Subjects: Biology >> Botany submitted time 2022-10-27 Cooperative journals: 《广西植物》
Abstract： Plant growth and development can be threatened by a variety of adversities, causing problems such as nutrient loss and significant yield decreases. Majority of the farming community uses agrochemicals as a sole method to control insect pest and plant diseases. An excessive use of these chemicals has resulted in the development of resistance in pest and diseases not only in traditional plant varieties but also in transgenic plants. Prevalence of these chemicals can cause severe health issues to the farmers, livestock, and consumers. Also, these agrochemicals cannot be degraded by biological means, and it causes environmental pollution. Therefore, application of naturally available microbes is a safe alternative and also a complementary way to tackle the pests and phytopathogens. In this review, we describe the origin, diversity and resistance to biotic stress of endophytes. Firstly, we provide an overview of the transmission routes that endophyte can take to colonize plants, including vertically via seeds and pollen, and horizontally via soil, atmosphere, and insects; Secondly, summarize and analyze the diversity of endophyte species and distribution diversity in plants; Finally, the basic characteristics and action mechanisms of endophytes in enhancing the tolerance of plants to biotic stress (anti-pathogenic bacteria and insect pests) are described in detail, including endophytes induce a salicylic acid and jasmonic acid-mediated-ISR, protect the host plant by competition for space and nutrition with the pathogens. Some of the secondary metabolites produced by endophytic microbes have antifungal, antibacterial, and insecticidal properties, which strongly inhibit the growth of other organisms, including phytopathogens. In addition, based on the research status of endophyte enhancing plant biotic stress resistance, the future development direction is prospected, in order to provide reference for the development and utilization of more environmentally friendly biological control agents.
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