分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: We report on results of our upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT) observations for an early-stage merging galaxy cluster, CIZA J1358.9-4750 (CIZA1359), in Band-3 (300--500 MHz). We achieved the image dynamic range of $\sim 38,000$ using the direction dependent calibration and found a candidate of diffuse radio emission at 4~$\sigma_{rms}$ significance. The flux density of the candidate at 400~MHz, $24.04 \pm 2.48$~mJy, is significantly positive compared to noise, where its radio power, $2.40 \times 10^{24}$~W~Hz$^{-1}$, is consistent with those of typical diffuse radio sources of galaxy clusters. The candidate is associated with a part of the X-ray shock front at which the Mach number reaches its maximum value of $\mathcal{M}\sim 1.7$. The spectral index ($F_\nu \propto \nu^{\alpha}$) of the candidate, $\alpha = - 1.22 \pm 0.33$, is in agreement with an expected value derived from the standard diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) model. But such a low Mach number with a short acceleration time would require seed cosmic-rays supplied from active galactic nucleus (AGN) activities of member galaxies, as suggested in some other clusters. Indeed, we found seven AGN candidates inside the diffuse source candidate. Assuming the energy equipartition between magnetic fields and cosmic-rays, the magnetic field strength of the candidate was estimated to be $2.1~\mu$G. We also find head-tail galaxies and radio phoenixes or fossils near the CIZA1359.
分类: 天文学 >> 天文学 提交时间: 2023-02-19
摘要: How black holes consume and eject matter has been the subject of intense studies for more than 60 years. The luminosity of these systems are often compared to the Eddington limit, the border at which the spherical accretion is inhibited by the radiation pressure of photons it produces. The discovery of ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) showed that accretion can proceed even when the apparent luminosity exceeds the Eddington limit (Kaaret et al. 2017). High apparent luminosity might be produced by the beaming of the incident radiation by a thick collimated outflow or by a truly super-Eddington accretion flow. However, possibilities to study these outflows in detail are limited, as ULXs are typically found in distant galaxies. Using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE, Weisskopf et al. 2022), we made the first measurement of X-ray polarization in Galactic X-ray binary Cyg X-3. The detection of high, $\approx$25\%, nearly energy-independent linear polarization, orthogonal to the direction of the radio ejections, unambiguously indicates the primary source is obscured and the observer on Earth only sees reflected and scattered light. Modelling shows there is an optically thick envelope with a narrow funnel around the primary X-ray source in the system. We derive an upper limit on the opening angle of the funnel that implies a lower limit on the beamed luminosity exceeding the Eddington value. We show that Cyg X-3 is viewed as a ULX to an extragalactic observer located along the axis of the funnel. Our findings reveal this unique persistent source as an ideal laboratory for the study of the inner workings of ULX central engines.