分类: 物理学 >> 凝聚态:结构、力学和热性能 提交时间: 2017-01-10
摘要: We argue microscopically that helium-4 superflows carry heat unavoidably. We then show that a heterogeneous helium-4 superflow loop can be used to realize an entropy-decreasing process, thus providing an exception to the second law of thermodynamics. This exception is a quantum effect for its essential dependence on the quantum phenomenon of superfluidity.
分类: 物理学 >> 凝聚态:电子结构、电、磁和光学性质 提交时间: 2016-09-21
摘要: We review on a recently proposed quantum exception to the second law of thermodynamics. We emphase that helium-4 superflows, like any other forms of flows, shall carry entropy or heat in a thermal environment. Following that, one can use a heterogeneous helium-4 superflow loop to realize entropy-decreasing processes. We also mention that the heat content of a superflow has an unusual dependence on flow velocity, which is an important factor contributing to the entropy-decreasing processes.
分类: 核科学技术 >> 核材料与工艺技术 提交时间: 2023-06-18 合作期刊: 《Nuclear Science and Techniques》
摘要: The electrochemical properties of perrhenate were studied in hydrochloric acid solution via cyclic voltammetry by disk glassy carbon electrode. The electroreduction of perrhenate was performed at a constant potential -0.33 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) with a potentiostat by a flow type electrolysis cell. It was found that the change of rhenium ion concentration before and after electrolysis was negligible. This means almost no rhenium or rhenium oxides were deposited on the carbon fiber electrode during the electroreduction. The rhenium ion solution changed from colorless into yellow-brown after electrolysis process. UV-Visible spectrophotometry was used to characterize the oxidation states of Re before and after electrolysis. Some obvious peaks were detected after electrolysis, indicating that Re(VII) was reduced to Re(V). The complex behavior and stability of Re(V)-HEDP were discussed for the purpose of electroreduction of Re(VII) or Tc(VII) on radiopharmaceuticals production.
分类: 物理学 >> 凝聚态:结构、力学和热性能 提交时间: 2017-03-26
摘要: In this paper, backscattering of 3-50 keV positrons on Al, Cu, Ag and Au metallic targets has been systematically investigated using GEANT4 code. The dependence of positron backscattering coefficients on atomic number Z, target thickness, incident energy and angles has been discussed comprehensively. Besides, positron backscattering spectra for those metallic targets at different discrete scattering angles were also studied to provide theoretical basis of the most appropriate scattering angle selected for simulation parameters and specified applied measurement techniques. The impact of atomic number Z of targets on positron backscattering spectra was investigated as well. Simulation results are in reasonable agreement with previous experiment data and theoretical work.
分类: 物理学 >> 核物理学 提交时间: 2023-10-31
摘要: The Coulomb barrier and electron screening cause difficulties in directly measuring nuclear reaction cross sections of charged particles in astrophysical energies. The Trojan-horse method has been introduced to solve the difficulties as a powerful indirect tool. In order to understand experimental spectra better, Geant4 is employed to simulate the method for the first time. Validity and reliability of the simulation are examined by comparing the experimental data with simulated results. The Geant4 simulation can give useful information to understand the experimental spectra better in data analysis and is beneficial to the design for future related experiments.
分类: 物理学 >> 核物理学 提交时间: 2023-06-18 合作期刊: 《Nuclear Science and Techniques》
摘要: Angle-resolved photoemission spectra (ARPES) are calculated in the Hubbard model by using cluster perturbation method. It is found that in a cluster of 12 sites, the local density of states displays the phase transition from normal conductor to Mott insulator with the increase of the electron-electron coupling. We show that a pseudogap develops from the metallic phase to the insulating phase. Evidence of spin-charge separation is also verified in the calculated single particle spectral functions.
分类: 物理学 >> 凝聚态:结构、力学和热性能 提交时间: 2017-03-23
摘要: The effect of annealing on VmHn complexes and Cu precipitate behaviors in hydrogen ion irradiated Fe and Fe-0.3%Cu alloys was investigated by positron annihilation spectroscopy using a slow positron beam. The results of S parameters indicated that the room temperature irradiation was benefit for the formation of the VmHn complex compared to the elevated temperature irradiation. The S-W results confirmed the formation of Cu precipitates in Fe-0.3%Cu even at the irradiation dose of 0.1 dpa. The formation of the evident S value peaks in the damage region after annealing treatment suggested that the VmHn complexes were broken and a larger of hydrogen atoms were escaping. The residual vacancy defects would migrate towards both the surface region and the opposite direction with the increasing annealing temperature.
分类: 生物学 >> 生物物理学 提交时间: 2016-05-11
摘要: Background: Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) acts as a key technique for peptide identification. The MS/MS-based peptide identification approaches can be categorized into two families, namely, de novo and database search. Both of the two types of approaches can benefit from an accurate prediction of theoretical spectrum. A theoretical spectrum consists of m/z and intensity of possibly occurring ions, which are estimated via simulating the spectrum generating process. Extensive researches have been conducted for theoretical spectrum prediction; however, the prediction methods suffer from low prediciton accuracy due to oversimplifications in the spectrum simulation process. Results: In the study, we present an open-source software package, called OpenMS-Simulator, to predict theoretical spectrum for a given peptide sequence. Based on the mobile-proton hypothesis for peptide fragmentation, OpenMS-Simulator trained a closed-form model for the intensity ratio of adjacent y ions, from which the whole theoretical spectrum can be constructed. On a collection of representative spectra datasets with annotated peptide sequences, experimental results suggest that OpenMS-Simulator can predict theoretical spectra with considerable accuracy. The study also presents an application of OpenMS-Simulator: the similarity between theoretical spectra and query spectra can be used to re-rank the peptide sequence reported by SEQUEST/X!Tandem. Conclusions: OpenMS-Simulator implements a novel model to predict theoretical spectrum for a given peptide sequence. Compared with existing theoretical spectrum prediction tools, say MassAnalyzer and MSSimulator, our method not only simplifies the computation process, but also improves the prediction accuracy. Currently, OpenMS-Simulator supports the prediction of CID and HCD spectrum for peptides with double charges. The extension to cover more fragmentation models and support multiple-charged peptides remains as one of the future works.
分类: 核科学技术 >> 核探测技术与核电子学 提交时间: 2023-06-18 合作期刊: 《Nuclear Science and Techniques》
摘要: The Dragon-I linear induction accelerator (LIA) at China Academy of Engineering Physics generates 20 MeV flash X-rays mainly for radiography applications in fluid dynamics. Its spectral information is quite important for diagnostic X-ray imaging applications, but because of its short pulse and great radiation intensity, direct measurement is impossible. In this work, we propose a new method based on transmission measurements to obtain the flash X-ray spectrum. Pure iron cylinders were used as attenuation material, and alanine dosimeters were attached on their rear bottom to record the dose after different degrees of attenuation. Iterative least square method was used to unfold the spectrum, while Geant4 Monte Carlo code was used to simulate the X-ray spectrum. The unfolded spectrum and the simulated spectrum have a high degree of consistency, with the reduced chi-square value of 0.044. This shows that the method is reliable in estimating megavoltage high-intensity X-ray spectrum.
分类: 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间: 2017-05-02
摘要: A novel layered GGAG/YAG composite scintillation ceramic can be prepared at 1650◦C using an easily accessible preparation procedure. The oxygen sintering-hot isostatic pressing method implemented in this work can significantly shorten the preparation period of scintillation ceramics. The ceramic exhibits regular grain microstructure. Interface of the composite ceramic is clean and straight. As prepared, the layered Ce:GGAG/Cr:YAG composite ceramic can emit a broad range of photons with wavelength from 500 to 750 nm under excitation. The integral spectra is composed of three parts: emitted photons of Cr:YAG and Ce:GGAG and emitted light of Cr:YAG excitated by the photons emitted by the Ce:GGAG ceramic layerprepared by the proposed method. The method accomplished in this work can significantly improve the exploration of full spectrum scintillation/luminescence ceramics preparation and spectra designation.
分类: 物理学 >> 核物理学 提交时间: 2024-01-05
摘要: A benchmark experiment on 238U slab samples was conducted using a deuteriumtritium neutron source at the China Institute of Atomic Energy. The leakage neutron spectra within energy levels of 0.816 MeV at 60 and 120 were measured using the time-of-flight method. The samples were prepared as rectangular slabs with a 30 cm square base and thicknesses of 3, 6, and 9 cm. The leakage neutron spectra were also calculated using the MCNP-4C program based on the latest evaluated files of 238U evaluated neutron data from CENDL-3.2, ENDF/B-VIII.0, JENDL-5.0, and JEFF-3.3. Based on the comparison, the deficiencies and improvements in 238U evaluated nuclear data were analyzed. The results showed the following. (1) The calculated results for CENDL-3.2 significantly overestimated the measurements in the energy interval of elastic scattering at 60 and 120. (2) The calculated results of CENDL-3.2 overestimated the measurements in the energy interval of inelastic scattering at 120. (3) The calculated results for CENDL-3.2 significantly overestimated the measurements in the 38.5MeV energy interval at 60 and 120. (4) The calculated results with JENDL-5.0 were generally consistent with the measurement results.
分类: 核科学技术 >> 裂变堆工程技术 提交时间: 2023-06-18 合作期刊: 《Nuclear Science and Techniques》
摘要: A nuclear battery consisting of a beta source, a phosphor layer and a photovoltaic device was prepared. Planar phosphor layers were synthesized through physical precipitation of ZnS:Cu, ZnS:Ag or SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ phosphors. The radioluminescence (RL) spectra were used to analyze the RL effects of the phosphor layers under beta-particle excitation. Feasibility of using the materials as intermediate absorbers in the beta batteries was studied. The IV characteristics of beta RL nuclear batteries with different phosphor layers were tested using 63Ni or 147Pm beta sources. The output power of zinc sulfide matrix phosphor layer was better than that of rare-earth element oxides. In addition, a thin aluminum reflective layer was vacuum-evaporated on the phosphor layers to improve the efficiency of beta RL nuclear batteries, and the results were discussed.
分类: 核科学技术 >> 核材料与工艺技术 提交时间: 2023-06-18 合作期刊: 《Nuclear Science and Techniques》
摘要: Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a well-known friendly polymer for paper-making, textiles, and a variety of coatings, biomedical applications such as artificial pancreas, synthetic vitreous body, wound dressing, artificial skin, and cardiovascular device. In this paper, ion/electron beam is employed to get insight into the irradiation effect on surface morphology and optical properties of PVA polymer. UV-Vis spectra are recorded to investigate the effect of induced defects on the optical band gap and the formed carbon clusters size. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to relate and investigate surface morphology and optical properties of the target polymer with different doses (15, 30 and 60 min). Also, PVA polymer is subjected to theoretical studies by using semi-empirical PM7 quantum chemical method.
分类: 核科学技术 >> 核探测技术与核电子学 提交时间: 2023-06-18 合作期刊: 《Nuclear Science and Techniques》
摘要: A spherical tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) for neutron monitoring has been developed. It was properly designed to produce a uniform electric field intensity around the anode wire. An internal 241Am alpha source was adopted for lineal energy calibration. The TEPC was characterized in terms of dose equivalent response in a standard 252Cf neutron field, and was tested with 2.45 MeV neutrons. Microdosimetric spectra, frequency mean lineal energy and dose-average mean lineal energy of 2.45 MeV neutrons were obtained and compared with FLUKA Monte Carlo simulation results. The measurement and simulation results agreed well. The mean quality factor and dose equivalent values evaluated from the 2.45 MeV neutron measurement were in good agreement with the recommended effective quality factor and ambient dose equivalent H*(10)(10), respectively. Preliminary results have proved the availability of the developed TEPC for neutron monitoring.
分类: 核科学技术 >> 裂变堆工程技术 提交时间: 2023-06-18 合作期刊: 《Nuclear Science and Techniques》
摘要: The Chinese Academy of Science has launched a thorium-based molten-salt reactor (TMSR) research project with a mission to research and develop a fission energy system of the fourth generation. The TMSR project intends to construct a liquid fuel molten-salt reactor (TMSR-LF), which uses fluoride salt as both the fuel and coolant, and a solid fuel molten-salt reactor (TMSR-SF), which uses fluoride salt as coolant and TRISO fuel. An optimized 2 MWth TMSR-LF has been designed to solve major technological challenges in the Th-U fuel cycle. Preliminary conceptual shielding design has also been performed to develop bulk shielding. In this study, the radiation dose and temperature distribution of the shielding bulk due to the core were simulated and analyzed by performing Monte Carlo simulations and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The MCNP calculated dose rate and neutron and gamma spectra indicate that the total dose rate due to the core at the external surface of the concrete wall was 1.91 Sv/h in the radial direction, 1.16 Sv/h above and 1.33 Sv/h below the bulk shielding. All the radiation dose rates due to the core were below the design criteria. Thermal analysis results show that the temperature at the outermost surface of the bulk shielding was 333.86 K, which was below the required limit value. The results indicate that the designed bulk shielding satisfies the radiation shielding requirements for the 2 MWth TMSR-LF.
分类: 电子与通信技术 >> 电子技术 分类: 工程与技术科学 >> 物理学相关工程与技术 分类: 物理学 >> 交叉学科物理及相关领域的科学与技术 分类: 工程与技术科学 >> 仪器仪表技术 提交时间: 2023-05-01
摘要: In this work, a design of large-bandwidth high-gain low-noise transimpedance amplifier (TIA) for scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is proposed. The simulations show that the proposed TIA has the bandwidth higher than 200 kHz, two orders of magnitude higher than those of conventional commercial TIAs for STM. At low frequencies, the noises of the proposed TIA are almost the same as the conventional commercial ones with the same transimpedance gain. At high frequencies, its calculated input equivalent noise voltage power spectral density (PSD) is 40 (nV)2/Hz and its input equivalent noise current PSD is 3.2 (fA)2/Hz at 10 kHz. The corresponding values are 23 (nV)2/Hz and 88 (fA)2/Hz at 100 kHz. The STM with the proposed TIA can meet the needs of fast high-quality STM imaging measurements and fast high-energy-resolution scanning tunneling spectra measurements for the low-conducting materials, such as complex organic systems and wide bandgap semiconductors.
分类: 工程与技术科学 >> 物理学相关工程与技术 分类: 工程与技术科学 >> 仪器仪表技术 分类: 电子与通信技术 >> 电子技术 分类: 物理学 >> 交叉学科物理及相关领域的科学与技术 提交时间: 2023-05-01
摘要: An ultra-low-noise large-bandwidth transimpedance amplifier (TIA) for cryogenic scanning tunneling microscope (CryoSTM) is proposed. The TIA connected with the tip-sample component in CryoSTM is called as CryoSTM-TIA. Its transimpedance gain is as high as 1 G, and its bandwidth is over 300 kHz, but its equivalent input noise current power spectral density is less than 4 (fA)2/Hz at 100 kHz. The low inherent noise for the CryoSTM-TIA is due to its special design: (1) its pre-amplifier is made of a pair of low-noise cryogenic high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs); (2) the noise generated by one HEMT is eliminated by a large capacitor; (3) the capacitance of the cable connected the gate of the other HEMT to the tip is minimized; (4) thermal noise sources, such as the feedback resistor, are placed in the cryogenic zone. The dc output voltage drift of the CryoSTM-TIA is very low, as 5 V/C. The apparatus can be used for measuring the scanning tunneling differential conductance spectra, especially the scanning tunneling shot noise spectra (STSNS) of quantum systems, even if the shot noise is very low. It provides a universal tool to study various novel quantum states by measuring STSNS, such as detecting the Majorana bound states.
分类: 工程与技术科学 >> 物理学相关工程与技术 分类: 工程与技术科学 >> 仪器仪表技术 分类: 电子与通信技术 >> 电子技术 分类: 物理学 >> 交叉学科物理及相关领域的科学与技术 提交时间: 2024-05-06
摘要: 本文提出了一种用于低温扫描隧道显微镜(CryoSTM)的跨阻放大器(TIA)设计方案。在CryoSTM中带有尖端样品成分的TIA称为CryoSTM-TIA。该CryoSTM-TIA的跨阻增益在1Gohm,而其带宽大于300kHz。所提出的CryoSTM-TIA的独特特点是其前置放大器由单个低温高电子迁移率晶体管(HEMT)制成,因此在100kHz时仪器等效输入噪声电流功率谱密度低于4(fA)2/Hz。此外,应用“偏置冷却法”可用于原位控制HEMT掺杂区冻结DX-中心的密度,改变其结构以降低器件噪声。利用该仪器,可以进行高能量分辨率的快速扫描隧道光谱测量。并且,它能够测量各种量子系统在原子尺度上的扫描隧道散粒噪声谱(STSNS),即使散粒噪声非常低。它为通过测量STSNS来研究新的量子态提供了一个强大的工具,例如检测拓扑量子系统中马约拉纳束缚态的存在。
分类: 工程与技术科学 >> 物理学相关工程与技术 分类: 工程与技术科学 >> 仪器仪表技术 分类: 电子与通信技术 >> 电子技术 分类: 物理学 >> 交叉学科物理及相关领域的科学与技术 提交时间: 2022-12-29
摘要: 提出了一种用于低温扫描隧道显微镜(CryoSTM)的低噪声高增益大带宽跨阻放大器(TIA)。在CryoSTM中与尖端样品组件连接的TIA称为CryoSTM-TIA。CryoSTM-TIA的跨阻增益为10Gohm,带宽超过100kHz,在100kHz时等效输入噪声电流功率谱密度小于4(fA)2/Hz。CryoSTM-TIA的低固有噪声是由于其特殊的设计: (1)其前置放大器(Pre-Amp)由低噪声低温高电子迁移率晶体管制成; (2)前置放大器采用卡片式配置,避免米勒效应,降低输入电容CA; (3)将前置放大器输入端连接到尖端的电缆的电容,即CI最小化; (4)热噪声源,如反馈电阻,放置在低温区。由于在反馈回路中应用了频率补偿,减小了CA,减小了CI,实现了高增益和大带宽。该仪器可用于低电导率材料扫描隧道光谱的快速高能量分辨率测量,特别是用于测量其扫描隧道发射噪声谱。