Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Understanding the cognitive mechanisms underlying word segmentation has been an important focus for research on Chinese reading. Previous research shows that Chinese readers can identify words very efficiently even though the Chinese script does not use spaces between words or other visual cues to demarcate word boundaries. One possibility is that Chinese readers can make use of their knowledge of the positional frequency of characters (i.e., how often they are used as the first or second character in words) to facilitate the word segmentation and recognition. Nevertheless, this potential role for position frequency remains controversial. Accordingly, with the present research we used the lexical decision task and eye movements during reading to investigate the use of positional frequency information about the first and second character of two-character words in both visual word recognition and reading. Four experiments were conducted to explore the effects of character positional frequency. In Experiments 1a and 1b, we manipulated both first and second character positional frequency (high vs. low) for target words that were of either high or low lexical frequency. Sixty college students were instructed to perform visual lexical decision tasks on words and pseudo-words. In Experiment 2a and 2b, we used measures of eye movements to investigate the use of character positional frequency in natural sentence reading. Sixty college students were required to read sentences while their eye movements were recorded using an EyeLink 1000 eye-tracker (sampling rate = 1000 Hz). The results of Experiments 1a and 1b revealed an effect of first character positional frequency in both the accuracy and latency of lexical decisions only for target words with low lexical frequency, and no effect of second character positional frequency regardless of the lexical frequency of the target word. The results of Experiment 2a and 2b showed a clear effect of first character position frequency on reading times (gaze duration, regression path reading time, and total reading time) for target words of low lexical frequency only, and no effect of second character positional frequency for either high or low frequency target words. Participants made shorter response times and fixation duration in high character positional frequency condition than in low character positional frequency condition for target words with low lexical frequency. In sum, findings from both the lexical decision task and measures of eye movements in reading reveal a privileged role for first character positional frequency as a cue to word segmentation and recognition. However, this influence of character positional frequency depends on word frequency, and is only observed for words of lower lexical frequency. We argue that these findings support the augmented addressed morphology model theory of Chinese word recognition, and can help inform the development of a model of character positional processing model in Chinese reading.
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2022-08-03
Abstract： Understanding the cognitive mechanisms underlying word segmentation has been an important focus for research on Chinese reading. Previous research shows that Chinese readers can identify words very efficiently even though the Chinese script does not use spaces between words or other visual cues to demarcate word boundaries. One possibility is that Chinese readers can make use of their knowledge of the positional frequency of characters (i.e., how often they are used as the first or second character in words) to facilitate the word segmentation and recognition. Nevertheless, this potential role for position frequency remains controversial. Accordingly, with the present research we used the lexical decision task and eye movements during reading to investigate the use of positional frequency information about the first and second character of two-character words in both visual word recognition and reading. Four experiments were conducted to explore the effects of character positional frequency. In Experiments 1a and 1b, we manipulated both first and second character positional frequency (high vs. low) for target words that were of either high or low lexical frequency. Sixty college students were instructed to perform visual lexical decision tasks on words and pseudo-words. In Experiment 2a and 2b, we used measures of eye movements to investigate the use of character positional frequency in natural sentence reading. Sixty college students were required to read sentences while their eye movements were recorded using an EyeLink 1000 eye-tracker (sampling rate = 1000 Hz). The results of Experiments 1a and 1b revealed an effect of first character positional frequency in both the accuracy and latency of lexical decisions only for target words with low lexical frequency, and no effect of second character positional frequency regardless of the lexical frequency of the target word. The results of Experiment 2a and 2b showed a clear effect of first character position frequency on reading times (gaze duration, regression path reading time, and total reading time) for target words of low lexical frequency only, and no effect of second character positional frequency for either high or low frequency target words. Participants made shorter response times and fixation duration in high character positional frequency condition than in low character positional frequency condition for target words with low lexical frequency. In sum, findings from both the lexical decision task and measures of eye movements in reading reveal a privileged role for first character positional frequency as a cue to word segmentation and recognition. However, this influence of character positional frequency depends on word frequency, and is only observed for words of lower lexical frequency. We argue that these findings support the augmented addressed morphology model theory (Caramazza et al., 1988) of Chinese word recognition, and can help inform the development of a model of character positional processing model in Chinese reading.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2018-12-24 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：通过2个试验研究抗菌肽Sublancin对肉鸡生长性能、养分利用和盲肠菌群的影响。试验1：选取432只1日龄爱拔益加肉公鸡，随机分为4组(每组6个重复，每个重复18只鸡)，分别为对照组（饲喂不含抗生素的基础饲粮）、抗生素组（饲喂基础饲粮+20 mg/kg硫酸黏杆菌素）、低剂量抗菌肽组（饲喂基础饲粮+150 mg/kg Sublancin）和低剂量抗菌肽组（饲喂基础饲粮+300 mg/kg Sublancin），试验持续42 d。于试验第1天、第21天和第42天时，对肉鸡称重、结料，计算平均日采食量、平均日增重和饲料转化率；于试验第21和第42天时，每个重复随机抽取1只鸡，收集盲肠食糜用于分析盲肠菌群。试验2：选取288只1日龄爱拔益加肉公鸡，随机分成3组（每组8个重复，每个重复12只鸡），分别为对照组（饲喂不含抗生素的基础饲粮）、抗生素组（饲喂基础饲粮+80 mg/kg金霉素）和抗菌肽组（饲喂基础饲粮+300 mg/kg Sublancin），试验持续28 d。于试验第1天和第21天，对肉鸡称重、结料，计算平均日采食量、平均日增重和饲料转化率；试验第19~21天收集粪尿，测定养分表观代谢率和氮沉积；于试验第22天，每只肉鸡灌服1 mL大肠杆菌K88菌悬液（109 CFU/mL），第28天时每个重复选取1只鸡，收集盲肠食糜用于分析盲肠菌群。结果显示：与对照组相比，饲粮中添加300 mg/kg抗菌肽Sublancin或20 mg/kg硫酸黏杆菌素显著提高试验前期（1～21 d）、后期（22～42 d）以及全期（1～42 d）肉鸡的平均日增重和饲料转化率（P0.05）。与对照组相比，饲粮添加300 mg/kg抗菌肽Sublancin或80 mg/kg抗生素金霉素显著提高了粗蛋白质表观代谢率和氮沉积率（P0.05）。抗菌肽组肉鸡的氮沉积量显著高于对照组和抗生素组（P0.05）。由此得出，抗菌肽Sublancin用于肉鸡饲粮中抗生素替代物具有潜在的价值。饲粮中添加300 mg/kg抗菌肽Sublancin可通过提高养分利用率，减少肠道有害细菌数量来提高肉鸡的生长性能。
Subjects: Biology >> Zoology submitted time 2018-12-24 Cooperative journals: 《动物营养学报》
Abstract：本试验旨在比较抗菌肽Sublancin与黄芪多糖对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用。选用4~6周龄健康雌性BALB/c小鼠60只，随机分成6组，每组10只。各组小鼠先连续灌胃7 d、每天1次、每只0.2 mL的下列物质：空白对照组，灌胃生理盐水；攻毒组，灌胃生理盐水；12.0 mg/kg BW黄芪多糖组，灌胃12.0 mg/kg BW的黄芪多糖溶液；48.0 mg/kg BW黄芪多糖组，灌胃48.0 mg/kg BW的黄芪多糖溶液；1.0 mg/kg BW sublancin组，灌胃1.0 mg/kg BW的sublancin溶液；2.0 mg/kg BW sublancin组，灌胃2.0 mg/kg BW的sublancin溶液。除空白对照组外，其余5组在灌胃结束24 h后均以200 μL/只的剂量灌胃浓度为1×109 CFU/mL的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌进行攻毒。分别在攻毒3和24 h后从每组随机取5只小鼠采集外周血、脾脏以及盲肠内容物，检测血清中细胞因子含量，脾细胞中T淋巴细胞亚群CD4+、CD8+数量以及肠道内容物中沙门氏菌数量等指标。结果表明：沙门氏菌攻毒3 h后，与攻毒组相比，12.0和48.0 mg/kg BW黄芪多糖组以及2.0 mg/kg BW sublancin组血清中白细胞介素-6（IL-6）的含量均显著降低（P0.05）；48.0 mg/kg BW黄芪多糖组和2.0 mg/kg BW sublancin组血清中单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)的含量均显著降低（P0.05），但是存在降低趋势。沙门氏菌攻毒24 h后，与攻毒组相比，2.0 mg/kg BW sublancin组血清中IL-6的含量显著降低（P<0.05）；48.0 mg/kg BW黄芪多糖组和2.0 mg/kg BW sublancin组血清中TNF-α的含量显著降低（P<0.05）；12.0和48.0 mg/kg BW黄芪多糖组以及2.0 mg/kg BW sublancin组血清中MCP-1的含量显著降低（P<0.05）。此外，沙门氏菌攻毒24 h后，与空白对照组相比，2.0和48.0 mg/kg BW黄芪多糖组以及1.0和2.0 mg/kg BW sublancin组血清中IL-10的含量均显著提高（P<0.05）。综合上述结果可得出，适宜剂量的抗菌肽sublancin和黄芪多糖对小鼠免疫功能均有良好的调节作用；与黄芪多糖相比，抗菌肽sublancin对感染沙门氏菌小鼠免疫功能的调节更加全面。
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