分类: 地球科学 >> 大气科学 提交时间: 2017-11-01
摘要: 卷云反射率是天气、气候和地球能量平衡研究中关注的重要参数。卷云反射率的快速算法在遥感反演卷云特性参数中具有重要应用。依据卷云反射率随卷云光学厚度、有效尺度、太阳天顶角、观测天顶角、相对方位角等参数的变化,利用离散坐标法(DISORT)计算卷云反射率,预先建立卷云反射率随相关参数变化的快速查找表,以此建立了卷云反射率的快速算法。将MODIS卫星探测的卷云光学厚度、太阳天顶角、观测天顶角、相对方位角等因素作为输入参数,计算得到了卷云反射率,比较了计算的卷云反射率和MODIS实际测量的卷云反射率值,相关系数达到0.94,平均偏差小于18.5%,说明了卷云快速算法计算合理可行。
分类: 地球科学 >> 空间物理学 提交时间: 2017-10-31
摘要: The thermal structure and energy balance of upper atmosphere are dominated by solar activity. The response of Cold-Point-Mesopause(CPM) to solar activity is an important form. This article presents the response of Temperature-of-CPM(T-CPM) to solar activity using fourteen-year SABER data series over 80°S–80°N regions. These regions are divided into 16 latitude zones with 10° interval, and the spatial areas of 80°S—80°N,180°W—180°E are divided into 96 lattices with 10°(latitude)×60°(longitude) grid. The annual-mean values of T-CPM and F10.7 are calculated. The least squares regression method and correlation analysis are applied to these annual-mean series. First, the results show that the global T-CPM is significantly correlated to solar activity at the 0.05 level of significance with correlation coefficient of 0.90. The global solar response of T-CPM is 4.89±0.67K/100 Solar-Flux-Units(SFU). Then, for each latitude zone, the solar response of T-CPM and its fluctuation are obtained. The solar response of T-CPM becomes stronger with increasing latitude. The fluctuation ranges of solar response at middle latitude regions are smaller than those of equator and high latitude regions, and the global distribution takes on W-shape. The co-relationship analysis shows that the T-CPM is significantly correlated to solar activity at the 0.05 level of significance for each latitude zone. The correlation coefficients at middle latitude regions are higher than those of equator and high latitude regions, and the global distribution takes on M-shape. At last, for each grid cell, the response of T-CPM to solar activity and their correlation coefficient are presented.
分类: 地球科学 >> 大气科学 提交时间: 2017-10-31
摘要: The Trends of the Cold-Point Tropopause CPT are presented using high-resolution radiosonde observations from 77 stations over China during 1979—2014. The latitude region from 18°N to 53°N is divided into 7 latitude zones with every 5° intervals and the spatial area of 18°N—53°N 75°E—135°E is divided into 27 lattices with 5°×10° grids. The annual-mean values of Height-of-CPT H-CPT and Temperature-of-CPT T-CPT are obtained. First by using the least squares regression method it is found that the H-CPT increases with rate of 273m/decade and overall significant cooling rate of -0.70K/decade for the T-CPT over China. Then the trends and latitude distribution of H-CPT and T-CPT for each latitude zone are reached. The change rates even the change direction of H-CPT H-CPT show obviously latitude distribution characteristics. The characteristic difference of H-CPT among latitude distribution is reducing year by year and corresponding T-CTP is enlarging. The H-CPT displays uplift trend between 28°N—53°N latitude region with the positive change rates and corresponding it has decline trend between 18°N—28°N latitude region with the negative change rates. The change rates of T-CPT are negative values for all latitude zones. Third the spatial latitude-longitude distribution of long-term trends of H-CPT T-CPT for each grid are obtained. The change rates of H-CPT T-CPT are not only dependent on latitude but also on longitude. At last the spatial structure of annual fluctuation of H-CPT T-CPT for each grid are obtained. The fluctuation of standard deviations of T-CPT is not only related to spatial distribution but also to economic belt of China.
分类: 动力与电气工程 >> 工程热物理学 提交时间: 2017-10-31 合作期刊: 《工程热物理学报》
摘要: 本文利用CFD数值模拟软件对当量直径为200 μm的不同孔隙率的叉排圆形微针肋热沉的流动和传热特性进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明,随着雷诺数的增加,针肋尾部出现不同形态的涡。不同孔隙率的通道中,由于后排针肋的影响,针肋尾迹区的涡的形态、大小出现不同。对不同孔隙率的微针肋热沉,热流密度的变化对热沉的努赛尔数Nu的影响不同,孔隙率较小时热流密度对热沉的努赛尔数Nu影响不大,孔隙率较大时热流密度升高,热沉的努赛尔数Nu升高。
分类: 动力与电气工程 >> 工程热物理学 提交时间: 2017-10-31 合作期刊: 《工程热物理学报》
摘要: 采用显微实验与理论分析相结合的方法,对直流电场作用下水滴破裂前的拉伸过程及其时间特征进行了系统研究。结果表明,电毛细数和表面活性剂浓度是影响水滴拉伸过程的关键因素,而油水粘度比和电导率比的影响并不显著。拉伸时间对低电毛细数和高表面活性剂浓度体系更为敏感。在实验范围内,直流电场作用下球形水滴经拉伸并破裂的最小时间为10 ms。基于此,提出了一种可有效提高水滴静电聚并效率并抑制电分散现象的脉冲电场设计方法。
分类: 动力与电气工程 >> 工程热物理学 提交时间: 2017-10-31 合作期刊: 《工程热物理学报》
摘要: 本文基于多源X射线层析成像技术及联合代数重建算法(SART)首次重构出粘性B类颗粒流化时局部气泡的三维形态,并结合压力脉动分析技术获得了丰富的全局流态化信息。实验结果表明,粘性力的增加强化了气泡间的合并作用,导致气泡的尺寸上升,频率和速度下降,当床温超过35°C后,节涌状态被激发,并与自由流化状态交替产生。而且,粘性力越大,节涌在流化过程中所占的时间比例越长。
分类: 动力与电气工程 >> 工程热物理学 提交时间: 2017-10-31 合作期刊: 《工程热物理学报》
摘要: 本文对变质量流率蒸汽浸没射流压力振荡特性开展了实验研究,发现蒸汽质量流率随时间延长呈指数规律下降。蒸汽射流凝结经历了稳定凝结、振荡凝结、过渡和喘振四个阶段,射流初始水温越高,各个凝结区域转换点对应的蒸汽质量流率越高。在不同的凝结区域,蒸汽质量流率和过冷水温度对振荡特性的影响程度不同。相同蒸汽质量流率时,初始水温越高振荡频率越小。振荡强度均方根值和峰值均在凝结振荡区达到最大,且初始水温越高,最大值对应的蒸汽质量流率越高,振荡强度峰值最高可达70 kPa。
分类: 动力与电气工程 >> 工程热物理学 提交时间: 2017-10-31 合作期刊: 《工程热物理学报》
摘要: 本文基于离焦测距原理,提出一种利用单镜头双相机测量运动颗粒三维速度的方法。入射光经分束立方体分别进入两个工业相机,通过调节分束立方体与相机间的垫圈厚度获取同一对象两幅不同模糊度的图片,根据其模糊差实现运动颗粒在三维场中的定位,再结合单帧多曝光方法,获取其三维速度。通过拍摄慢速搅拌水流中颗粒运动并分析处理不同运动情况的颗粒图片得到了运动颗粒的三维速度,经计算与实验考察证明了其可行性。该方法解决了离焦二义性问题与速度方向二义性问题,为三维速度的测量提供了新的方向。
分类: 动力与电气工程 >> 工程热物理学 提交时间: 2017-10-31 合作期刊: 《工程热物理学报》
摘要: 风扇转子工作在高压比、高转速、高负荷的级环境中,实际流动中存在风扇的长叶片与流体间强烈的耦合作用。针对风扇实际工作中存在的流固耦合问题,本文通过基于时域推进的双向流固耦合方法对风扇转子的流固耦合问题进行求解,并在此基础上对该转子的超声速非失速颤振现象进行研究。分析结果表明,考虑耦合效应的转子特性线整体向大流量方向偏移0.7%,效率降低约0.76%,总压比基本保持不变,稳定工作裕度略有减小;转子在设计转速下近效率最大点处,可能会发生基于叶片一阶固有模态振动的超声速非失速颤振现象。
分类: 材料科学 >> 材料化学 提交时间: 2017-10-31
摘要: Incorporating noble metal nanoparticles on the surface or inner side of semiconductors to form a hybrid nanostructure is an effective route to improve the gas sensing performance of these semiconductors. In this study, we present novel Au-decorated ZnO nanospheres (Au-ZnO NSs) obtained by laser irradiation of liquids. Structural characterization indicated that the Au-ZnO NSs consisted of single crystalline ZnO NSs with few Au nanoparticles decorated on their surfaces and abundant encapsulated Au nanoparticles with relatively small sizes. Laser irradiation-induced heating–melting–evaporating processes are responsible for the formation of unique Au-ZnO NSs. Gas sensing properties of the Au-ZnO NSs, as gas sensing materials, were investigated and compared with those of pure ZnO NSs. The former showed lower working temperature, higher sensitivity, better selectivity, and good reproducibility. The response values of Au-ZnO NSs and pure ZnO NSs sensors to ethanol of 100 ppm were 252 and 75 at working temperature of 320 °C and 360 °C, respectively. The significant enhancements in gas sensing performance should be attributed to the electronic sensitization induced by the depleted layers between encapsulated Au nanoparticles and ZnO and chemical sensitization originating from the catalytic effects of Au nanoparticles decorated on the surfaces that dissociated molecular oxygen.
分类: 材料科学 >> 材料化学 提交时间: 2017-10-31
摘要: A general and straightforward strategy was developed for fabricating transition metal carbide (TMC)/carbon (C) core/shell nanospheres (NSs) by laser ablation of transition metals in acetone/ethanol liquid. Various TMC/C core/shell NSs such as TaC/C, NbC/C, HfC/C, and MoC/C core/shell NSs were successfully fabricated, highlighting the generality of this method. Crucially, this approach is green, facile, catalyst-free, and especially can be operated under ambient environments. Interestingly, all of the as-synthesized TMCs in the NS cores showed a cubic phase and structures similar to that of NaCl-type. The cores were further encapsulated by amorphous carbon shell with different thickness. As an example of the functional properties of these compound materials, the TaC/C core/shell NSs obtained were investigated as a supercapacitor electrode, which showed a large specific capacitance, excellent rate capability and remarkable cycling ability, revealing that the NSs could be used as new electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage. The photoluminescence of TaC/C core/shell NSs exhibited strong emission under the specific excitation wavelength at room temperature, showing potential biomedical applications due to the good biocompatibility of carbon shell. Besides, the basic physical and chemical reactions involved in the unique formation mechanism under highly nonequilibrium states induced by ultrafast laser ablation were discussed.
分类: 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间: 2017-10-31
摘要: Catalysts are the foundation of sustainable and renewable energies to address the depletion of natural fossil fuels problem. Because the catalysts’ activity is surface chemistry dependent, those “naked”, so-called ligand-free catalysts with more active sites exposing to the reactants are more preferable. With ligand-free, highly surface charged nanomaterials as the innate products, a newly emerging technique―laser synthesis and processing in liquids―is gaining increasing attention. The priority of laser-synthesized ligand-free metallic catalysts over chemically-synthesized counterparts has been confirmed by increasing groups through comparative studies on their catalytic activities. Besides the ligand-free metallic catalysts, this technique also excels at synthesis of bimetallic-alloy, core-shell and defect-rich semiconductor catalysts, and show good compatibility with other techniques (e.g., hydrothermal treatment and electrophoresis) to develop advanced catalysts such as ternary oxide, doped semiconductor, supported composite, nanoparticle-polymer matrix and film catalysts. Following the concept of why to choose, how to synthesize and where to use, in this review, we first introduce the advantages of this technique and the synthesized catalysts, secondly show how to develop complex catalysts using the laser-generated particles as the building blocks, and finally present the exciting application examples for photodegradation, water splitting and fuel cells.
分类: 动力与电气工程 >> 工程热物理学 提交时间: 2017-10-30 合作期刊: 《工程热物理学报》
摘要: 核主泵内的流动不稳定将会引起严重振动,不利于其安全稳定运行。因此本文基于大涡模拟(LES)数值计算方法对几个典型工况下核主泵内部非稳态流动结构及其压力脉动特性进行全面阐述与关联性分析。研究表明,随着流量的增加,动静干涉作用在导叶出口处逐渐增加;偏工况条件下,导叶出口处压力脉动频谱低频段中均出现复杂激励频率,尤其是靠近出液管附近的导叶出口处。核主泵在偏大流量工况下运行时壳体右侧内部非稳态流动结构相较于壳体左侧更加复杂;在偏小流量工况下运行时壳体底部压力脉动更加剧烈。本文进一步详细描述了核主泵球形壳体内强涡量区的流动结构及其成因,并且发现测点处的压力频谱与涡量频谱有相同的主要激励频率,因此证明核主泵内非定常旋涡流动结构是激励压力脉动的主因之一。
分类: 动力与电气工程 >> 工程热物理学 提交时间: 2017-10-30 合作期刊: 《工程热物理学报》
摘要: 为提高多翼离心风机的流动效率,提出一种适合于该类型风机特点的分组设计模型,并借助于流场计算与试验设计相结合的分析方法,依次对多翼离心风机的叶轮、蜗壳和蜗舌进行分组设计。结果表明:具有更多设计自由度的双圆弧叶片气动性能明显优于单圆弧叶片;在保证蜗壳结构尺寸不变的前提下,采用等边基方法设计的蜗壳性能略优于三段圆弧设计出的蜗壳;基于长耳鸮翼型前缘的仿生蜗舌能够有效减弱分离流动现象;利用本文方法改进后的多翼离心风机设计效率提高了4.33%,变工况性能明显改善。研究工作对深刻认识多翼离心风机内部复杂流动机理及发展优化设计方法具有学术意义和工程应用价值。
分类: 动力与电气工程 >> 工程热物理学 提交时间: 2017-10-30 合作期刊: 《工程热物理学报》
摘要: 本文以R123为流动工质,进行离心透平级的一维热力计算,并通过数值模拟分析ORC离心透平级内流动情况及变工况性能。结果表明:在设计工况下,数值模拟结果与一维设计结果基本一致,功率与效率偏差在1 %以内,符合设计要求。在变工况下,进汽压力在0.33 MPa~0.88 MPa变化时,效率随进汽压力增大先增大后减小,流量和功率随进汽压力增大而增大;背压在0.10 MPa~0.18 MPa变化,在临界工况下运行,效率和功率随着背压的增大而减小,流量保持不变;初温改变对透平性能影响较小,效率变化范围在1 %以内;转速变化时,流量不变,效率先增大后减小,设计转速下效率最高。
分类: 动力与电气工程 >> 工程热物理学 提交时间: 2017-10-30 合作期刊: 《工程热物理学报》
摘要: 摘要:已有的数值研究表明叶身/端壁融合设计能有效推迟、减弱或消除压气机角区分离,但实验数据缺乏。为了弥补这一不足,本文针对一42度折转角的NACA65扩压叶栅进行了吸力面叶身/端壁融合设计,并首次在低速平面叶栅风洞中进行了对比实验,证实了叶身/端壁融合扩压叶栅性能提升能力。基于实验结果,进一步校验了RNG-KE、SST等不同湍流模型的模拟精度,并基于SST模型结果揭示了叶身/端壁融合设计的作用机理。实验结果表明:叶身/端壁融合扩压叶栅能在设计攻角及正攻角下改进叶栅性能,提高总压损失系数7%-8%。数值结果表明:融合的加入重新组织了端区流场,避免了流体在叶栅后部吸力面角区内的过度堆积而发生的强三维分离,有效缓解了原型叶栅高损失流动。
分类: 动力与电气工程 >> 工程热物理学 提交时间: 2017-10-30 合作期刊: 《工程热物理学报》
摘要: 本文通过SST湍流模型求解RANS方程组,研究了带径向轮缘密封的预旋盘腔流动换热特性,并采用附加变量法研究径向密封的封严特性。比较了不同冷气量,不同进气预旋比下的盘腔内流动系数、转盘表面努塞尔数和封严效率。结果表明:在中分面处,预旋比随进气预旋比的增大而增大,静压系数沿径向线性增大。主流入侵使转盘壁面绝热温度升高,根据流动状态计算得出的Nu较实际略大。进气预旋提高封严效率。
分类: 动力与电气工程 >> 工程热物理学 提交时间: 2017-10-30 合作期刊: 《工程热物理学报》
摘要: 为了揭示端壁装配缝几何参数对叶片尾缘下游部分的气膜冷却特性影响机理,本文对GE-E3直列叶栅中的装配缝气膜冷却特性进行了数值模拟研究。研究发现槽缝几何参数对叶片尾缘的冷却特性具有较大影响。装配缝两侧端壁中,靠近吸力面端壁高于另一侧端壁对提高端壁气膜有效度具有有利作用。双侧切角结构虽然提高了靠近装配缝区域的气膜有效度,但增大了冷却盲区。装配缝结构应以靠近吸力侧偏高的几何关系和提高冷却出流速度为目标进行设计和优化。
分类: 动力与电气工程 >> 工程热物理学 提交时间: 2017-10-30 合作期刊: 《工程热物理学报》
摘要: 采用NURBS曲面造型方法,在轴对称端壁上叠加径向高度变化量构造非轴对称端壁。采用最优拉丁超立方设计的方法,经过两轮实验设计,寻求性能较优的设计方案。结果分析表明:基于最优拉丁超立方的实验设计方法,定向搜寻透平叶栅的非轴对称端壁优化设计方案,是可行的。与圆柱端壁相比,优化后涡轮叶栅通道出口面积平均二次流动能减小5.48%,总压损失系数减小了1.63%,端壁换热状况局部有改善。非轴对称端壁通过改变端壁的静压分布削弱了涡轮叶栅通道中马蹄涡、通道涡的强度。非轴对称端壁使通道内靠近进口段和出口段端壁换热被削弱,尾迹区换热有所增强。
分类: 动力与电气工程 >> 工程热物理学 提交时间: 2017-10-30 合作期刊: 《工程热物理学报》
摘要: 实验测量了某高速高负荷压气机叶栅两个马赫数((0.5884和0.5))下-8°、-6°、-4°、-1.69°、0°、2°、4°和8°共8个攻角的栅后流场,分析了其损失特性随着攻角的变化规律。结果表明:设计马赫数0.5884下,该叶栅低总压损失系数对应的攻角范围较小,随着攻角往两端偏离最优攻角,叶栅损失很快就急剧增加;从2°到4°攻角,流场结构发生了改变,近叶中区域也开始发生了较大的分离,而近端区的角区分离反而减小,使得总压损失未迅速增加,而是基本不变;随着攻角进一步增大到8°,发展成了全叶高的大尺度分离流动,尾迹速度亏损急剧增大,总压损失也急剧增大。