Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields Subjects: Physics >> Nuclear Physics submitted time 2024-06-20
Abstract: The sPHENIX experiment is a new generation of large acceptance detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory with scientific goals focusing on probing the strongly interacting Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) with hard probes of jets, open heavy flavor particles and $ Upsilon$ production. The EMCal detector, covering the pseudo-rapidity region of $ eta leq 1.1$, is an essential subsystem of sPHENIX. In this paper, we focus on the production and test for the EMCal blocks covering a pseudo-rapidity of $ eta in 0.8 , 1.1 $. These, in conjunction with central pseudo-rapidity EMCal blocks, significantly enhance the sPHENIX physics capability of jet and $ Upsilon$ particle measurements. In this paper, detector module production and testing of the sPHENIX W-powder/Scintillating Fiber (W/ScFi) Electromagnetic Calorimeter Blocks are presented. Selection of the tungsten powder, mold fabrication, QA procedures and cosmic ray test results are discussed.
Subjects: Physics >> Nuclear Physics Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields submitted time 2024-04-15
Abstract: The search for chiral magnetic effects (CME) in relativistic heavy-ion collisions helps us to understand CP symmetry breaking in strong interactions and the topological nature of the quantum chromodynamic (QCD) vacuum. A two-plane method was proposed based on the fact that the background and signal of CME have different correlations relative to the spectator plane and the participant plane. Using a multiphase transport model with different input strengths of CME, we revisit the two-plane method in isobar collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV. The relative correlations of the CME signal and background to two different planes were found to be different, which is inconsistent with the assumptions made in the current experimental measurements. The difference arises from the decorrelation of the CME relative to the spectator and participant planes, which originates from the final state interactions. Our finding suggests that the current experimental measurements may overestimate the fraction of the CME signal in the final state in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields submitted time 2024-04-10
Abstract: A theory of quantum reference frame is considered in the paper, the induced Ricci flow of quantum spacetime and gravity theory are discussed by considering the second order moment of the quantum fluctuation of the reference frame. We also discuss the cosmic acceleration (cosmological constant problem), radial acceleration discrepancy of galaxies, inflation in the early universe, and the origin of spacetime entropy. Finally, we propose some possible predictions of the theory.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Information Science and Systems Science >> Basic Disciplines of Information Science and Systems Science Subjects: Physics >> Electromagnetism, Optics, Acoustics, Heat Transfer, Classical Mechanics, and Fluid Dynamics Subjects: Electronics and Communication Technology >> Optoelectronics and Laser Subjects: Physics >> Geophysics, Astronomy, and Astrophysics Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields submitted time 2024-04-08
Abstract: The Einstein’s theory of special relativity is based on his two postulates. The first is that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial reference frames. The second is that the velocity of light in the vacuum is the same in all inertial frames. The theory of special relativity is considered to be supported by a large number of experiments. This paper revisits the two postulates according to the new interpretations to the exact solutions of moving sources in the laboratory frame. The exact solutions are obtained using the classic Maxwell’s theory, which clearly show that the propagation velocity of the electromagnetic waves of moving sources in the vacuum is not isotropic; the propagation velocity of the electromagnetic waves and the moving velocity of the sources cannot be added like vectors; the transverse Doppler effect is intrinsically included in the fields of the moving sources. The electromagnetic sources are subject to the Newtonian mechanics, while the electromagnetic fields are subject to the Maxwell’s theory. We argue that since their behaviors are quite different, it is not a best choice to try to bind them together and force them to undergo the same coordinate transformations as a whole, like that in the Lorentz transformations. Furthermore, the Maxwell’s theory does not impose any limitations on the velocity of the electromagnetic waves. To assume that all objects cannot move faster than the light in the vacuum need more examinations. We have carefully checked the main experiment results that were considered as supporting the special relativity. Unfortunately, we found that the experimental results may have been misinterpreted. We here propose a Galilean-Newtonian-Maxwellian relativity, which can give the same or even better explanations to those experimental results.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields submitted time 2024-03-08
Abstract: Basing on Mellin-Barnes representations and Miller’s transformation, we present the Gel’fand-Kapranov-Zelevinsky (GKZ) hypergeometric systems of the four-loop vacuum Feynman integrals with arbitrary masses. Through the GKZ hypergeometric systems, the analytical hypergeometric series solutions of the four-loop vacuum Feynman integrals with arbitrary masses can be obtained in neighborhoods of origin including infinity. The analytical expressions of the four-loop vacuum Feynman integrals can be formulated as a linear combination of the corresponding fundamental solution systems in certain convergent region.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields Subjects: Physics >> Nuclear Physics submitted time 2024-03-07
Abstract: In the research and development of new silicon pixel detectors, a collimated monoenergetic charged-particle test beam equipped with a high-resolution pixel-beam telescope is crucial for prototype verification and performance evaluation. When the beam energy is low, the effect of multiple Coulomb scattering on the measured resolution of the Device Under Test (DUT) must be considered to accurately evaluate the performance of the pixel chips and detectors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of multiple Coulomb scattering on the measured resolution, particularly at low beam energies. Simulations were conducted using Allpix2 to study the effects of multiple Coulomb scattering under different beam energies, material budgets, and telescope layouts. The simulations also provided the minimum energy at which the effect of multiple Coulomb scattering could be ignored. Compared with the results of a five-layer detector system tested with an electron beam at DESY, the simulation results were consistent with the beam test results, confirming the reliability of the simulations.
Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields submitted time 2024-01-25
Abstract: The purpose of this letter is to point out that some conclusions in the paper (Eur. Phys. J. C { bf 76}, 324(2016)) are incomplete, and to give complete and improved conclusions. The analytic necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the boundedness-from-below conditions of general scalar potentials of two real scalar fields $ phi_1$ and $ phi_2$ and the Higgs bonson $ mathbf{H}$.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields submitted time 2023-12-04
Abstract: In this paper, the analytic sufficient and necessary conditions are obtained for the CP conserving two-Higgs-doublet potential to be bounded from below by using the co-positivity of tensors. This is achieved by treating the potential as a quartic homogeneous polynomial about the moduli of the two Higgs doublet fields, where the ‘angles’ is described as the misalignment of the two doublets, then solving three minimum problems with respect to the misalignment. Finally, the analytic conditions are established with the help of the corresponding theory and methods of higher order tensors.
Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields submitted time 2023-12-04
Abstract: In this paper, we present how to calculate the bounded from below or the vacuum stability of scalar potential for a general CP violating two-Higgs-doublet model by using the concepts of co-positivity and the gauge orbit spaces. Meanwhile, the semi-positive definiteness is prove for a class of 4th-order 2-dimensional complex tensor.
Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields Subjects: Physics >> Electromagnetism, Optics, Acoustics, Heat Transfer, Classical Mechanics, and Fluid Dynamics submitted time 2023-04-10
Abstract: In this paper, the whole process of derivation of D 'Alembert wave equation is reviewed. The most important step is to derive D 'Alembert wave equations of scalar potential and vector potential by using Gauss's law and Ampere's law. This paper emphasizes that Gauss's law is the differential form of Coulomb's law, where the charge source and the observer are relatively static; In Ampere's law, the carrier of current source and the observer are also relatively static. The conclusion of this paper is that both Maxwell's equations and D 'Alembert's wave equation are equations under the condition of source-observer relative resting, and the constant 'C' in D 'Alembert's wave equation is the propagation speed under the condition of source-observer relative resting in vacuum environment. Under such special conditions, the propagation space of electromagnetic wave is uniform and isotropic, so it is logical that the electromagnetic wave propagates at the same speed regardless of the distance and azimuth between source and observer, and regardless of the absolute motion of the laboratory on which planet the source and observer are located. The electromagnetic wave in vacuum is emitted from the charge source and the current source, and propagates to observers everywhere. The source-observer is relatively static,the propagation space of electromagnetic wave is uniform and isotropic, this is an accurate physical image, which is the physical basis for accurately understanding the principle of the constant speed of light.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Physics >> Geophysics, Astronomy, and Astrophysics Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields submitted time 2022-10-16
Abstract:
It is reported that the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) observed thousands 9 of very-high-energy photons up to ∼18 TeV from GRB 221009A. We study the survival rate of these 10 photons by considering the fact that they are absorbed by the extragalactic background light. By performing a set of 10 11 6 Monte-Carlo simulations, we explore the parameter space allowed by current 12 observations and find that the probability of predicting that LHAASO observes at least one photons 13 of 18 TeV from GRB 221009A within 2000 seconds is 4–5%. Hence, it is still possible for the standard 14 physics to interpret LHAASO’s observation in the energy range of several TeV. Our method can be 15 straightforwardly generalized to study more data sets of LHAASO and other experiments in the future.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields submitted time 2022-07-28
Abstract: It is of great convenience to apply Komar integral to define mass and angular momentum of asymptotically-flat spacetimes.However, their expressions
differ from each other in form due to the existence of a different factor. In order to eliminate the difference between them, by utilizing the method
in which the conserved current is generated via the action of the degree-preserving differential operators on a 1-form vector field, we modify
the conventional Komar potential by including a nonlinearthird-order derivative term of Killing vector.Conserved charges based on the higher-order corrected Komar potential unify the definitions of mass and angular momentum for asymptotically-flat spacetimes.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields submitted time 2022-06-21
Abstract:
In this article, I shall propose an enlightening view on the origin of dark matter abundance, in which I introduce a neutral primordial field, which is a new field beyond the standard model, the mass of the primordial field is confined in the vicinity of neutrino mass (or 1-2 orders of magnitude different from the neutrino mass). All the standard model elementary particles are produced spontaneously from this field in the Big Bang epoch of the universe and then these produced elementary particles decayed or annihilated in the well-known standard model interactions. The relic of the primordial field appears in a form of vacuum energy can not only give naturally the correct abundance of dark matter in the present universe, but provide a natural solution to the cosmological constant problem as well. We find that the conventional methods of detecting dark matter either fail or have great difficulties to detect the remaining vacuum energy of the primordial field, and how to confirm the existence of the remaining energy of the universe's original energy in experiment is still an open problem.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields submitted time 2021-10-16
Abstract: " In this paper, a expression of Mach's thought about inertial force is proposed, and how pressure affects curvature of spacetime is discussed, thus following results are obtained. First, some quasars become false-quasars due to their non-cosmological redshift; Second, for the evidences of dark matter, such as the rotation curve of spiral galaxies and the formation of the universe'structure, an understanding without dark matter is proposed; Third, the change in the rest inertial mass of particles moving at high speed along to the radial direction of the Milky Way, the malformations of Earth's orbit around the Sun and Moon's rbit around the Earth are expected; Fourth, by calculations it is showed that the gravitational lens effects of isolated stars, galaxies and galaxy clusters have more than twenty times the effects of General relativity; Fifth, it is possible to avoid singularities of black hole; Sixth, a cyclical evolution model of the universe is obtained. In this model, although the divergent singularities of the universe cannot be avoided, the completeness of the geodesic can be maintained. In this model, today there still is an accelerated expansion of the universe without dark energy. In this model, there are no horizon problem and flatness problem. Finally, it is discussed whether the gravitational wave source can be detected by multiple channels." " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields submitted time 2021-02-26
Abstract: In this paper, we make an analogy with ideal gas and vacuum. Under this analogy, the inertial mass of the particle comes from its drift mass, and the mass-energy and mass-velocity relations of special relativity are obtained under some hypotheses. Then, we use mass relation to reproduce time dilation, length contraction and Lorentz transformation which are the conclusions of special relativity.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields submitted time 2020-11-02
Abstract: " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields submitted time 2020-09-17
Abstract: " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields submitted time 2020-09-06
Abstract: "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields Subjects: Physics >> Electromagnetism, Optics, Acoustics, Heat Transfer, Classical Mechanics, and Fluid Dynamics submitted time 2020-03-13
Abstract: The interactions between waves and electrons are the basis of vacuum tubes and particle accelerators. In order to further understand the interactions, we proposed a new electromagnetic model. In this model, the photon is composed of two elementary particles – ephoton and mphoton, which are the basic particles that form the electric fields and magnetic fields, respectively. There are many ephotons around the electrons and the electrons can absorb the ephotons. The proposed electromagnetic model can well explain the electromagetic phenomena and the interactions between waves and electrons." " " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Physics >> The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields Subjects: Mathematics >> Mathematical Physics submitted time 2018-10-08
Abstract: In the present paper, we have systematically explored the general rules for all kinds of combination of Hodge star and exterior differentiation operators. We have derived the unified forms of the non-vanishing and independent operators made up of arbitrary numbers of Hodge star and exterior differentiation operators. On basis of this, we have explicitly investigated the interaction of all the combined operators. What is more, all the operators have been classified according to the ranks of the newly generated differential forms. As an application, it has been demonstrated that the Maxwell’s equations for U(1) gauge field can be constructed from the linear combinations of two (n-1)-forms. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review