Subjects: Psychology >> Educational Psychology submitted time 2024-04-09
Abstract： Academic procrastination is a common phenomenon in the learning process across various student groups, which has been proven to affect individual’s academic achievement as well as mental health. Notably, academic procrastination has been further categorized into two types—passive procrastination and active procrastination. The former refers to forced delays to avoid unpleasant tasks and is considered “negative” procrastination, while the latter refers to the intentional postponing of tasks in order to achieve better results and is considered “positive” procrastination, both of which have significant psychological and behavioral impacts on individuals. Therefore, the present research aimed to test an internal cognitive-level antecedent—social mobility beliefs—of academic procrastination (i.e., passive procrastination and active procrastination). In particular, based on the cognitive-behavioral model, this research investigated whether social mobility beliefs could influence academic procrastination and, more specifically, whether they would reduce passive procrastination whereas promoting active procrastination. In addition, this research examined whether future time focus could act as a mediator in this relationship./t/nTo test the hypotheses, four studies were conducted in a mixed-method approach and using multi-source samples. In particular, using a sample of high school students, Study 1 was to provide initial correlational evidence for the association between social mobility beliefs and passive procrastination, as well as the mediating role of future time focus. Study 2 was still a survey study, aiming to extend Study 1 by using a college student sample and including a measure of active procrastination. Study 3 aimed to take one step further to provide causal evidence for the effect of social mobility beliefs on future time focus, active procrastination and passive procrastination. Following the experimental-chain-mediation approach, Study 4 aimed to further demonstrate the causal relationship between future time focus and active procrastination as well as passive procrastination by manipulating future time focus./t/nThe main findings of the present research are as follows. First, social mobility beliefs negatively predict and decrease passive procrastination. On the other hand, social mobility beliefs positively predict and increase active procrastination. Furthermore, the focus of future time plays a mediating role in the social mobility beliefs−passive procrastination association and social mobility beliefs−active procrastination association. These findings are observed among both high school students and college students./t/nThe present research contributes to the existing literature in the following ways, while also providing some practical implications. First, it innovatively investigates both passive procrastination and active procrastination and compare them, which has been relatively understudied. Second, it extends the consequences of social mobility beliefs in the academic realm, revealing that strong social mobility beliefs can weaken the tendency of passive procrastination but encourage active procrastination. Third, it discovers an internal cognitive factor that might account for academic procrastination, suggesting that social mobility beliefs can motivate students to avoid passive procrastination and engage in active procrastination. Moreover, it identifies the mediating role of future time focus underlying the effect of social mobility beliefs on passive procrastination and active procrastination. Practically, this research provides targeted recommendations for reducing passive procrastination among students and improving their academic motivations in the future.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2020-11-26
Abstract： "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Other Disciplines >> Synthetic discipline submitted time 2023-10-09 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Naturalness preference, characterized by a tendency to value natural environments, products, and innate abilities, is a crucial psychological phenomenon guiding aesthetic judgments, everyday consumption, and evaluations of others’ achievements. In this study, we define naturalness preference as a tendency to value entities or individuals that are naturally occurring with minimal human intervention. In terms of the extension of the concept, naturalness preference can be broadly categorized into three domains: natural environments, natural objects, and human characteristics. The domain of natural environments reflects people's preference for environments originating from nature, characterized by their pristine and non-artificial features. The domain of natural objects encompasses people's preference towards entities that are naturally generated or crafted by hand. Lastly, the domain of human characteristics primarily reflects people's preference for innate abilities, traits, and talents.This paper is the first to summarize the causes of naturalness preference into three factors: cognitive (psychological essentialism), affective (positive and negative emotions), and normative (sacred moral values). The cognitive causes of naturalness preference are mainly associated with psychological essentialism, where entities perceived to possess higher natural essence are regarded as more authentic. The mutual transmission of essence is one of the core psychological mechanisms in the perception that human intervention disrupts or enhances naturalness. The affective causes of naturalness preference mainly include positive emotions and negative emotions. Positive emotions, such as satisfaction and happiness, boost the approach motivation towards naturalness, which makes people prefer natural objects. While negative emotions, such as disgust and fear, can stimulate avoidance motivation towards naturalness, which makes people stay away from unnatural objects. The normative aspect of naturalness preference primarily manifests in sacred moral values. People generally regard the natural world as benevolent, sacred, and inviolable. The sacred value of naturalness cannot be traded, let alone measured by worldly values such as money and power.Future research should focus on the following three aspects. First, we should pay attention to the potential “dark sides” of naturalness preference and promote science popularization of beneficial products that are perceived as “non-natural” by the public. Employing “nudging” methods may help rectify biased perspectives and irrational consumption behaviors caused by naturalness preference. Second, future studies should delve into the cultural and psychological differences in naturalness preference, exploring how indigenous religious beliefs and traditional cultural thoughts shape distinct attitudes towards nature among Chinese and Western people. Last but not least, future research should approach the issue of emerging technology acceptance from the perspective of naturalness preference. Understanding the psychological aspects of naturalness preference can significantly contribute to reevaluating the impact of technology on the process of natural evolution and exploring how technology can better serve human beings, while fostering harmonious coexistence between humans and the natural world.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2023-07-24
Abstract： “Naturalness” is often attributed with a sacred and benevolent positive value by people. Despite the lack of objective differences between natural and artificial objects at times, individuals still advocate for naturally occurring entities and innate abilities, which is known as “naturalness preference” or “naturalness bias”. This paper aims to clarify the conceptual definition of naturalness preference and propose a “three-domain conceptual model of naturalness preference”, which synthesizes the developmental trajectory and specific manifestations of naturalness preference in domains such as natural environments, natural products, and innate abilities (or talent). Moreover, we first categorize the causes of naturalness preference into three factors: cognitive (psychological essentialism), affective (positive and negative emotions), and normative (sacred moral values). Future studies should delve deeper into investigating the “dark side” of naturalness preference, cultural psychological differences, and its impact on the acceptance of emerging technologies.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2020-11-27
Abstract： The true self or authenticity refers to the consistency between individual behaviors and internal states (e.g., values, beliefs, and needs), including trait authenticity and state authenticity. Cultural differences in the true self was proposed by comparing with relevant concepts (e.g., self-knowledge, self-concept clarity, self-congruence, integrity, and sincerity) and reviewing existent theories. Specifically, the true self is driven by autonomous motivation in the Western culture, while it is driven by Guanxi requirements in the Eastern culture. Future studies are recommended to further explore the true self from the "guanxilization," integrating the traditional Confucian thoughts into theoretical construction and understanding toward new social phenomena (e.g., emerging Social Networking Sites, social changes), as well as advancing research methodologies (e.g., cross-cultural comparison, methods highlighting situation variations).
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2020-04-28
Abstract： Self-control refers to the ability of individuals to consciously control their impulsive behaviors in order to achieve long-term interests. The dual-systems model proposes that the self-control system includes an impulsive system and a reflective system, which can be used to analyze the internal structure of criminals’ low self-control. The impulsive system in criminals is thought to predominantly use behavioral schemata related to crime, while their reflective system is too weak to suppress impulsive behaviors. With the impulsive system activated and the reflective system insufficiently activated, the criminals will likely fail to self-control and subsequently commit crime. To investigate the mechanism of the self-control system in criminals, more integration of the existing studies on the basis of the dual-systems model is needed. It is also necessary to explore the application of the dual-systems model in intervention and psychological correction for prisoners. In addition, juveniles who are susceptible to crime require special attention.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2020-01-12
Abstract： " As the literature on abusive supervision has gained a great understanding of its detrimental effects and the underlying mechanisms, how subordinates cope with the experience of abusive supervision and the effectiveness of different coping strategies are promising new directions for future research. In this article, based on the multi-dynamic model of interpersonal rejection, we discussed how subordinates might cope with the experience of abusive supervision differently at low and high levels of LMX, and proposed a model in which certain coping strategies can lead to the subsequent experience of increased abusive supervision. We suggest future research strengthen our understanding of subordinates’ coping strategies for abusive supervision with a focus on exploring new coping strategies, including individual different variables, and examining situational factors as moderators. Further, future research can investigate the negative interactions between leaders and subordinates, and provide theoretical support for breaking the cycle of abusive supervision.
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology submitted time 2019-07-17
Abstract： " Workplace civilized behavior is a proactive behavior that conveys courtesy and respect based on social and organizational role obligations. This behavior depends on organizational culture. In recent years, with the influence of positive psychology on organizational behavior research, the value of workplace civility has attracted the attention of scholars, and there has been discussion about its implication and nature. Because workplace civility is inwardly demanding of self-control and outward-oriented behavior of conveying respect, it has positive significance for the shaping of individuals, the promotion of interpersonal relationships in organizations, and the cultivation of an organizational atmosphere. Based on a literature search, this paper provides an operational definition and basic research framework for workplace civility.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： We reviewed and summarized organizational events that can potentially affect how victims of workplace incivility become instigators, including supervisor inaction, supervisor incivility, and coworker incivility. Based on the event system theory, we explained the cognitive process through which victims of workplace incivility become instigators. Specifically, if organizational events are strong enough to influence victims’ controlled information processing, the victims might change their original behavioral pattern and engage uncivil behaviors. Based on the social information processing theory, victims’ controlled information processing includes three different paths, including social learning, attribution, and moral judgment. We suggest future studies explore the role of other factors in the process of transmission from victims of workplace incivility to instigators, such as emotion, cognition, and factors outside the workplace. Daily diary method can be used to examine these processes. Furthermore, we encourage researchers to explore how witnesses of workplace incivility might also become instigators.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Classic studies distinguish social norms from descriptive and injunctive norms. In contrast to this static division, research has recently begun to focus on the dynamic process of social norm development, including the acquisition, transmission, and transformation of social norms as well as their influencing factors. The acquisition of social norms can be traced back to early childhood social interaction. The formation of descriptive norms can be considered a result of the learning of exemplars of a social category. The rationalization of the status quo has led to the transformation of descriptive norms into injunctive norms. The influencing factors of social norms are not only related to their psychological functions - to meet individuals’ needs for security, belonging, and uniqueness - but also to external environment, which involves power positions and punishment mechanisms. To probe the process of normative influence, future studies could further analyze the formation and action processes of social norms, take account of studies of social norm strength, and analyze social norms in their cultural context.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Body image disturbance mainly refers to the individual's negative perception of the body, negative emotional experience and the corresponding negative behavior regulation. The "looking-glass self" theory suggests that the attitude and reaction of others is a "mirror" from which we know ourselves. According to this theory, the main external reasons for body image disturbance include the negative real evaluations from the primary group and the diverse real evaluations from the secondary group. Meanwhile, the main internal reasons include the fear of subjective imaginary evaluation and the deviation of subjective perceptual evaluation. To alleviate the increasing disturbance and promote the benign transformation of disorders, further researches are needed to explore the sources of body image disturbance, improve the intervention strategy on social interest, and disclose the basic influence of the other-oriented under face culture.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Previous research on workplace incivility has primarily focused on those occurring face-to-face, and demonstrated that it has spillover and crossover effects between the work domain and family domain. However, recent studies suggested that workplace cyber incivility, the virtual form of workplace incivility, has its own unique features and has worse consequences. Based on the review of existing literature on workplace cyber incivility, we introduce the concept of social presence, and summarize potential spillover and anti-spillover mechanisms between the reality and the virtual world for workplace incivility. In addition, we propose several research propositions, and encourage future research to uses these propositions to examine different forms of workplace cyber incivility.
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： Self-control refers to the ability of individuals to consciously control their impulsive behaviors in order to achieve long-term interests. The dual-systems model proposes that the self-control system includes an impulsive system and a reflective system, which can be used to analyze the internal structure of criminals’ low self-control. The impulsive system in criminals is thought to predominantly use behavioral schemata related to crime, while their reflective system is too weak to suppress impulsive behaviors. With the impulsive system activated and the reflective system insufficiently activated, the criminals will likely fail to self-control and subsequently commit crime. To investigate the mechanism of the self-control system in criminals, more integration of the existing studies on the basis of the dual-systems model is needed. It is also necessary to explore the application of the dual-systems model in intervention and psychological correction for prisoners. In addition, juveniles who are susceptible to crime require special attention.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-28 Cooperative journals: 《心理科学进展》
Abstract： The spiral effect model between uncivilized behavior in the workplace and workplace ostracism can be explained by moral exclusion theory and emotional event theory. According to the theory of moral exclusion, suffering from workplace incivility will lead to the increase of psychological distance between the victim and the perpetrator, which will lead to the workplace ostracism of the perpetrator; From the perspective of bystanders, witnessing workplace incivility will affect the moral sense of justice and interactional justice of the bystanders, which in turn will lead to workplace ostracism of the perpetrator. In addition, the above mediating effect will be moderated by the level of altruism. Based on the emotional events theory, suffering from workplace ostracism will affect the emotional level of the victims of workplace ostracism and will push them to be the perpetrators of workplace incivility.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-06-11
Abstract： Under the influence of the mass media, many individuals have embraced the “thin-ideal” social norm, wherein people accept and adhere to the behavioral norm that perceives thinness as the ideal body type. This trend has resulted in many young adults compromising their positive body image and adopting unhealthy weight loss practices, such as reducing their caloric intake. Based on the self-discrepancy theory, this paper proposes that the thin-ideal social norm will strengthen the thin-ideal self-concept, which will amplify any existing discrepancy between the ideal self and the actual self, ultimately diminishing the individual’s positive body image. In that light, the present research explored the effects of social norm interventions on improving young adults’ positive body image and increasing their caloric intake. The findings suggest that interventions that address misconceptions, particularly when combined with role models, yield more favorable outcomes than interventions that focus solely on correcting misunderstandings within the social norm framework do.
The present research comprised one questionnaire study and three intervention studies, involving 612 participants. Study 1 examined the mediating role of body mass index (BMI) self-discrepancy in the relationship between the thin-ideal social norm and a positive body image. Two hundred eleven participants (113 females, aged 22.31 ± 2.10 years) completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of the social norms, their BMI self-discrepancy, and their positive body image. Studies 2–4 were dedicated to practical interventions. In Study 2, 117 participants (79 females, aged 22.56 ± 2.28 years) received either interventions that addressed misinformation about social norms, or no information. The participants reported their positive body image at the beginning and end of the study, along with their caloric intake over 4 days. Study 3 involved 155 participants (111 females, aged 22.06 ± 2.13 years) who were randomly assigned to one of three interventions: correcting misunderstandings alone, combining that intervention with role models, or no intervention. As was the case with Study 2, the participants reported their positive body image and caloric intake over 4 days. In Study 4, 147 participants (89 females, aged 22.57 ± 2.10 years) were randomly assigned to one of three interventions that were similar to those in Study 3 but spanned 10 days. Those participants reported their body image at two time points and their caloric intake at five time points.
Study 1 revealed that self-discrepancy partially mediated the relationship between the social norms of the thin ideal and body image. Specifically, both the thin-ideal de This research contributes valuable insights into thin-ideal social norms. It suggests a more effective intervention strategy that provides practical recommendations which are applicable to individuals, role models, and commercial organizations.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2024-03-19
Abstract： In recent years, the debates between monism and pluralism are one of the most active theoretical disagreements in the field of moral psychology. Moral monism claims that all moral phenomena on the surface and moral structures behind them can be explained by one factor, and the representative theories are stages theory of moral development and dyadic morality theory, etc. Moral pluralism holds that morality can’t be explained by a single factor, whereas has many heterogeneous moral dimensions and cultural sensitivity. The representative theories are triadic moral discourse theory, relational model theory and moral foundations theory, etc. Moreover, moral foundations theory and dyadic morality theory are the typical representatives of the debates between monism and pluralism. The two theories have engaged in a long and inconclusive dialogue on the harm, purity, modular claims, and moral foundations of politics. Future studies should further explore the monism and pluralism of morality from three specific aspects so as to maintain the vitality of theory in the field of moral psychology.
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2023-03-07
Abstract： Pro-environmental behavior, such as saving energy and taking public transportation, is beneficial to protecting the environment. Previous studies suggested that personality traits, environmentalrelated values, beliefs, affect and norms are antecedents of pro-environmental behavior. However, protecting the environment is also rooted in motivation for happiness and well-being. Generally speaking, there are three different types of well-being in positive psychology, namely hedonic, eudaimonic, and psychological richness. Based on different conceptions of well-being, research has shown that hedonic value was negatively related to pro-environmental behavior. Eudaimonic value was related to environmental values but it cannot directly predict pro-environmental behavior. Given it’s a new conception, the relationship between psychological richness and pro-environmental behavior is still absent. Thus, the present study aimed at exploring how psychological richness would influence pro-environmental behavior as well as its underlying mechanism and boundary conditions. To reach the goals, we conducted ten studies with different experimental manipulations of psychological richness, multi-source participants, and various assessments of pro-environmental behavior. In correlational study 1.1, we tested the link between psychological richness and proenvironmental behavior. In experimental study 1.2–1.4, we manipulated psychological richness by recalling past memory and making the perspective change to explore its potential influence on proenvironmental behavior. In study 2.1–2.4, the measurement-of-mediation design and experimentalcausal-chain design were used to examine the mediating role of self-expansion. Based on the crosssectional study 2.1, in study 2.2 we randomly assigned participants to the psychological richness condition and control condition to complete the task, and investigated whether psychological richness affected personal self-expansion. In study 2.3, self-expansion was manipulated to explore its effect on pro-environmental behavior. To support our model, study 2.4 was conducted to test whether psychological richness facilitates pro-environmental behavior through self-expansion. To investigate the moderating effect of nature-self size, we manipulated psychological richness in study 3.1 and conducted a cross-sectional survey in 3.2. As predicted, the present study found that both psychologically rich life and state psychological richness were positively related to pro-environmental behavior. Results indicated that psychological richness motivates people to behave in an environmentally friendly. The increased self-expansion was the reason why people experiencing psychological richness were more willing to protect the environment. Lastly, the results also demonstrated the moderating effect of nature-self size on the association of self-expansion and pro-environmental behavior. Overall, the results extend the research on the effects of psychological richness on personal growth and sustainable social development. First, the research suggested that pursuing well-being and behaving pro-environmentally were not in conflict. By taking the newly constructed psychological richness, living a good life motivates people to protect the environment. Second, message framing promoting psychological richness could be used to encourage individuals from engaging in environmentally friendly activities.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-02-07
Abstract：算法歧视屡见不鲜，人们对其有何反应值得关注。六个递进实验比较了不同类型歧视情境下人们对算法歧视和人类歧视的道德惩罚欲，并探讨其潜在机制和边界条件。结果发现：相对于人类歧视，人们对算法歧视的道德惩罚欲更少（实验1~6），潜在机制是人们认为算法（与人类相比）更缺乏自由意志（实验2~4），且个体拟人化倾向越强或者算法越拟人化，人们对算法的道德惩罚欲越强（实验5~6）。研究结果有助于更好地理解人们对算法歧视的反应，并为算法犯错后的道德惩罚提供启示。
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Management Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Social Psychology submitted time 2022-01-17
Abstract：
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Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> History of Psychology submitted time 2024-03-27
Abstract： Cultural evolution is often compared to biological evolution. One subset of cultural evolution that has received widespread attention from researchers is Cumulative Cultural Evolution (CCE). CCE refers to the adaptive changes in complexity, functionality, etc., that occur in cultures as they are modified and passed from generation to generation. Although cumulative cultural evolution is an interdisciplinary concept, it has a strong psychological underpinning. Psychological factors have played an important role in the development of its conceptual framework and schools of interpretation, and have contributed to the expansion of core criteria and the integration of the two schools of interpretation. Future research can further clarify the definitional criteria of CCE from the perspective of theoretical development, explore the process and details of CCE from the perspective of integration of two schools of interpretation, or confirm the impact of psychological factors on CCE from the perspective of psychology, thereby advancing the field of cumulative cultural evolution.
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