Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Yangtze River Delta, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area are the three largest urban agglomerations in China, and have been increasingly becoming the core engines of China’s economic growth. Nevertheless, rapid regional urbanization accompanying high-intensity human activities has also brought enormous social and environmental pressure in these urban agglomerations, posing a grand challenge to urban and regional sustainability. This study conducts a cross-urban agglomeration comparison of the ecological and environmental changes over the past two decades. Using a combination of remotely sensed data, in-situ monitoring data, and environmental statistic data, the changes in four dimensions are quantified, namely ecological quality, environmental quality, resource and energy use efficiency, and eco-environmental governance capacity. Further, the effectiveness of environmental policies and initiatives is evaluated at the national and urban agglomeration levels. It is found that the quality of ecological land has increased steadily since 2000, with increased provision of ecosystem services. Air quality and water quality have been substantially improved, and the use of resources and energy efficiency have been greatly improved. The pollution emissions per unit GDP have been greatly reduced. The ecological and environmental infrastructures have become increasingly available, along with gradually strengthened governance capacity on environmental protection and ecological restoration. The National 10th to 13th Five-Year Plan for Environmental Protection played a significant role in environmental protection and ecological restoration across mega urban agglomerations. The environmental challenges, of urban agglomerations faced now and in the future, are also discussed, so as to the policies and actions that need to be addressed.
Subjects: Biology >> Ecology submitted time 2020-05-18
Abstract： As the carrier and theoretical support of life community consisting of mountain, water, forest, field, lake and grass, watershed and watershed ecology are playing an increasingly important role in the construction of national ecological civilization. The research on the interrelation of spatial structure, process, function, mechanism and regulation of watershed ecosystem and progressively variable emphasis on these contents is the research paradigm of watershed ecology. However, watershed ecology has not established its own endogenous model framework of index systems to describe spatial structure of watershed ecosystem, which is able to make a close link between the structural components of watershed ecosystem, land and water body, upstream and downstream, or terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Therefore, the researches of basin ecology are scattered in freshwater ecology, terrestrial ecosystem ecology, soil conservation, water conservancy engineering and agricultural environmental science. The core theory of watershed ecology has not been significantly developed till now. This study analyzes the bottleneck in the development of watershed ecology, reviews the research methods and achievements of quantitative characteristics of spatial structure of watershed ecosystem based on geography and landscape ecology. The progress of quantitative characteristics of spatial structure of watershed ecosystem developed using hierarchical mechanism theory and meta-ecosystem theory in the discipline of watershed ecology is also discussed. In order to provide methodology for quantifying the spatial structure of watershed ecosystem and relationships between structural components in watershed ecosystem, the overall index and indices of structural component and structural component relationships of watershed ecosystem are suggested. " "
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