Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2023-02-19
Patryk Iwanek
Radosław Poleski
Szymon Kozłowski
Igor Soszyński
Paweł Pietrukowicz
Makiko Ban
Jan Skowron
Przemysław Mróz
Marcin Wrona
Andrzej Udalski
Michał K. Szymański
Dorota M. Skowron
Krzysztof Ulaczyk
Mariusz Gromadzki
Krzysztof Rybicki
Milena Ratajczak
Abstract： We study the three-dimensional structure of the Milky Way using 65,981 Mira variable stars discovered by the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) survey. The spatial distribution of the Mira stars is analyzed with a model containing three barred components that include the X-shaped boxy component in the Galactic center (GC), and an axisymmetric disk. We take into account the distance uncertainties by implementing the Bayesian hierarchical inference method. The distance to the GC is $R_0 = 7.66 \pm 0.01 \mathrm{(stat.)} \pm 0.39 \mathrm{(sys.)}$ kpc, while the inclination of the major axis of the bulge to the Sun-GC line-of-sight is $\theta = 20.2^\circ \pm 0.6^\circ \mathrm{(stat.)} \pm 0.7^\circ \mathrm{(sys.)} $. We present, for the first time, a detailed three-dimensional map of the Milky Way composed of young and intermediate-age stellar populations. Our analysis provides independent evidence for both the X-shaped bulge component and the flaring disk (being plausibly warped). We provide the complete dataset of properties of Miras that were used for calculations in this work. The table includes: mean brightness and amplitudes in nine photometric bands (covering a range of wavelength from 0.5 to 12 $\mu$m), photometric chemical type, estimated extinction, and calculated distance with its uncertainty for each Mira variable. The median distance accuracy to a Mira star is at the level of $6.6\%$.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2023-02-19
Cheongho Han
Doeon Kim
Andrew Gould
Andrzej Udalski
Ian A. Bond
Valerio Bozza
Youn Kil Jung
Michael D. Albrow
Sun-Ju Chung
Kyu-Ha Hwang
Yoon-Hyun Ryu
In-Gu Shin
Yossi Shvartzvald
Jennifer C. Yee
Weicheng Zang
Sang-Mok Cha
Dong-Jin Kim
Seung-Lee Kim
Chung-Uk Lee
Dong-Joo Lee
Abstract： With the aim of finding short-term planetary signals, we investigated the data collected from the high-cadence microlensing surveys. From this investigation, we found four planetary systems with low planet-to-host mass ratios, including OGLE-2017-BLG-1691L, KMT-2021-BLG-0320L, KMT-2021-BLG-1303L, and KMT-2021-BLG-1554L. Despite the short durations, ranging from a few hours to a couple of days, the planetary signals were clearly detected by the combined data of the lensing surveys. It is found that three of the planetary systems have mass ratios of the order of $10^{-4}$ and the other has a mass ratio slightly greater than $10^{-3}$. The estimated masses indicate that all discovered planets have sub-Jovian masses. The planet masses of KMT-2021-BLG-0320Lb, KMT-2021-BLG-1303Lb, and KMT-2021-BLG-1554Lb correspond to $\sim 0.10$, $\sim 0.38$, and $\sim 0.12$ times of the mass of the Jupiter, and the mass of OGLE-2017-BLG-1691Lb corresponds to that of the Uranus. The estimated mass of the planet host KMT-2021-BLG-1554L, $M_{\rm host}\sim 0.08~M_\odot$, corresponds to the boundary between a star and a brown dwarf. Besides this system, the host stars of the other planetary systems are low-mass stars with masses in the range of $\sim [0.3$--$0.6]~M_\odot$. The discoveries of the planets well demonstrate the capability of the current high-cadence microlensing surveys in detecting low-mass planets.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2023-02-19
Cheongho Han
Andrzej Udalski
Doeon Kim
Chung-Uk Lee
Michael D. Albrow
Sun-Ju Chung
Andrew Gould
Kyu-Ha Hwang
Youn Kil Jung
Yoon-Hyun Ryu
In-Gu Shin
Yossi Shvartzvald
Jennifer C. Yee
Weicheng Zang
Sang-Mok Cha
Dong-Jin Kim
Hyoun-Woo Kim
Seung-Lee Kim
Dong-Joo Lee
Yongseok Lee
Abstract： We search for microlensing planets with signals exhibiting no caustic-crossing features, considering the possibility that such signals may be missed due to their weak and featureless nature. For this purpose, we reexamine the lensing events found by the KMTNet survey before the 2019 season. From this investigation, we find two new planetary lensing events, KMT-2018-BLG-1976 and KMT-2018-BLG-1996. We also present the analysis of the planetary event OGLE-2019-BLG-0954, for which the planetary signal was known, but no detailed analysis has been presented before. We identify the genuineness of the planetary signals by checking various interpretations that can generate short-term anomalies in lensing light curves. From Bayesian analyses conducted with the constraint from available observables, we find that the host and planet masses are $(M_1, M_2)\sim (0.65~M_\odot, 2~M_{\rm J})$ for KMT-2018-BLG-1976L, $\sim (0.69~M_\odot, 1~M_{\rm J})$ for KMT-2018-BLG-1996L, and $\sim (0.80~M_\odot, 14~M_{\rm J})$ for OGLE-2019-BLG-0954L. The estimated distance to OGLE-2019-BLG-0954L, $3.63^{+1.22}_{-1.64}$~kpc, indicates that it is located in the disk, and the brightness expected from the mass and distance matches well the brightness of the blend, indicating that the lens accounts for most of the blended flux. The lens of OGLE-2019-BLG-0954 could be resolved from the source by conducting high-resolution follow-up observations in and after 2024.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Astronomy >> Astrophysical processes submitted time 2023-02-19
Cheongho Han
Andrzej Udalski
Youn Kil Jung
Doeon Kim
Hongjing Yang
Michael D. Albrow
Sun-Ju Chung
Andrew Gould
Kyu-Ha Hwang
Hyoun-Woo Kim
Chung-Uk Lee
Yoon-Hyun Ryu
Yossi Shvartzvald
In-Gu Shin
Jennifer C. Yee
Weicheng Zang
Sang-Mok Cha
Dong-Jin Kim
Seung-Lee Kim
Dong-Joo Lee
Abstract： We conduct a systematic investigation of the microlensing data collected during the previous observation seasons for the purpose of reanalyzing anomalous lensing events with no suggested plausible models. We find that two anomalous lensing events OGLE-2018-BLG-0584 and KMT-2018-BLG-2119 cannot be explained with the usual models based on either a binary-lens single-source (2L1S) or a single-lens binary-source (1L2S) interpretation. We test the feasibility of explaining the light curves with more sophisticated models by adding an extra lens (3L1S model) or a source (2L2S model) component to the 2L1S lens-system configuration. We find that a 2L2S interpretation well explains the light curves of both events, for each of which there are a pair of solutions resulting from the close and wide degeneracy. For the event OGLE-2018-BLG-0584, the source is a binary composed of two K-type stars, and the lens is a binary composed of two M dwarfs. For KMT-2018-BLG-2119, the source is a binary composed of two dwarfs of G and K spectral types, and the lens is a binary composed of a low-mass M dwarf and a brown dwarf.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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