ATOMS: ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions -- VII. A catalogue of SiO clumps from ACA observations

分类： 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间： 2023-02-19

Rong Liu Tie Liu Gang Chen Hong-Li Liu Ke Wang Jin-Zeng Li Xun-Chuan Liu Chang Won Lee Paul F. Goldsmith Mika Juvela Guido Garay Leonardo Bronfman Tapas Baug Jinhua He Si-Ju Zhang Yong Zhang Feng-Wei Xu Archana Soam Zhi-Qiang Shen Shanghuo Li

摘要： To understand the nature of SiO emission, we conducted ACA observations of the SiO (2-1) lines toward 146 massive star-forming regions, as part of the ALMA Three-millimeter Observations of Massive Star-forming regions (ATOMS) survey. We detected SiO emission in 128 (87.7$\%$) sources and identified 171 SiO clumps, 105 of which are spatially separated from 3 mm continuum emission. A large amount of the SiO line profiles (60$\%$) are non-Gaussian. The velocity dispersion of the SiO lines ranges from 0.3 to 5.43 km s$^{-1}$. In 63 sources the SiO clumps are associated with H$_\rm{II}$ regions characterized by H40$\alpha$ emission. We find that 68$\%$ (116) of the SiO clumps are associated with strong outflows. The median velocity dispersion of the SiO line for outflow sources and non-outflow sources is 1.91 km s$^{-1}$ and 0.99 km s$^{-1}$, respectively. These results indicate that outflow activities could be connected to strongly shocked gas. The velocity dispersion and [SiO]/[H$^{13}$CO$^+$] intensity ratio do not show any correlation with the dust temperature and particle number density of clumps. We find a positive correlation between the SiO line luminosity and the bolometric luminosity, implying stronger shock activities are associated with more luminous proto-clusters. The SiO clumps in associations with H$_\rm{II}$ regions were found to show a steeper feature in $L_\rm{sio}$/$L_\rm{bol}$. The SiO line luminosity and the fraction of shocked gas have no apparent evidence of correlation with the evolutionary stages traced by luminosity to mass ratio ($L_\rm{bol}/M$).

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