalent levels of memory retrieval were achieved through “less” overall neural processing on familiarity or recollection, which supports the “benefits-only” account. For older adults, the bottom-up unitized encoding condition promotes item recognition relying on the frontal old/new effects, which supports the “benefits-only” account. The top-down unitized encoding condition impaired older adults’ item recognition relying on the absent of the frontal old/new effects, which supports the “benefits and costs” account.
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