分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: The orientation between a star's spin axis and a planet's orbital plane provides valuable information about the system's formation and dynamical history. For non-transiting planets at wide separations, true stellar obliquities are challenging to measure, but lower limits on spin-orbit orientations can be determined from the difference between the inclination of the star's rotational axis and the companion's orbital plane ($\Delta i$). We present results of a uniform analysis of rotation periods, stellar inclinations, and obliquities of cool stars (SpT $\gtrsim$ F5) hosting directly imaged planets and brown dwarf companions. As part of this effort, we have acquired new $v \sin i_*$ values for 22 host stars with the high-resolution Tull spectrograph at the Harlan J. Smith telescope. Altogether our sample contains 62 host stars with rotation periods, most of which are newly measured using light curves from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. Among these, 53 stars have inclinations determined from projected rotational and equatorial velocities, and 21 stars predominantly hosting brown dwarfs have constraints on $\Delta i$. Eleven of these (52$^{+10}_{-11}$% of the sample) are likely misaligned, while the remaining ten host stars are consistent with spin-orbit alignment. As an ensemble, the minimum obliquity distribution between 10-250 AU is more consistent with a mixture of isotropic and aligned systems than either extreme scenario alone--pointing to direct cloud collapse, formation within disks bearing primordial alignments and misalignments, or architectures processed by dynamical evolution. This contrasts with stars hosting directly imaged planets, which show a preference for low obliquities. These results reinforce an emerging distinction between the orbits of long-period brown dwarfs and giant planets in terms of their stellar obliquities and orbital eccentricities.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Binary stars are ubiquitous; the majority of solar-type stars exist in binaries. Exoplanet occurrence rate is suppressed in binaries, but some multiples do still host planets. Binaries cause observational biases in planet parameters, with undetected multiplicity causing transiting planets to appear smaller than they truly are. We have analyzed the properties of a sample of 119 planet-host binary stars from the Kepler mission to study the underlying population of planets in binaries that fall in and around the radius valley, which is a demographic feature in period-radius space that marks the transition from predominantly rocky to predominantly gaseous planets. We found no statistically significant evidence for a radius gap for our sample of 122 planets in binaries when assuming the primary stars are the planet hosts, with a low probability ($p < 0.05$) of the binary planet sample radius distribution being consistent with the single-star small planet population via an Anderson-Darling test. These results reveal demographic differences in the planet size distribution between planets in binary and single stars for the first time, showing that stellar multiplicity may fundamentally alter the planet formation process. A larger sample and further assessment of circumprimary versus circumsecondary transits is needed to either validate this non-detection or explore other scenarios, such as a radius gap with a location that is dependent on binary separation.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: We present evidence of tidally-driven inspiral in the Kepler-1658 (KOI-4) system, which consists of a giant planet (1.1$R_\mathrm{J}$, 5.9$M_\mathrm{J}$) orbiting an evolved host star (2.9$R_\odot$, 1.5$M_\odot$). Using transit timing measurements from Kepler, Palomar/WIRC, and TESS, we show that the orbital period of Kepler-1658b appears to be decreasing at a rate $\dot{P} = 131_{-22}^{+20}$~ms~yr$^{-1}$, corresponding to an infall timescale $P/\dot{P}\approx2.5$~Myr. We consider other explanations for the data including line-of-sight acceleration and orbital precession, but find them to be implausible. The observed period derivative implies a tidal quality factor $Q_\star' = 2.50_{-0.62}^{+0.85}\times10^4$, in good agreement with theoretical predictions for inertial wave dissipation in subgiant stars. Additionally, while it probably cannot explain the entire inspiral rate, a small amount of planetary dissipation could naturally explain the deep optical eclipse observed for the planet via enhanced thermal emission. As the first evolved system with detected inspiral, Kepler-1658 is a new benchmark for understanding tidal physics at the end of the planetary life cycle.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: We present the discovery of Kepler-129 d ($P_{d}=7.2^{+0.4}_{-0.3}$ yr, $m\sin i_{d}=8.3^{+1.1}_{-0.7}\ \rm M_{Jup}$, $ e_{d}=0.15^{+0.07}_{-0.05} $) based on six years of radial velocity (RV) observations from Keck/HIRES. Kepler-129 also hosts two transiting sub-Neptunes: Kepler-129 b ($P_{b}=15.79$ days, $r_{b}=2.40\pm{0.04}\ \rm{R_{\oplus}}$) and Kepler-129 c ($P_{c}=82.20$ days, $r_{c}=2.52\pm{0.07}\ \rm{R_{\oplus}}$) for which we measure masses of $m_{b}<20\ \rm{M_{\oplus}}$ and $m_{c}=43^{+13}_{-12}\ \rm{M_{\oplus}}$. Kepler-129 is an hierarchical system consisting of two tightly-packed inner planets and an external companion whose mass is close to the deuterium burning limit. In such a system, two inner planets precess around the orbital normal of the outer companion, causing their inclinations to oscillate with time. Based on an asteroseismic analysis of Kepler data, we find tentative evidence that Kepler-129 b and c are misaligned with stellar spin axis by $\gtrsim 38$ deg, which could be torqued by Kepler-129 d if it is inclined by $\gtrsim 19$ deg relative to inner planets. Using N-body simulations, we provide additional constraints on the mutual inclination between Kepler-129 d and inner planets by estimating the fraction of time during which two inner planets both transit. The probability that two planets both transit decreases as their misalignment with Kepler-129 d increases. We also find a more massive Kepler-129 c enables the two inner planets to become strongly coupled and more resistant to perturbations from Kepler-129 d. The unusually high mass of Kepler-129 c provides a valuable benchmark for both planetary dynamics and interior structure, since the best-fit mass is consistent with this $\rm{2.5R_{\oplus}}$ planet having a rocky surface.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission searches for new exoplanets. The observing strategy of TESS results in high-precision photometry of millions of stars across the sky, allowing for detailed asteroseismic studies of individual systems. In this work, we present a detailed asteroseismic analysis of the giant star HD 76920 hosting a highly eccentric giant planet ($e = 0.878$) with an orbital period of 415 days, using 5 sectors of TESS light curve that cover around 140 days of data. Solar-like oscillations in HD 76920 are detected around $52 \, \mu$Hz by TESS for the first time. By utilizing asteroseismic modeling that takes classical observational parameters and stellar oscillation frequencies as constraints, we determine improved measurements of the stellar mass ($1.22 \pm 0.11\, M_\odot$), radius ($8.68 \pm 0.34\,R_\odot$), and age ($5.2 \pm 1.4\,$Gyr). With the updated parameters of the host star, we update the semi-major axis and mass of the planet as $a=1.165 \pm 0.035$ au and $M_{\rm p}\sin{i} = 3.57 \pm 0.22\,M_{\rm Jup}$. With an orbital pericenter of $0.142 \pm 0.005$ au, we confirm that the planet is currently far away enough from the star to experience negligible tidal decay until being engulfed in the stellar envelope. We also confirm that this event will occur within about 100\,Myr, depending on the stellar model used.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: In asteroseismology, the surface effect is a disparity between the observed and the modelled oscillation frequencies. It originates from improper modelling of the surface layers in stars with solar-like oscillations. Correcting the surface effect usually requires using functions with free parameters, which are conventionally fitted to the observed frequencies. On the basis that the correction should vary smoothly across the H--R diagram, we parameterize it as a simple function of three stellar surface properties: surface gravity, effective temperature, and metallicity. We determine this function by fitting stars ranging from main-sequence dwarfs to red-giant-branch stars. The absolute amount of the surface correction increases with surface gravity, but the ratio between it and $\nu_{\rm max}$ decreases. Applying the prescription has an advantage of eliminating unrealistic surface correction, which improves parameter estimations with stellar modelling. Using two open clusters, we found that adopting the prescription can help reduce the scatter of the model-derived ages for each star in the same cluster. For an application, we provide a new revision for the $\Delta\nu$ scaling relation, using our prescription to account for the surface effect in models. The values of the correction factor, $f_{\Delta\nu}$, are up to 2\% smaller than those determined without the surface effect considered, suggesting decreases of up to 4\% in asteroseismic scaling radii and up to 8\% in asteroseismic scaling masses. This revision brings the asteroseismic properties into agreement with those determined from eclipsing binaries. Finally, the new correction factor and the stellar models with the corrected frequencies are made publicly available.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission has provided photometric light curves for stars across nearly the entire sky. This allows for the application of asteroseismology to a pool of potential solar-like oscillators that is unprecedented in size. We aim to produce a catalogue of solar-like oscillators observed by TESS in the 120-second and 20-second cadence modes. The catalogue is intended to highlight stars oscillating at frequencies above the TESS 30-minute cadence Nyquist frequency with the purpose of encompassing the main sequence and subgiant evolutionary phases. We aim to provide estimates for the global asteroseismic parameters $\nu_{\mathrm{max}}$ and $\Delta\nu$. We apply a new probabilistic detection algorithm to the 120-second and 20-second light curves of over 250,000 stars. This algorithm flags targets that show characteristic signatures of solar-like oscillations. We manually vet the resulting list of targets to confirm the presence of solar-like oscillations. Using the probability densities computed by the algorithm, we measure the global asteroseismic parameters $\nu_{\mathrm{max}}$ and $\Delta\nu$. We produce a catalogue of 4,177 solar-like oscillators, reporting $\Delta\nu$ and $\nu_{\mathrm{max}}$ for $98\%$ of the total star count. The asteroseismic data reveals vast coverage of the HR diagram, populating the red giant branch, the subgiant regime and extending toward the main sequence. A crossmatch with external catalogs shows that 25 of the detected solar-like oscillators are a component of a spectroscopic binary, and 28 are confirmed planet host stars. These results provide the potential for precise, independent asteroseismic constraints on these and any additional TESS targets of interest.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: We report the discovery of TOI-1444b, a 1.4-$R_\oplus$ super-Earth on a 0.47-day orbit around a Sun-like star discovered by {\it TESS}. Precise radial velocities from Keck/HIRES confirmed the planet and constrained the mass to be $3.87 \pm 0.71 M_\oplus$. The RV dataset also indicates a possible non-transiting, 16-day planet ($11.8\pm2.9M_\oplus$). We report a tentative detection of phase curve variation and secondary eclipse of TOI-1444b in the {\it TESS} bandpass. TOI-1444b joins the growing sample of 17 ultra-short-period planets with well-measured masses and sizes, most of which are compatible with an Earth-like composition. We take this opportunity to examine the expanding sample of ultra-short-period planets ($3R_\oplus$, $>2000F_\oplus$ TOI-849 b, LTT9779 b and K2-100). We find that 1) USPs have predominately Earth-like compositions with inferred iron core mass fractions of 0.32$\pm$0.04; and have masses below the threshold of runaway accretion ($\sim 10M_\oplus$), while ultra-hot Neptunes are above the threshold and have H/He or other volatile envelope. 2) USPs are almost always found in multi-planet system consistent with a secular interaction formation scenario; ultra-hot Neptunes ($P_{\rm orb} \lesssim$1 day) tend to be ``lonely' similar to longer-period hot Neptunes($P_{\rm orb}$1-10 days) and hot Jupiters. 3) USPs occur around solar-metallicity stars while hot Neptunes prefer higher metallicity hosts. 4) In all these respects, the ultra-hot Neptunes show more resemblance to hot Jupiters than the smaller USP planets, although ultra-hot Neptunes are rarer than both USP and hot Jupiters by 1-2 orders of magnitude.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: We observed HD 19467 B with JWST's NIRCam in six filters spanning 2.5-4.6 $\mu m$ with the Long Wavelength Bar coronagraph. The brown dwarf HD 19467 B was initially identified through a long-period trend in the radial velocity of G3V star HD 19467. HD 19467 B was subsequently detected via coronagraphic imaging and spectroscopy, and characterized as a late-T type brown dwarf with approximate temperature $\sim1000$K. We observed HD 19467 B as a part of the NIRCam GTO science program, demonstrating the first use of the NIRCam Long Wavelength Bar coronagraphic mask. The object was detected in all 6 filters (contrast levels of $2\times10^{-4}$ to $2\times10^{-5}$) at a separation of 1.6 arcsec using Angular Differential Imaging (ADI) and Synthetic Reference Differential Imaging (SynRDI). Due to a guidestar failure during acquisition of a pre-selected reference star, no reference star data was available for post-processing. However, RDI was successfully applied using synthetic Point Spread Functions (PSFs) developed from contemporaneous maps of the telescope's optical configuration. Additional radial velocity data (from Keck/HIRES) are used to constrain the orbit of HD 19467 B. Photometric data from TESS are used to constrain the properties of the host star, particularly its age. NIRCam photometry, spectra and photometry from literature, and improved stellar parameters are used in conjunction with recent spectral and evolutionary substellar models to derive physical properties for HD 19467 B. Using an age of 9.4$\pm$0.9 Gyr inferred from spectroscopy, Gaia astrometry, and TESS asteroseismology, we obtain a model-derived mass of 62$\pm 1M_{J}$, which is consistent within 2-$\sigma$ with the dynamically derived mass of 81$^{+14}_{-12}M_{J}$.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: We studied 89 A- and F-type members of the Pleiades open cluster, including five escaped members. We measured projected rotational velocities (v sin i) for 49 stars and confirmed that stellar rotation causes a broadening of the main sequence in the color-magnitude diagram. Using time-series photometry from NASA's TESS Mission (plus one star observed by Kepler/K2), we detected delta Scuti pulsations in 36 stars. The fraction of Pleiades stars in the middle of the instability strip that pulsate is unusually high (over 80%), and their range of effective temperatures agrees well with theoretical models. On the other hand, the characteristics of the pulsation spectra are varied and do not correlate with stellar temperature, calling into question the existence of a useful nu_max relation for delta Scutis, at least for young stars. By including delta Scuti stars observed in the Kepler field, we show that the instability strip is shifted to the red with increasing distance by interstellar reddening. Overall, this work demonstrates the power of combining observations with Gaia and TESS for studying pulsating stars in open clusters.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: TOI-561 is a galactic thick disk star hosting an ultra-short period (0.45 day orbit) planet with a radius of 1.37 R$_{\oplus}$, making it one of the most metal-poor ([Fe/H] = -0.41) and oldest ($\sim$10 Gyr) sites where an Earth-sized planet has been found. We present new simultaneous radial velocity measurements (RVs) from Gemini-N/MAROON-X and Keck/HIRES, which we combined with literature RVs to derive a mass of M$_{b}$=2.24 $\pm$ 0.20 M$_{\oplus}$. We also used two new Sectors of TESS photometry to improve the radius determination, finding R$_{b}$=$1.37 \pm 0.04 R_\oplus$, and confirming that TOI-561 b is one of the lowest-density super-Earths measured to date ($\rho_b$= 4.8 $\pm$ 0.5 g/cm$^{3}$). This density is consistent with an iron-poor rocky composition reflective of the host star's iron and rock-building element abundances; however, it is also consistent with a low-density planet with a volatile envelope. The equilibrium temperature of the planet ($\sim$2300 K) suggests that this envelope would likely be composed of high mean molecular weight species, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, or silicate vapor, and is likely not primordial. We also demonstrate that the composition determination is sensitive to the choice of stellar parameters, and that further measurements are needed to determine if TOI-561 b is a bare rocky planet, a rocky planet with an optically thin atmosphere, or a rare example of a non-primordial envelope on a planet with a radius smaller than 1.5 R$_{\oplus}$.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: Convergent disk migration has long been suspected to be responsible for forming planetary systems with a chain of mean-motion resonances (MMR). Dynamical evolution over time could disrupt the delicate resonant configuration. We present TOI-1136, a 700-Myr-old G star hosting at least 6 transiting planets between $\sim$2 and 5 $R_\oplus$. The orbital period ratios deviate from exact commensurability by only $10^{-4}$, smaller than the $\sim$\,$10^{-2}$ deviations seen in typical Kepler near-resonant systems. A transit-timing analysis measured the masses of the planets (3-8$M_\oplus$) and demonstrated that the planets in TOI-1136 are in true resonances with librating resonant angles. Based on a Rossiter-McLaughlin measurement of planet d, the star's rotation appears to be aligned with the planetary orbital planes. The well-aligned planetary system and the lack of detected binary companion together suggest that TOI-1136's resonant chain formed in an isolated, quiescent disk with no stellar fly-by, disk warp, or significant axial asymmetry. With period ratios near 3:2, 2:1, 3:2, 7:5, and 3:2, TOI-1136 is the first known resonant chain involving a second-order MMR (7:5) between two first-order MMR. The formation of the delicate 7:5 resonance places strong constraints on the system's migration history. Short-scale (starting from $\sim$0.1 AU) Type-I migration with an inner disk edge is most consistent with the formation of TOI-1136. A low disk surface density ($\Sigma_{\rm 1AU}\lesssim10^3$g~cm$^{-2}$; lower than the minimum-mass solar nebula) and the resultant slower migration rate likely facilitated the formation of the 7:5 second-order MMR. TOI-1136's deep resonance suggests that it has not undergone much resonant repulsion during its 700-Myr lifetime. One can rule out rapid tidal dissipation within a rocky planet b or obliquity tides within the largest planets d and f.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: A star expands to become a red giant when it has fused all the hydrogen in its core into helium. If the star is in a binary system, its envelope can overflow onto its companion or be ejected into space, leaving a hot core and potentially forming a subdwarf-B star. However, most red giants that have partially transferred envelopes in this way remain cool on the surface and are almost indistinguishable from those that have not. Among $\sim$7000 helium-burning red giants observed by NASA's Kepler mission, we use asteroseismology to identify two classes of stars that must have undergone dramatic mass loss, presumably due to stripping in binary interactions. The first class comprises about 7 underluminous stars with smaller helium-burning cores than their single-star counterparts. Theoretical models show that these small cores imply the stars had much larger masses when ascending the red giant branch. The second class consists of 32 red giants with masses down to 0.5 M$_\odot$, whose implied ages would exceed the age of the universe had no mass loss occurred. The numbers are consistent with binary statistics, and our results open up new possibilities to study the evolution of post-mass-transfer binary systems.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: We validate the presence of a two-planet system orbiting the 0.15--1.4 Gyr K4 dwarf TOI 560 (HD 73583). The system consists of an inner moderately eccentric transiting mini-Neptune (TOI 560 b, $P = 6.3980661^{+0.0000095}_{-0.0000097}$ days, $e=0.294^{+0.13}_{-0.062}$, $M= 0.94^{+0.31}_{-0.23}M_{Nep}$) initially discovered in the Sector 8 \tess\ mission observations, and a transiting mini-Neptune (TOI 560 c, $P = 18.8805^{+0.0024}_{-0.0011}$ days, $M= 1.32^{+0.29}_{-0.32}M_{Nep}$) discovered in the Sector 34 observations, in a rare near-1:3 orbital resonance. We utilize photometric data from \tess\, \textit{Spitzer}, and ground-based follow-up observations to confirm the ephemerides and period of the transiting planets, vet false positive scenarios, and detect the photo-eccentric effect for TOI 560 b. We obtain follow-up spectroscopy and corresponding precise radial velocities (RVs) with the iSHELL spectrograph at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility and the HIRES Spectrograph at Keck Observatory to validate the planetary nature of these signals, which we combine with published PFS RVs from Magellan Observatory. We detect the masses of both planets at $> 3-\sigma$ significance. We apply a Gaussian process (GP) model to the \tess\ light curves to place priors on a chromatic radial velocity GP model to constrain the stellar activity of the TOI 560 host star, and confirm a strong wavelength dependence for the stellar activity demonstrating the ability of NIR RVs in mitigating stellar activity for young K dwarfs. TOI 560 is a nearby moderately young multi-planet system with two planets suitable for atmospheric characterization with James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and other upcoming missions. In particular, it will undergo six transit pairs separated by $<$6 hours before June 2027.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: We propose to develop a wide-field and ultra-high-precision photometric survey mission, temporarily named "Earth 2.0 (ET)". This mission is designed to measure, for the first time, the occurrence rate and the orbital distributions of Earth-sized planets. ET consists of seven 30cm telescopes, to be launched to the Earth-Sun's L2 point. Six of these are transit telescopes with a field of view of 500 square degrees. Staring in the direction that encompasses the original Kepler field for four continuous years, this monitoring will return tens of thousands of transiting planets, including the elusive Earth twins orbiting solar-type stars. The seventh telescope is a 30cm microlensing telescope that will monitor an area of 4 square degrees toward the galactic bulge. This, combined with simultaneous ground-based KMTNet observations, will measure masses for hundreds of long-period and free-floating planets. Together, the transit and the microlensing telescopes will revolutionize our understandings of terrestrial planets across a large swath of orbital distances and free space. In addition, the survey data will also facilitate studies in the fields of asteroseismology, Galactic archeology, time-domain sciences, and black holes in binaries.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: We present the Distant Giants Survey, a three-year radial velocity (RV) campaign to measure P(DG|CS), the conditional occurrence of distant giant planets (DG; M_p ~ 0.3 - 13 M_J, P > 1 year) in systems hosting a close-in small planet (CS; R_p < 10 R_E). For the past two years, we have monitored 47 Sun-like stars hosting small transiting planets detected by TESS. We present the selection criteria used to assemble our sample and report the discovery of two distant giant planets, TOI-1669 b and TOI-1694 c. For TOI-1669 b we find that Msin i = 0.573 +/- 0.074 M_J, P = 502 +/- 16 days, and e < 0.27, while for TOI-1694 c, Msin i = 1.05 +/- 0.05 M_J, P = 389.2 +/- 3.9 days, and e = 0.18 +/- 0.05. We also confirmed the 3.8-day transiting planet TOI-1694 b by measuring a true mass of M = 26.1 +/- 2.2 M_E. We also confirmed the 3.8-day transiting planet TOI-1694 b by measuring a true mass of M = 26.1 +/- 2.2 M_E. At the end of the Distant Giants Survey, we will incorporate TOI-1669 b and TOI-1694 c into our calculation of P(DG|CS), a crucial statistic for understanding the relationship between outer giants and small inner companions.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: We present spectroscopic measurements of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect for WASP-148b, the only known hot Jupiter with a nearby warm-Jupiter companion, from the WIYN/NEID and Keck/HIRES instruments. This is one of the first scientific results reported from the newly commissioned NEID spectrograph, as well as the second obliquity constraint for a hot Jupiter system with a close-in companion, after WASP-47. WASP-148b is consistent with being in alignment with the sky-projected spin axis of the host star, with $\lambda=-8^{\circ}.2^{{+8^{\circ}.7}}_{-9^{\circ}.7}$. The low obliquity observed in the WASP-148 system is consistent with the orderly-alignment configuration of most compact multi-planet systems around cool stars with obliquity constraints, including our solar system, and may point to an early history for these well-organized systems in which migration and accretion occurred in isolation, with relatively little disturbance. By contrast, previous results have indicated that high-mass and hot stars appear to more commonly host a wide range of misaligned planets: not only single hot Jupiters, but also compact systems with multiple super-Earths. We suggest that, to account for the high rate of spin-orbit misalignments in both compact multi-planet and isolated-hot-Jupiter systems orbiting high-mass and hot stars, spin-orbit misalignments may be caused by distant giant planet perturbers, which are most common around these stellar types.