Subjects: Physics >> Electromagnetism, Optics, Acoustics, Heat Transfer, Classical Mechanics, and Fluid Dynamics Subjects: Physics >> Interdisciplinary Physics and Related Areas of Science and Technology submitted time 2021-09-27
Abstract： Magnetism and magnetic monopole are classical issues in physics. Conventional magnets are generally composed of rigid materials which may face challenges in extreme situations. Here, from an alternative other than rigid magnet, we proposed for the first time to generate fluidic endogenous magnetism and construct magnetic monopole through tuning liquid metal machine. Based on theoretical interpretation and conceptual experimental evidences, we illustrated that when gallium base liquid metal in solution rotates under electrical actuation, it forms an endogenous magnetic field inside which well explains the phenomenon that two such discrete metal droplets could easily fuse together, indicating their reciprocal attraction via N and S poles. Further, we clarified that the self-fueled liquid metal motor also runs as an endogenous fluidic magnet owning electromagnetic homology. When liquid gallium in solution swallowed aluminum inside, it formed a spin motor and dynamically variable charge distribution which produced endogenous magnetism inside. This explains the phenomena that there often happened reflection collision and attraction fusion between running liquid metal motors which were just caused by the dynamic adjustment of their N and S polarities, respectively. Finally, we conceived that such endogenous magnet could lead to magnetic monopole and four technical routes to realize this object were thus suggested as: 1. Matching interior flow of liquid metal machines; 2. Superposition between external electric effect and magnetic field; 3. Composite construction between magnetic particles and liquid metal motor; 4. Chemical ways such as via galvanic cell reaction. Overall, the present theory and revealed experimental evidences disclosed the role of liquid metal machine as a fluidic endogenous magnet and pointed out some promising ways to realize magnetic monopole. A group of unconventional magnetoelectric devices and applications can be possible in the near future.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Biophysics submitted time 2016-05-05
Abstract： Natural killer (NK) cells exert a crucial role in early immune responses as a major innate effector component. However, the underlying mechanisms of NK cell development remain largely elusive. Here we show that robust autophagy appears in the stage of immature NK cells (iNKs), which is required for NK cell development. Autophagy defects result in damaged mitochondria and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that leads to apoptosis of NK cells. Autophagy protects NK cell viability during development through removal of damaged mitochondria and intracellular ROS. Phosphorylated Forkhead box O (FoxO)1 is located to the cytoplasm of iNKs and interacts with Atg7, leading to induction of autophagy. FoxO1 deficiency or an inactive FoxO1(AAA) mutant abrogates autophagy initiation in iNKs and impairs NK cell development and viral clearance. Therefore we conclude that FoxO1-mediated autophagy is required for NK cell development and NK cell-induced innate immunity.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Biology >> Biophysics submitted time 2016-05-05
Wang, Yixuan
Wang, Chenfei
Yang, Yuanyuan
Wang, Hong
Gao, Shaorong
Wu, Qian
Liu, Jing
Ding, Wenyu
Liu, Wensu
Bai, Ye
Wang, Xiaoqun
Yang, Peng
Abstract： Epigenetic regulatory complexes play key roles in the modulation of transcriptional regulation underlying neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and progeny specification. How specific cofactors guide histone demethylase LSD1/KDM1A complex to regulate distinct NSC-related gene activation and repression in cortical neurogenesis remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that Rcor2, a co-repressor of LSD1, is mainly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and plays a key role in epigenetic regulation of cortical development. Depletion of Rcor2 results in reduced NPC proliferation, neuron population, neocortex thickness and brain size. We find that Rcor2 directly targets Dlx2 and Shh, and represses their expressions in developing neocortex. In addition, inhibition of Shh signals rescues the neurogenesis defects caused by Rcor2 depletion both in vivo and in vitro. Hence, our findings suggest that co-repressor Rcor2 is critical for cortical development by repressing Shh signalling pathway in dorsal telencephalon.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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