分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2017-01-04
摘要: Huynen decomposition prefers the world of basic symmetry and regularity (SR) in which we live. However, it is just this preference prevents Huynen decomposition from analyzing the non-symmetric (NS) and irregular (IR) targets. The canonical Huynen dichotomy is proposed to provide two competent supplements to Huynen decomposition by developing two other target dichotomies with the scattering preferences for IR and NS. In virtue of an adaptive combination and permutation of the scattering preferences of the canonical dichotomy, a scattering preference pyramid description of the mixed scattering is developed in this paper. The pyramid is composed of three layers to reflect three different degrees of scattering randomness. Each layer is further composed of several blocks to totally indicate ten different scattering mechanisms. The excellent performance of this scheme is demonstrated by comparing it with the widely-used entropy/alpha classification, and a better discrimination of radar targets is obtained. �VDE VERLAG GMBH �Berlin �Offenbach.
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2016-05-03
摘要: As we know, a moving target’s azimuth shift in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image is proportional to the projected velocity of its across-track velocity in the slant-range plane. Therefore, we can relocate the moving target in SAR image after estimating its velocity. However, when the Doppler ambiguity occurs due to the limitation of the SAR system’s pulse repetition frequency (PRF), this relationship will not hold any more, in this case, we cannot relocate the moving target to the right position. The Doppler spectrum of a moving target with arbitrary velocity may entirely situate in a PRF band or span in two neighboring PRF bands. In this paper, we conduct a detailed theoretical analysis on the moving target’s azimuth shift for these two scenarios. According to the derived formulas, one can relocate a moving target with arbitrary velocity to the right position no matter the Doppler ambiguity occurs or not. Simulated data are processed to validate the analysis. © 2015 Electromagnetics Academy. All rights reserved.
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2017-01-04
摘要: A scattering degree of preference parameter is developed from Huynen canonical dichotomy which displays superior classification ability over the scattering similarity parameter. A scattering hue parameter is then proposed and demonstrated to be of superiority compared with scattering alpha on description of scattering mechanism. A scattering saturation parameter is further defined and shows comparable to scattering entropy on description of scattering randomness. A Huynen dichotomy-based PolSAR data visualization scheme is finally obtained which not only works more efficient but also makes the results look better than that from H/alpha. �2014 VDE VERLAG GMBH.
分类: 化学 >> 物理化学 提交时间: 2017-11-05 合作期刊: 《结构化学》
摘要: One new coordination polymer (CP) [Cd(bct)(bib)]·2(H2O) (1), based on 3,5-bis(4΄-carboxy- phenyl)-1,2,4-triazole (H2bct) and 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene(bib), has been synthesized by hydrothermal method, and its structure was determined and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The crystal structure of CP 1 is a three-dimensional framework with (3,5)-connected topology, where the bct ligands adopt a µ3-kO,kO,kO coordination mode connecting with three Cd centers and the bib ligands adopt a µ2-kN,kN coordination mode bridging two Cd ions. It crystallizes in monoclinic system, space group C2/c, with a = 2.6838(4), b = 1.24221(17), c = 1.8011(2) nm, β = 102.939(2)º, V = 5.8522(13) nm3, Z = 8, C30H27CdN7O6, Mr = 694.00, Dc = 1.566 g/cm3, F(000) = 2784, S = 1.055, R = 0.0294 and wR = 0.0731. Furthermore, solid-state photoluminescence measurements show that CP 1 produces strong emissions at room temperature.
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2017-03-10
摘要: In PolSAR data processing, deorientation operation is often necessary. The existing deorientation method uniformly deorients all the sub-scatterers of a resolution cell with one orientation angle. For high entropy situation, the sub-scatterers have diverse OAs, and the effect of the existing method is unsatisfactory. A novel deorientation method is proposed to well treat the high entropy situation. Cloude's eigen-decomposition to the coherency matrix is first carried out. The three eigenvectors are then separately deoriented with their own orientation angles. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is suitable for extraction of urban regions, especially for extraction of oriented urban regions. �VDE VERLAG GMBH �Berlin �Offenbach.
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2017-03-10
摘要: In this paper a three component model-based decomposition with adaptive selection of unitary transformations for polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (POLSAR) data processing is proposed. Singh et al implemented two unitary transformations on the coherency matrix to minimize the power of cross-polarization, and as a result the T23element of the coherency matrix becomes zero. Another two unitary transformations are proposed by us to carry out on the coherency matrix also to minimize the power of crosspolarization, and the T13element of the coherency matrix becomes zero. Here, we first implement Singh's two unitary transformations and the proposed two unitary transformations on the coherency matrix separately. Then we select the one which leads to the smaller T33. At last, we carry out the three component model-based decomposition proposed by Freeman and Durden based on the obtained coherency matrix. The smaller T33is obtained, the better the over-estimation of volume scattering in model-based decomposition can be suppressed. The RADARSAT-2 POLSAR data of San Francisco area is used to validate the improvement of the proposed method over the three component decomposition only with Singh's two unitary transformations.
分类: 生物学 >> 植物学 >> 植物生物化学、植物生物物理学 提交时间: 2016-05-04
摘要: Several plant isoquinoline alkaloids (PIAs) possess powerful pharmaceutical and biotechnological properties. Thus, PIA metabolism and its fascinating molecules, including morphine, colchicine and galanthamine, have attracted the attention of both the industry and researchers involved in plant science, biochemistry, chemical bioengineering and medicine. Currently, access and availability of high-value PIAs [commercialized (e.g. galanthamine) or not (e.g. narciclasine)] is limited by low concentration in nature, lack of cultivation or geographic access, seasonal production and risk of overharvesting wild plant species. Nevertheless, most commercial PIAs are still extracted from plant sources. Efforts to improve the production of PIA have largely been impaired by the lack of knowledge on PIA metabolism. With the development and integration of next-generation sequencing technologies, high-throughput proteomics and metabolomics analyses and bioinformatics, systems biology was used to unravel metabolic pathways allowing the use of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches to increase production of valuable PIAs. Metabolic engineering provides opportunity to overcome issues related to restricted availability, diversification and productivity of plant alkaloids. Engineered plant, plant cells and microbial cell cultures can act as biofactories by offering their metabolic machinery for the purpose of optimizing the conditions and increasing the productivity of a specific alkaloid. In this article, is presented an update on the production of PIA in engineered plant, plant cell cultures and heterologous micro-organisms.
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2017-03-10
摘要: Deorientation plays an important role in polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) target decomposition, terrain classification, and geophysical parameters retrieval. The existing deorientation method roughly rotates the target by an average/mixed orientation angle (OA) about the line of radar sight. However, regarding the complex high-entropy mixed scatterer, which usually comprises several comparable sub-scatterers with different OAs, the average/mixed OA is obviously insufficient to account for the diverse OAs’ reality. To address this, a novel PolSAR data deorientation method is proposed in this letter. The proposed method deorients a mixed scatterer by reconstructing the underlying sub-scatterers using the eigenvalue-based Cloude–Pottier decomposition first, and then compensates the OA of each reconstructed sub-scatterer using Huynen’s desying operation, respectively. One important feature of the proposed method is that it is consistent with Huynen’s desying operation that the real part of the (1, 3) element of the deoriented coherency matrix should be zero. The proposed method provides a fine deorientation for mixed targets, and is especially suitable for the extraction of oriented urban regions. Comparative experiments with the existing method on RADARSAT-2 PolSAR data demonstrate the excellent deorientation performance of the proposed method. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2017-01-04
摘要: A rigorous epipolar geometry modeling for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is developed from a concise imaging model proposed in the paper. The imaging model and epipolar model not only geometrically unify the SAR imaging and the optical camera imaging, but also motivate a 3D target reconstruction which is theoretically validated to be consistent with the radargrammetry and experimentally demonstrated to be accurate. �2008-2012 IEEE.
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2016-05-03
摘要: Sea surface salinity (SSS) plays an important role in global water cycle. In recent years, satellite based remote sensing has proven to be a promising approach for global SSS observation. A new payload concept, named MICAP (microwave imager combined active and passive), has been introduced in this paper. MICAP is a suit of active/passive instrument package, which includes L/C/K band one-dimensional MIR (microwave interferometric radiometer) and L-band DBF (digital beamforming) scatterometer, sharing a parabolic cylinder reflector. MICAP has been selected to be a candidate payload for future Chinese ocean salinity mission. In this paper, the MICAP instrument concept, specification and preliminary system design will be introduced.
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2017-03-10
摘要: The inter-element phase calibration plays an important role in the overall calibration scheme for synthetic aperture radiometer. The traditional relative phase calibration approach is to use correlated noise injection network, which will be difficult to be implemented in millimeter wave band due to the complexity of the waveguide divider network. A novel self-calibration method for interferometric radiometers with rotating thinned array, especially for the geostationary interferometric microwave sounder(GIMS), has been proposed in this paper. By using this approach, neither dedicated hardware nor dedicated calibration working model is needed to achieved the relative phase calibration. The self-calibration approach is inherently merged with the nominal observation working model of GIMS, thanks to the continuous array rotating of GIMS instrument. A running average scheme has been introduced into the self-calibration approach to enhance the SNR of the calibration data, which is normally very low with the natural earth scene. The method is demonstrated by both simulation and field imaging experiment. �2016 IEEE.
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2016-05-03
摘要: Sea surface salinity as an ocean variable plays an important role in various components of the water and energy cycle. Recently a Chinese space mission using a new concept of Microwave Imager Combined Active and Passive (MICAP) at L-band is proposed for the ocean salinity measurement. MICAP uses interferometric techniques for both the radiometer and the scatterometer, which adopt two kinds of linear array feeds sharing one 3x4.5 m parabolic cylinder reflector. This paper is focused on the microwave interferometric radiometer (MIR) aboard the MICAP, and discusses the imaging simulation, imaging algorithm, and instrument performance.
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2017-01-04
摘要: A fast offset estimation approach for interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) image pair subpixel registration is proposed for cases of relatively gentle topography and/or short baseline. A coarse-to-fine registration strategy is taken. The pixel-level offset is estimated in the coarse registration step by a fast feature-based estimation, which uses the speeded up robust feature operator and fast least trimmed squares (Fast-LTS) estimator to accelerate the feature extraction and parameter estimation. A fine registration is performed subsequently. The conventional normalized cross-correlation algorithm (NCCA) searches for the optimal subpixel offset by oversampling either the coarse cross correlation or the InSAR image patch pair. The offset estimation accuracy is restricted by the oversampling rate, and the computational burden is heavy when high accuracy is demanded. In this letter, we transform the oversampling and correlation searching process of NCCA into a nonlinear optimization problem, which takes the maximization of the coherent cross correlation as the objective function; by solving it, the subpixel offset can be fast and exactly obtained without any image oversampling. The final registration parameters are inverted by Fast-LTS fitting of a series of subpixel tie point correspondences which can be constructed after applying the approach to several image patch pairs. RadarSat-2 data are used to test the approach, and the results show that it performs very well not only on the speed but also on the accuracy. �2006 IEEE.
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2017-01-04
摘要: Scattering similarity was first proposed by Yang et al. to measure the similarity between two single scatterers. It was extended by Chen et al. to measure the similarity between a mixed scatterer and a single scatterer. This letter develops a random similarity parameter to further measure the similarity between two mixed scatterers. The parameter not only covers Yang's and Chen's similarities by providing a general scattering similarity measurement, but also is useful for scattering randomness description by enabling a fast alternative and a competent complementary to the entropy parameter. A novel model-based characterization scheme of mixed scatterer is then proposed by parallel combining the random similarities between the mixed scatterer and three canonical mixed volume scatterers. By further fusing with the SPAN, the scheme can characterize both the texture and the scattering information regarding a target. Comparative experiment with Chen's approach on L-band ESAR Oberpfaffenhofen data demonstrates its excellent discrimination of radar targets. �2004-2012 IEEE.
分类: 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间: 2023-06-13 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要:Velocity is an important component of glacier dynamics and directly reflects the response of glaciers to climate change. As a result, an accurate determination of seasonal variation in glacier velocity is very important in understanding the annual variation in glacier dynamics. However, few studies of glacier velocity in the High Mountain Asia (HMA) region were done. Along these lines, in this work, based on Sentinel-1 glacier velocity data, the distribution of glacier velocity in the HMA region was plotted and their seasonal variations during 2015–2020 were systematically analysed. The average glacier velocity in the HMA region was 0.053 m/d, and was positively correlated with the glacier area and slope. Glaciers in the Karakoram Mountains had the fastest average flow velocity (0.060 m/d), where the glaciers exhibited the largest average area and average slope. Moreover, glaciers in the Gangdisê Mountains had the slowest velocity (0.022 m/d) and the smallest average glacier area. The glacier flows were the fastest in spring (0.058 m/d), followed by summer (0.050 m/d), autumn (0.041 m/d), and winter (0.040 m/d). In addition, the glacier flows were the maximum in May, being 1.4 times of the annual average velocity. In some areas, such as the Qilian, Altun, Tibetan Interior, Eastern Kunlun, and Western Kunlun mountains, the peak glacier velocities appeared in June and July. The glacier velocity in the HMA region decreased in midsummer and reached the minimum in December when it was 75% of the annual average. These results highlight the role of meltwater in the seasonal variation in glacier flows in late spring and early summer. The seasonal velocity variation of lake-terminating glaciers was similar to that of land-terminating ones, but the former flowed faster. The velocity difference close to the mass balance line between the lake- and land-terminating glaciers was obviously greater in spring than in other seasons. In summer, the difference between the lake- and land-terminating glaciers at a normalized distance of 0.05–0.40 from the terminus was significantly greater than those of other seasons. The velocity difference between the lake- and land-terminating glaciers is closely related to the variable of ice thickness, and also to the frictional force of the terminal base reduced by proglacial lakes. Thus, it can be concluded that in addition to the variation of the glacier thickness and viscosity, the variation of glacier water input also plays a key role in the seasonal variation of glacier velocity.
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2016-05-03
摘要: The authors propose a novel compressive sensing (CS)-based Dechirp-Keystone algorithm (DKA) for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) moving target imaging, which is called the CS-DKA. The DKA can focus on moving targets in range-Doppler domain efficiently through only keystone transform (KT), complex multiplication and Fourier transform (FT)/inverse Fourier transform (IFT) operations. It has been shown that the non-interpolation implementation of KT can be expressed by an orthonormal basis, and it is known that the complex multiplication and FT/IFT are linear and invertible; therefore, the Dechirp-Keystone operator (DKO) is also linear and invertible. In the proposed algorithm, the authors take the inverse of DKO (IDKO) rather than the exact SAR echo model to construct the representation basis in the CS frame owing to its high implementation efficiency. After that, a random transmitting/receiving scheme is considered, to implement the down-sampling operation, and then reconstruct the moving target image by solving a regularisation problem. Both simulated and real SAR data are processed to show that the CS-DKA with down-sampled data can focus the target as well as the conventional DKA does with full data, and at the same time can achieve much lower sidelobes.
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2017-01-04
摘要: In computer vision, optical camera is often used as the eyes of computer. If we replace camera with synthetic aperture radar (SAR), we will then enter a microwave vision of the world. This paper gives a comparison of SAR imaging and camera imaging from the viewpoint of epipolar geometry. The imaging model and epipolar geometry of the two sensors are analyzed in detail. Their difference is illustrated, and their unification is particularly demonstrated. We hope these may benefit researchers in field of computer vision or SAR image processing to construct a computer SAR vision, which is dedicated to compensate and improve human vision by electromagnetically perceiving and understanding the images.
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2017-01-04
摘要: An investigation to the appropriate feature for SAR image registration is conducted. The commonly-used features such as tie points, Harris corner, the scale invariant feature transform (SIFT), and the speeded up robust feature (SURF) are comprehensively evaluated in terms of several criteria such as the geometrical invariance of feature, the extraction speed, the localization accuracy, the geometrical invariance of descriptor, the matching speed, the robustness to decorrelation, and the flexibility to image speckling. It is shown that SURF outperforms others. It is particularly indicated that SURF has good flexibility to image speckling because the Fast-Hessian detector of SURF has a potential relation with the refined Lee filter. It is recommended to perform SURF on the oversampled image with unaltered sampling step so as to improve the subpixel registration accuracy and speckle immunity. Thus SURF is more appropriate and competent for general SAR image registration. �2012 SPIE.
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2017-03-10
摘要: The model-based decomposition that originated from Freeman-Durden three-component decomposition (FDD) has been widely applied in polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data processing for its clear physical interpretation and easy implementation. Numerous improvements have been proposed to settle the twomain drawbacks of FDD, i.e., the incomplete utilization of the polarimetric information in the coherency matrix and the negative scattering power problem. Recently, Cui et al. proposed a complete model-based three-component decomposition which successfully settled the two aforementioned drawbacks. However, the three scattering components' powers are not totally derived using scattering models, and the remaining coherency matrix (RCM) obtained by subtracting the volume scattering component from the coherency matrix is not consistent with the models of surface and double-bounce scattering components. As an extension of Cui's method, this letter is dedicated to develop a novel method to discriminate the surface and double-bounce scattering components both using scattering models. With the orientation angle (OA) variation and helix angle (HA) variation compensated for the RCM, the RCM is automatically consistent with the models of surface and double-scattering components. The OA variation and HA variation compensation for the RCMis done by unitary transformations of the eigenvectors of the RCM. The powers of surface and double-bounce scattering components are positive. The effectiveness of the proposedmethod is demonstrated by processing the real PolSAR data.
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2017-01-04
摘要: This paper is dedicated to investigate the appropriate parameter retrieval algorithm for feature-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image registration. The widely-used random sample consensus (RANSAC) is observed to be instable for its inappropriate estimation strategy and loss function for SAR images. In order to enable a stable and robust registration for SAR, an extended fast least trimmed squares (EF-LTS) is proposed which conducts the registration by least squares fitting at least half of the correspondences to minimize the squared polynomial residuals instead of fitting the minimal sampling set to maximize the cardinality of the consensus set as RANSAC. Experiment on interferometric SAR image pair demonstrates that the proposed algorithm behaves very stably and the obtained registration is averagely better than that by RANSAC in terms of cross-correlation and spectral SNR. By this algorithm, a stable estimation for any kind of 2D polynomial warp model with high robustness and accuracy can be efficiently achieved. Thus EF-LTS is more appropriate for SAR image registration. �2012 SPIE.