Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Prejudice is the consequence of the interaction and joint construction of perpetrators, targets, and bystanders, rather than a unilateral social psychological phenomenon. As targets or bystanders, women’s responses to perpetrators are different or similar.We discuss Stress Coping and Confronting Prejudiced Responses Models that interpreting women's response to gender prejudice between two different identities. In particular, we analyzed the various influences of optimism, cost/benefit, distress and feminism on the confrontational response of women to prejudice while they are targets versus bystanders. Finally, we outline directions for future research and call for greater consideration on the controversy for the validity of confrontational responses, the intervention on perpetrators who hold an implicit gender prejudice and the substitution effect of expanded imagined contact.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： The watching-eyes effect is a phenomenon where an individual’s behavior changes in response to images depicting eyes. Multiple experiments have shown that this effect occurs during cooperative behavior. Several psychological processes can explain the watching-eyes effect, including reputation, the rule mechanism, reward and punishment, as well as various cognitive mechanisms. Additionally, some factors seem to limit the effect, including presence of others, task type, individual public consciousness, group identity, and cue (i.e., eyes image) presentation method. Currently, the stability of the watching-eyes effect remains controversial. Thus, future studies should examine individual or intergroup differences that could potentially influence stability. Notable variables include gender, culture, brain physiology, and social- application value.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Synchrony, a core element of collective rituals, is of great significance to the survival and development of groups. Interpersonal synchrony is a type of coordination behaviour that refers to the temporal overlap of the movements of two or more people, emphasising the coordinated consistency of movements among group members with the time- and phase-locked characteristics. Recent studies have found that synchrony can promote prosocial behaviours such as cooperation, and this promoting effect has been verified in two-person synchrony, three-person synchrony, and even group synchrony. Moreover, both cooperative behaviour in classical experimental paradigms of cooperation (e.g. prisoner’s dilemma and public goods game) and real-life cooperative activities (e.g. task cooperation) can be positively influenced by interpersonal synchrony. A review of previous studies suggests that the potential process mechanisms underlying this promoting effect involve the activation of neurophysiological systems, an enhanced sense of social connectedness, increased cognitive sensitivity, and evocation of positive emotions. These mechanisms may play different roles in the effect of interpersonal synchrony on cooperation, including providing a physiological and psychological bases as well as facilitating positive interpersonal interactions. Previous researches have also proposed three different models of this positive effect from different perspectives: (1) the self-other representational overlap model, which suggests that individuals promote cooperative behaviour by generating a sense of connectedness through perceived similarity between self and other representations and behaviours; (2) the reinforcement of cooperation model, which suggests that emphasising shared intentionality and increasing joint attention will enhance individuals’ expectations of partners’ cooperation and thus promote cooperative behaviour; and (3) the collective effervescence model, which suggests that synchrony with others creates a positive emotional climate in which individuals generate positive emotions and group-identity, thus enhancing cooperative behaviour. These three models have their own focuses in explaining the role of interpersonal synchrony in promoting cooperation, but they still have shortcomings and cannot fully explain how interpersonal synchrony affects cooperation. Therefore, this paper integrates previous researches and constructs a new psychological process model of synchrony for cooperation. This model provides a more comprehensive and clearer structure of the direct and indirect paths through which synchrony affects cooperation and identifies two important moderators (group size and identity/cultural background). According to this model, synchrony can directly generate cooperative motivation (concern for others’ well-being, liking, trust, and a sense of commitment to performing an action) and then promote cooperative behaviour. Moreover, the shared behaviours, shared intentionality, joint attention as well as positive emotion induced by interpersonal synchrony can promote group identification and, at the same time, synchrony conveys important cues representing the level of competence and the willingness to change for others of partners—namely individual idiosyncratic characteristics. This means that cooperation can also be enhanced by clarifying who is cooperating, thus enhancing the motivation to cooperate. This paper summarises the shortcomings of the existing researches and provides suggestions for future research. The small number and inconsistency of studies on interpersonal synchrony and cooperative behaviour suggest that the facilitative effect of synchrony on cooperative behaviour is susceptible to interference by other factors, and future research needs to further explore the moderating mechanisms of the synchrony effect and reveal the effects of various factors such as social identity, group size, type of cooperative behaviour, and cultural background. In addition, the temporality, specificity, and generalisability of this positive effect need further validation in order to effectively increase the prosocial function of synchrony and reduce its antisocial risk.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： As two common and easily confused self-conscious emotions, many researchers have studied the antecedents and aftereffects of guilt and shame. In recent years, researches have gradually focused on the effect of both on cooperative behavior. By combining the existing studies, we found that there are differences in the impact and mechanism of guilt and shame on cooperative behavior. The effect of guilt is more stable and universal, and the impact of shame, which is more vulnerable to other factors, is complex and diverse. The motivation and regulation mechanisms explain the different effects of guilt and shame on cooperative behavior. First, the motivation mechanism includes the compensation and repair motivation of guilt to others and the protection and repair motivation of shame to self. The compensation and repair motivation of guilt to others is mainly reflected in maintaining fairness in social interaction; making up for the harm caused to others and reducing the pain; repairing interpersonal relationships and regaining the acceptance and recognition of others or oneself. The protection and repair motivation of shame to self is mainly reflected in releasing negative emotional state; maintaining a positive self-image and reputation to repair self; protecting oneself to prevent subsequent injury and adverse consequences. Generally speaking, guilty people pay attention to negligent behaviors and consequences, focusing on compensating for the injured others or repairing the relationship with others. In contrast, the ashamed people pay attention to the damage of the overall self, focusing on protecting the self and repairing their social image. Based on this and previous research, we constructed a comparative model of the motivation mechanism of guilt and shame affecting cooperative behavior. Second, the regulation mechanism involves individual and situational factors. Individual factors include cognitive factors, social value orientation, self-control ability, emotional traits and state. Situational factors include the following situations: exposure and masking; experimental and daily; related and unrelated. Specifically, the influence of guilt on cooperative behavior is less limited by the situation, while shame is more limited by situational factors. It can promote the emergence of cooperative behavior in the exposed or related situations, while in the masked or unrelated situations, shame has difficulty affecting individual cooperative choice. In both experimental and daily situations, guilt affects cooperation more than shame. Finally, there are some deficiencies in previous studies. The effectiveness of the induction and measurement methods of guilt and shame still needs to be tested. The process and physiological mechanisms of the impact of the two emotions on cooperative behavior are still unclear. The research on the impact of individual factors is insufficient, and cross-cultural research is relatively lacking. Therefore, future research can expand and investigate the effectiveness of guilt and shame induction and measurement methods, the internal process and physiological mechanism of emotional effects, and the individual and cultural differences in emotional effects.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-27 Cooperative journals: 《心理学报》
Abstract： Discrimination perception refers to the unfair, negative or harmful treatment that an individual perceives due to membership in a group. This experience is subjective and affects the individual’s psychology and behaviour. Cooperation is the basic form of social interaction, which is an essential part of personal social development and an important issue for sustainable human growth. Junior high school students undergo puberty, a stage of rapid development of mind and body. This development is inseparable from the interaction with and feedback from the environment. In this study, the purpose is to reveal the influence of discrimination perception on the cooperative tendency and behaviour of junior high school students from the perspective of traits and status. The first part of the study was measured using Cai Min's Education Discrimination Questionnaire. Survey participants were 752 first-year students who performed three measurements in November 2016, April 2017 and November 2017 (T1 to T3, respectively) to explore the influence of discrimination perception on their cooperative tendencies. The second part of the study was carried out using a multi-round investment public goods dilemma paradigm. This experiment was organised into a 2 (discrimination perception level: high discrimination perception, low discrimination perception) × 2 (group type: inner group, outside group) factorial design. The discrimination perception level is the inter-subject variable and the group type is the intra-subject variable. Each participant carries out 12 rounds of investment, in which the cooperation object of the first six rounds is a member of the outside group and that of the last six rounds is a member of the inner group. The dependent variable is the cooperative behaviour of the participants, measured as the investment ratio (ratio of each round of investment to the current round of principal) and the contribution rate (ratio of each round of investment to the bottom line of public accounts return of 200). The participants in the experiment were 68 junior high school students selected from results of the T3 discrimination perception questionnaire, namely, the top 27% with high discrimination perception and bottom 27% with low discrimination perception. The outside group situation was controlled by the simulated point estimation experiment. Results showed that: (1) At the three time points, a significant negative correlation was observed between the discrimination perception among junior high school students and the cooperative tendency. From the vertical point of view, the cooperative tendency of T1 could negatively predict the discrimination perception in T2, which in turn negatively predicted the cooperative tendency in T3; (2) in the first three rounds of investment ratio and contribution rate of public goods dilemma, the interaction effect of discrimination perception and group type was significant; in the last three rounds, only the main effects of discrimination perception on investment ratio and contribution rate and of group type on contribution rate were observed. Findings suggest a vertical spiral between the discrimination perception and cooperative tendency. At the beginning of the interaction, the cooperative behaviour of the inner group preference is only observed in the low discrimination perception group, and the influence of discrimination perception on the cooperative behaviour is regulated by the group type. With the extension of interaction time, the regulatory effect of the group type disappears and the inner group preference of cooperative behaviour generally increases.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2022-01-11
Abstract：
Synchrony, a core element of collective rituals, is of great significance to the survival and development of groups. Interpersonal synchrony is a kind of coordination behaviour that emphasises the coordinated consistency of movements among group members with time- and phase-locked characteristics. Recent studies have found that synchrony can promote pro-social behaviours such as cooperation, and the potential process mechanisms underlying this promoting effect involve the activation of neurophysiological systems, an enhanced sense of social connectedness, increased cognitive sensitivity, and evocation of positive emotions. Previous researches have proposed three different models of this positive effect from different perspectives: (1) the self-other representational overlap model, (2) the reinforcement of cooperation model, and (3) the collective effervescence model. These three models have their own focuses in explaining the role of interpersonal synchrony in promoting cooperation, but they cannot fully explain how interpersonal synchrony affects cooperation. Therefore, this paper proposes a new psychological process model of synchrony for cooperation that provides a more comprehensive and clearer structure of the direct and indirect paths through which synchrony affects cooperation, and identifies two important moderators (group size and identity/cultural background). In addition, this paper summarises the shortcomings of the existing researches and provides suggestions for future research to effectively increase the pro-social function of synchrony and reduce its antisocial risk.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2021-12-28
Abstract： As two common and easily confused self-conscious emotions, the effects of guilt and shame on cooperative behavior and their mechanisms are different. The effect of guilt is more stable and universal, while that of shame is more complex. This can be explained by the motivation and regulation mechanisms of influence, including the compensation and repair motivation of guilt to others, the protection and repair motivation of shame to self, and the regulation of individual and situational factors. Future research should focus on the effectiveness of the induction and measurement methods of guilt and shame, the internal process and physiological mechanism of the effect, and the individual and cultural differences in the effect on cooperative behavior.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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