分类: 信息科学与系统科学 >> 信息科学与系统科学基础学科 分类: 物理学 >> 交叉学科物理及相关领域的科学与技术 提交时间: 2022-08-15
摘要: The notion of information and complexity are important concepts in many scientific fields such as molecular biology, evolutionary theory and exobiology. Many measures of these quantities are either difficult to compute, rely on the statistical notion of information, or can only be applied to strings. Based on assembly theory, we propose the notion of a ladderpath, which describes how an object can be decomposed into hierarchical structures using repetitive elements. From the ladderpath two measures naturally emerge: the ladderpath-index and the order-index, which represent two axes of complexity. We show how the ladderpath approach can be applied to both strings and spatial patterns and argue that all systems that undergo evolution can be described as ladderpaths. Further, we discuss possible applications to human language and the origin of life. The ladderpath approach provides an alternative characterization of the information that is contained in a single object (or a system) and could aid in our understanding of evolving systems and the origin of life in particular.
分类: 数学 >> 代数与数论 提交时间: 2016-05-19
摘要: For CM elliptic curve over rational field with analytic rank one, for any potential good ordinary prime p, not dividing the number of roots of unity in the complex multiplication field, we show the p-part of its Shafarevich-Tate group has order predicted by the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture.
分类: 生物学 >> 动物学 提交时间: 2017-11-07 合作期刊: 《古脊椎动物学报》
摘要: New findings of galeaspids (Agnatha) including Altigibbaspis huiqingae gen. et sp. nov., an indeterminate polybranchiaspid, Eugaleaspis changi, and Nanpanaspis microculus are described from the lower part of the Xishancun Formation (early Lochkovian, Early Devonian) near the northeast entrance of Liaokuo Park, Qujing City, Yunnan Province, China. The Polybranchiaspis-like new genus is characterized by a blade-like median dorsal ridge on the dorsal side of head-shield. The morphological disparity of the median dorsal ridge and spine in galeaspids suggests that these structures functioned more than providing a hydrodynamic stability. We assume that a high upright and compressed spine may render galeaspid fishes an apparently larger size as seen by a predator, and a blade-like median dorsal ridge may accomplish a defense against the claws of large sea scorpions. Nanpanaspis is peculiar in bearing two short laterally projecting processes on each side of the head-shield, and its phylogenetic relationship is discussed based on different interpretations on the homology of these processes. Considering the unique morphology of Nanpanaspis, and its early occurrence among the Huananaspiformes, we assign Nanpanaspis in the monogeneric family Nanpanaspidae to represent an early branch of the Huananaspiformes.
分类: 地球科学 >> 地质学 提交时间: 2017-08-24 合作期刊: 《古脊椎动物学报》
摘要: New findings of galeaspids (Agnatha) including Altigibbaspis huiqingae gen. et sp. nov., an indeterminate polybranchiaspid, Eugaleaspis changi, and Nanpanaspis microculus are described from the lower part of the Xishancun Formation (early Lochkovian, Early Devonian) near the northeast entrance of Liaokuo Park, Qujing City, Yunnan Province, China. The Polybranchiaspis-like new genus is characterized by a blade-like median dorsal ridge on the dorsal side of head-shield. The morphological disparity of the median dorsal ridge and spine in galeaspids suggests that these structures functioned more than providing a hydrodynamic stability. We assume that a high upright and compressed spine may render galeaspid fishes an apparently larger size as seen by a predator, and a blade-like median dorsal ridge may accomplish a defense against the claws of large sea scorpions. Nanpanaspis is peculiar in bearing two short laterally projecting processes on each side of the head-shield, and its phylogenetic relationship is discussed based on different interpretations on the homology of these processes. Considering the unique morphology of Nanpanaspis, and its early occurrence among the Huananaspiformes, we assign Nanpanaspis in the monogeneric family Nanpanaspidae to represent an early branch of the Huananaspiformes. 本文描述了云南曲靖早泥盆世西山村组盔甲鱼类(无颌类)的新发现,包括一新属、新种——惠清驼背鱼(Altigibbaspis huiqingae gen. et sp. nov.), 一件属种未定的多鳃鱼科标本,以及张氏真盔甲鱼(Eugaleaspis changi)和小眼南盘鱼(Nanpanaspis microculus)的新材料。驼背鱼在很多方面跟多鳃鱼都非常相似,但头甲背面具一特征性的驼背状隆起,其上有一刀刃状的中背脊。中背脊和中背棘在盔甲鱼类里的形态分异度表明:它们除了能够提供游泳方向稳定性外,可能衍生出了一些附加的功能,例如直立高耸的中背棘能使盔甲鱼在捕食者眼里具有了恐吓性,刀刃状的中背脊可能也起到一些防御的作用。南盘鱼头甲侧缘具有两对非常奇特的侧向延伸的突起;通过对这两对侧突同源性的比较,讨论了南盘鱼的潜在系统分类位置。鉴于南盘鱼奇特的形态,以及它在华南鱼目中相对较早的出现时代,建议暂时把南盘鱼放到一个单属科南盘鱼科,代表了华南鱼目早期分出来的一个支系。
分类: 数学 >> 应用数学 分类: 计算机科学 >> 计算机软件 分类: 信息科学与系统科学 >> 信息与系统科学其他学科 提交时间: 2021-10-11
摘要: The shortest path problem (SPP) is a classic problem and appears in a wide range of applications. Although a variety of algorithms already exist, new advances are still being made, mainly tuned for particular scenarios to have better performances. As a result, they become more and more technically complex and sophisticated. Here we developed a novel nature-inspired algorithm to compute all possible shortest paths between two nodes in a graph: Resonance Algorithm (RA), which is surprisingly simple and intuitive. Besides its simplicity, RA turns out to be much more time-efficient for large-scale graphs than the extended Dijkstra's algorithm (such that it gives all possible shortest paths). Moreover, RA can handle any undirected, directed, or mixed graphs, irrespective of loops, unweighted or positively-weighted edges, and can be implemented in a fully decentralized manner. These good properties ensure RA a wide range of applications.
分类: 核科学技术 >> 核探测技术与核电子学 提交时间: 2023-06-18 合作期刊: 《Nuclear Science and Techniques》
摘要: A method is established for measuring low energy -rays dose by using CMOS sensors without any X-/-ray converters. Gamma-ray source of 241Am and 152Eu are used to test the system. Based on gray value, an analysis method is proposed to obtain the -ray dose. Cumulative dose is determined by correlating the gray value to the dose readings of standard dosimeters. The relationship between gray value and the cumulative dose of -rays are trained by using back propagation neural network with BFGS algorithm. After comparison, it shows that BFGS algorithm trainings are suitable for different -ray sources under higher error condition. These indicate the feasibility of measuring low energy -ray dose by using common CMOS image sensors.
分类: 物理学 >> 核物理学 提交时间: 2023-06-18 合作期刊: 《Nuclear Science and Techniques》
摘要: Bio-nanosensors (Bio-NSs) have attracted much attention recently due to their unique properties. Among all of the bio-NSs, the intracellular proton sensor is significant for biomedicine studies and clinic diagnosis. Proton nanosensors (PNSs) with different pH sensitive ranges could satisfy different research requirements. Here we report a facile method to build a PNS with a neutral to basic pH sensitive range, in which the commercial pH indicator, fluoresceinamine (FA), was covalently coupled to the carboxylic-rich amphiphilic polymer (AP) coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs).
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2016-05-12
摘要: We present high-resolution observations of a quiescent solar prominence that consists of a vertical and a horizontal foot encircled by an overlying spine and has ubiquitous counter-streaming mass flows. While the horizontal foot and the spine were connected to the solar surface, the vertical foot was suspended above the solar surface and was supported by a semicircular bubble structure. The bubble first collapsed, then reformed at a similar height, and finally started to oscillate for a long time. We find that the collapse and oscillation of the bubble boundary were tightly associated with a flare-like feature located at the bottom of the bubble. Based on the observational results, we propose that the prominence should be composed of an overlying horizontal spine encircling a low-lying horizontal and vertical foot, in which the horizontal foot consists of shorter field lines running partially along the spine and has ends connected to the solar surface, while the vertical foot consists of piling-up dips due to the sagging of the spine fields and is supported by a bipolar magnetic system formed by parasitic polarities (i.e., the bubble). The upflows in the vertical foot were possibly caused by the magnetic reconnection at the separator between the bubble and the overlying dips, which intruded into the persistent downflow field and formed the picture of counter-streaming mass flows. In addition, the counter-streaming flows in the horizontal foot were possibly caused by the imbalanced pressure at the both ends.
分类: 物理学 >> 核物理学 提交时间: 2023-06-18 合作期刊: 《Nuclear Science and Techniques》
摘要: Fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to investigate the interaction between fluorophore fluoresceinamine (FA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) under physiological conditions. In the mechanism discussion, it was proved that the fluorescence quenching of BSA by FA is a result of the formation of a BSA-FA complex. Fluorescence quenching constants were determined using the modified Stern-Volmer equation to provide a measure of the binding affinity between FA and BSA. The results of the thermodynamic parameters G, H, and S at different temperatures indicated that several kinds of interactions, except for the electrostatic interactions play cooperative roles in BSA-FA association. Furthermore, the conformation of BSA upon interaction with FA was also studied by synchrotron fluorescence spectroscopy.
分类: 信息科学与系统科学 >> 信息科学与系统科学基础学科 分类: 生物学 >> 生物进化论 分类: 生物学 >> 生物数学 分类: 物理学 >> 交叉学科物理及相关领域的科学与技术 分类: 生物学 >> 遗传学 提交时间: 2023-10-15
摘要: Background: In bioinformatics, tools like multiple sequence alignment and entropy methods probe sequence information and evolutionary relationships between species. Although powerful, they might miss crucial hierarchical relationships formed by the reuse of repetitive subsequences like duplicons and transposable elements. Such relationships are governed by evolutionary tinkering'', as described by Fran c{c}ois Jacob. The newly developed Ladderpath theory provides a quantitative framework to describe these hierarchical relationships.Results: Based on this theory, we introduce two indicators: order-rate $ eta$, characterizing sequence pattern repetitions and regularities, and ladderpath-complexity $ kappa$, characterizing hierarchical richness within sequences, considering sequence length. Statistical analyses on real amino acid sequences showed: (1) Among the typical species analyzed, humans possess relatively more sequences with large $ kappa$ values. (2) Proteins with a significant proportion of intrinsically disordered regions exhibit increased $ eta$ values. (3) There are almost no super long sequences with low $ eta$. We hypothesize that this arises from varied duplication and mutation frequencies across different evolutionary stages, which in turn suggests a zigzag pattern for the evolution of protein complexity. This is supported by our simulations and examples from protein families such as Ubiquitin and NBPF.Conclusions: Our method emphasizes how objects are generated'', capturing the essence of evolutionary tinkering and reuse. The findings hint at a connection between sequence orderliness and structural uncertainty, and suggest that different species or those in varied environments might adopt distinct protein elongation strategies. These insights highlight our method's value for further in-depth evolutionary biology applications.
分类: 物理学 >> 核物理学 提交时间: 2023-06-18 合作期刊: 《Nuclear Science and Techniques》
摘要: Strategies for labeling proteins with fluorophores are always important for biotechnology. Here we take a model protein (bovine serum albumin) and a typical fluorophore (rhodamine B) to demonstrate a direct labeling method just by physical adsorption. In combination with size exclusion chromatography and the Scartchard equation, we have developed a facile analysis method for calculating the binding constant and binding sites. The molecular docking method has been used to study the binding site in amino acid level.
分类: 物理学 >> 核物理学 提交时间: 2016-09-12
摘要: The Ω baryons with JP=3/2±,1/2± are studied on the lattice in the quenched approximation. Their mass levels are ordered as M3/2+