Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： The life and health big data is an important resource of Chinese population health and biosafety. Currently, China's data are suffering from a severe drain and sovereignty loss, the data security cannot be guaranteed, and the efficiency of data reuse is extremely low. Thus, the construction of a national data sharing platform is urgent and should be accelerated. By developing new methods for multiple sources and proactive data collection, new mechanisms of mutual benefit and win-win data sharing and new technologies of highly efficient and intelligent data parsing, we need to establish a system for life and health big data collection, management, sharing, and application. The system will serve scientific research institutes, universities, hospitals, enterprises, and the broad masses of the people, and greatly contribute to China's economic and social development and the improvement of people's wellbeing.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： With over 1.3 billion people, food security is always the No. 1 issue in the governmental agenda in China, and sustainable food production requires innovation in crop breeding. This paper outlines the research effort and output of the past five years of a grand project of Chinese Academy of Sciences of the Innovation System of Designer Breeding by Molecular Modules, and provides a few examples of how to combine the cutting-edge theories and technologies of life sciences to design rice varieties and other species. The achievements demonstrate that the project has made substantial progresses in designer breeding by using molecular modules.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Soybean is one of the most economically important leguminous seed crops that provide the majority of plant proteins, and more than a quarter of the world’s food and animal feed. At present, the soybean breeding technology in China mainly relys on conventional breeding, and the levels of both fundamental study and production lag behind those of the United States. Supported by “Innovative System of Designer Breeding by Molecular Modules”, one of the strategic priority research programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese soybean scientists have dissected several important molecular modules controlling yield and seed quality, revealed the coupling mechanisms of diverse molecular modules, bred a series of designer soybean varieties for field tests or regional trials, which together to establish the first-generation molecular module-based designer breeding systems in soybean. In the future, we should continue to strengthen germplasm resources evaluation and exploitation system, promote autonomy public database building, improve the data sharing mechanism, vigorously develop breakthrough technologies for high and stable yield soybean and for soybean replacement feed crops, speed up the molecular design breeding and artificial intelligence breeding systems, cultivate breakthrough soybean varieties, develop green and efficient cultivation techniques. With these studies, it is expected to enhance the soybeans production capacity and relieve soybean demand gap in China.
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-03-19 Cooperative journals: 《中国科学院院刊》
Abstract： Cultivation of cereal crops including rice, started in China over 8000 years ago, and Chinese knowledge of crop breeding has great impact on cereal production of the whole world. As of the early 1990s, scientists from Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), representing China as one of the sponsor countries, joined the International Rice Genome Project and were in charge of sequencing Chromosome 4 of “geng” rice and the whole genome of “xian” rice 93-11, which marked the beginning of the serial efforts from Chinese plant science community to develop rice into a model crop/plant to study genomic and molecular basis underlying complex traits. As a grand effort to translate and assemble the knowledge and know-hows gained from the basic research into crop breeding, CAS launched a national programme called the Innovation System of Designer Breeding by Molecular Modules five years ago. The programme used rice as a model crop to dissect molecular modules controlling complex traits including yield, yield stability, grain quality, and crop nutrient use efficiency, study the coupling and interactions of the molecular modules, and develop molecular module-based designer breeding systems. The programme also aimed to set rice as a reference to promote the study of complex traits and designer breeding of other related crops and animals such as wheat, soybean, and fish. Through collaborative researches and coherent team work, the programme has built up shared national rice germplasm libraries and genomic databases, dissected a series of molecular modules applicable in designer breeding, and established theoretic framework for simultaneous improvement of both yield and quality traits, cold perception and resistance, balance between broad spectrum durable disease resistance and yield, nitrogen use efficiency, as well as heterosis of yield traits. Such achievements further experimentally validated the concept of Designer Breeding by Molecular Modules. The importance of these achievements were highlighted by the winning of the top ten advances of Chinese Life Sciences in 2015 and 2017, the top ten advances of Chinese Sciences in 2016, and the First Prize of National Natural Science Award in 2017, respectively.
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