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  • 具有泛广义非线性框架的车险精算费率系统及相关风险研究

    分类: 统计学 >> 经济统计学 提交时间: 2025-06-12

    摘要: 车辆保险定价作为精算学的核心问题之一,影响着保险公司的盈利能力和资金流动性。本文献综述对各地区不同的车险发展进行了简要阐述,并讨论了车险费率拟定系统、特殊车险定价、无索赔折扣奖惩理论以及准备金评估方法等问题相关的历史研究。本文献综述以统计分布和模型结构为切入点,剖析模型的具体运作逻辑,对利用Tweedie分布族建立指数保险的定价模型,利用广义加性模型与LocalGLMnet建模方法等基于频率学派和贝叶斯学派的大多数方法建立定价框架和准备金评估的文献进行了集中讨论。为了体现风险建模思想对真实业务的应用效果,本文还列入BMS系统、GAM准备金评估模型等相关文献,基于此探索一种车辆保险中的风险动态调整机制的构造方式。在准备金研究方面,包括同质性和异质性假设的评估方法的文献,具体为运用链梯法等传统方法对总体事故赔付数据进行预测建模,以及在已有算法模型基础上使用机器学习技术改进模型并对个体事故赔付数据进行预测建模两大类。除了一般车险之外,还对天气指数保险进行了研究探讨,并且借助于遥感数据和地面观测数据建立多维输入方式,以提高模型针对极端气象事件的识别能力。实证发现,该模型在赔付稳定性以及区域风险差异方面表现较好。基于数据层面,在本文献综述选择了真实的车辆保险和天气保险赔付真实数据作为实例的研究,并针对其中不同的建模方式设置对照组,对预测效果的异同点进行了分析与评价。本文集中于建构一套财产保险领域可复制推广的保险建模方法,综合考虑监管、数据建模等多方面因素,提高财产保险公司量化定价的能力,以促进财产保险业在数字化转型、定价精算等方面获得新的实践经验和理论依据。

  • Porosity reduction by co-axial laser shock modulation of molten pool in powder-bed selective laser sintering: take widely-used stainless steel as an example

    分类: 机械工程 >> 机械制造自动化 提交时间: 2025-06-12

    摘要: 粉床金属增材制造常常受到由于气体滞留和小孔不稳定性导致的高孔隙率问题的困扰。本文首次提出了一种突破性的方法:通过低脉冲能量同轴激光冲击原位熔池调制。将附加脉冲激光束耦合到选择性激光烧结系统,以实现低孔隙率高质量金属零件制造。原位监测表明,所用的激光冲击方法抑制了烧结过程中的严重飞溅,有助于实现低孔隙率。计算机断层扫描(CT)可以量化孔隙的体积、直径和球形度。结果表明,在最佳脉冲激光条件下,打印的316L不锈钢块的孔隙率显著降低了86%,达到小于0.016%。同时,孔隙的形状和大小得到了有利的控制。

  • Text Distance from Nested and Hierarchical Repetitions: A Compression-Based Perspective

    分类: 信息科学与系统科学 >> 信息科学与系统科学基础学科 分类: 数学 >> 计算科学理论 分类: 物理学 >> 交叉学科物理及相关领域的科学与技术 提交时间: 2025-06-11

    摘要: We present a new method for structural sequence analysis grounded in Algorithmic Information Theory (AIT). At its core is the Ladderpath approach, which extracts nested and hierarchical relationships among repeated substructures in linguistic sequences---an instantiation of AIT’s principle of describing data through minimal generative programs. These structures are then used to define three distance measures: a normalized compression distance (NCD), and two alternative distances derived directly from the Ladderpath representation. Integrated with a $k$-nearest neighbor classifier, these distances achieve strong and consistent performance across in-distribution, out-of-distribution (OOD), and few-shot text classification tasks. In particular, all three methods outperform both gzip-based NCD and BERT under OOD and low-resource settings. These results demonstrate that the structured representations captured by Ladderpath preserve intrinsic properties of sequences and provide a lightweight, interpretable, and training-free alternative for text modeling. This work highlights the potential of AIT-based approaches for structural and domain-agnostic sequence understanding.

  • 原型情景:心理传记疗法实践的关键理论节点

    分类: 心理学 >> 临床与咨询心理学 提交时间: 2025-06-11

    摘要: 心理传记学关注于非凡人物的研究,其转向普通个体的生命历程则有赖于心理传记疗法的开创和实践。心理传记疗法的理论核心是基于舒尔茨提出的"原型情景"概念,即个体生命故事中的关键情景和冲突可以解释其当下心理问题,并成为治疗的关键切入点。然而,“原型情景"概念在理论上仍较为模糊,如原型情景内涵、特点及识别等问题需进一步澄清。本研究提出了“原型情景"作为心理传记学与心理传记疗法的理论契合历经生成、激活、作用三个阶段,具有非唯一性、重复性与象征性、情感凝聚性、可迭代性、可建构性。研究进一步提出了原型情景提取的洋葱模型,阐释了“原型情景"在理解与干预个体心理问题中的应用。

  • MDPO: Multi-Granularity Direct Preference Optimization for Mathematical Reasoning

    分类: 计算机科学 >> 计算机应用技术 提交时间: 2025-06-10

    摘要: Mathematical reasoning presents a significant challenge for Large Language Models (LLMs) as it requires ensuring the correctness of each reasoning step. Researchers have been strengthening the mathematical reasoning abilities of LLMs through supervised fine-tuning, but due to the inability to suppress incorrect outputs, illusions can easily arise. Recently, Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has been widely adopted for aligning human intent by using preference data to prevent LLMs from generating incorrect outputs. However, it has shown limited benefits in long-chain mathematical reasoning, mainly because DPO struggles to effectively capture the differences between accepted and rejected answers from preferences in long-chain data. The inconsistency between DPO training and LLMs’ generation metrics also affects the effectiveness of suppressing incorrect outputs. We propose the Multi-Granularity Direct Preference Optimization (MDPO) method, optimizing the mathematical reasoning of LLMs at three granularities: Solution2Solution, Inference2Inference, and Step2Step. Solution2Solution focuses on the correctness of entire long-chain reasoning; Inference2Inference concentrates on logical reasoning between steps; Step2Step corrects computational errors in steps, enhancing the computational capabilities of LLMs. Additionally, we unify the training objectives of the three granularities to align with the generation metrics. We conducted experiments on the open-source models Qwen2 and Llama3, achieving improvements of 1.7% and 0.9% on the GSM8K dataset, and 2.3% and 1.2% on the MATH dataset, outperforming DPO and other DPO variant methods. Furthermore, we also provide a pipeline for constructing MDPO training data that is simple and does not require manual annotation costs.

  • 时间压力作用下知识存量对即兴行为的影响机制

    分类: 心理学 >> 管理心理学 提交时间: 2025-06-10

    摘要: 即兴行为是一种兼具即时性和创造性的行为模式。然而,目前结合其本质内涵以详述即兴行为生成机制的研究尚显不足。为此,本研究整合知识联结理论与激活理论,分别契合即兴行为的创造性与即时性特征,探讨了时间压力下知识存量对个体即兴行为的影响机制。研究1 (N=163)和研究2(N=163)分别以大学生及组织员工为被试,通过实验发现知识存量通过增强知识转化进而促进个体即兴行为;尤其在中时间压力情境下,上述关系更为强烈;研究3(N=201)开展多时点配对问卷调查,进一步确证了时间压力在知识存量对知识转化的影响过程中发挥倒U 型调节效应,进而通过知识转化作用于即兴行为。通过3个研究得出结论:在中等时间压力下,知识存量通过影响知识转化从而更有利于激发个体即兴行为;而在高或低时间压力下则更弱,以此全面揭示时间压力作用下知识存量赋能即兴行为的生成过程机制,这为有效依据其特征进行理论整合提供了新视角,并对理解即兴行为的动态性和复杂性具有积极的意义。

  • 利益相关者视域下预印本平台价值影响因素模型实证研究

    分类: 图书馆学、情报学 >> 图书馆学 提交时间: 2025-06-10

    摘要: 【目的】研究预印本平台价值影响因素模型并对其进行实证,为预印本平台价值的更好发挥提供理论依据与实践指导。【方法】采用文献调研和内容分析法设计价值量表,并采用问卷调查的方式,借助回归方程模型,对模型进行检验。【结果】从科研人员视角出发,平台属性特质和科研人员个人习惯具有显著的正向关系;平台属性特质和科研人员自我效能具有显著的正向关系;平台属性特质和科研人员感知结果具有显著的正向关系;科研人员感知结果和其对预印本平台的态度具有显著的正向关系;科研人员对预印本平台的态度对其个人认知预印本平台价值的(行为)意向具有显著的正向影响。从出版人员视角出发,平台属性特质和出版人员个人习惯具有弱显著的正向关系;平台属性特质和出版人员自我效能具有弱显著的正向关系;平台属性特质和出版人员感知结果具有显著的正向关系;出版人员感知结果和其对预印本平台的态度具有弱显著的正向关系;出版人员对预印本平台的态度对其个人认知预印本平台价值的(行为)意向具有显著的正向影响。从科研资助方视角出发,平台属性特质和科研资助方感知结果具有较弱显著的正向关系;科研资助方感知结果和其对预印本平台的态度具有较弱显著的正向关系;科研资助方对预印本平台的态度对其个人认知预印本平台价值的(行为)意向具有显著的正向影响。【结论】不同利益相关者对待预印本平台价值态度存在较大差异,影响因素之间关联程度也存在不同,若想整体提升预印本平台价值,还应面向不同利益相关者针对不同因素入手。

  • 中成药治疗阿尔茨海默病临床研究的证据图分析

    分类: 医学、药学 >> 临床医学 提交时间: 2025-06-10 合作期刊: 《中国全科医学》

    摘要: 背景 阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种复杂的神经系统退行性疾病,其治疗给患者及家庭带来沉重的负担。近年来中成药治疗AD的临床研究不断增加,但研究的证据支撑情况尚不清楚。目的 分析近5年中成药治疗阿尔茨海默病的临床研究相关证据情况。方法 检索2019年1月—2024年12月的8个中英文数据库(中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普网、中国生物医学文献服务系统、PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、Embase数据库)中收录的中成药治疗AD的文献,采用文字结合图表的形式展示证据分布特征。结果 最终纳入临床试验82篇,系统综述/Meta分析30篇,网状Meta分析9篇,指南/专家共识/路径等7篇,系统评价再评价1篇,卫生技术评估1篇。近年来中成药治疗AD的关注度呈波动下降的趋势,临床研究与评价集中于21种中成药,其中对口服中成药复方苁蓉益智胶囊和复方海蛇胶囊关注度最多,注射剂主要为银杏叶提取物。临床研究主要为单中心、小规模的随机对照试验,且文献质量普遍不高。在结局指标选择方面,主要侧重于认知功能指标、替代结局指标和生活质量等指标,指标缺乏中医辨证论治的特色,指标的选择、测量等缺乏规范性。系统综述/Meta分析的整体质量较低,方法学质量以及临床实践指南和专家共识的制定和报告规范性均有待进一步提高。结论 中成药治疗AD已开展了一些单中心、小样本的临床研究,今后需结合中药治疗AD的临床诊疗实践特点进一步开展多中心、大样本、高质量的临床研究,以利于形成高质量的临床证据,为中成药治疗AD提供相关参考。

  • 返璞归真:物理终极理论之路

    分类: 物理学 >> 普通物理:统计和量子力学,量子信息等 提交时间: 2025-06-09

    摘要: 发轫于20世纪初的相对论和量子论革命没有带来预期的终极物理学理论,相反,21 世纪的物理学面临着更多困惑和深层危机。大统一理论的持续可见不可及迫使人们对物理学的理论基础进行科学哲学审视。这种反思发现了经典物理和现代物理在自然观方面的深刻分歧,包括物质观、时空观和运动观。通过调整补充,在统一的自然观基础上诞生了现实物理学理论。现实物理学奉行客观性原则,强调物质世界和物理规律的客观实在性,追求物理理论的自然刚性。现实物理学包括粒子流场论、粒子动力学和粒子统计学理论,它们修正和发展了经典力学、电动力学和统计力学,在新自然观基础上统一了宏观(宇观)力学和微观(量子)力学。本文介绍现实物理学的理论体系和主要内容,结合重要结论阐述现实物理学的科学哲学观点和思想认识路线。现实物理学开拓了通往物理终极目标的道路,随着理论基础的完善和应用的扩展,必将在探索未知世界的进程中发挥巨大作用。

  • Stability and Hopf bifurcation analysis of fractional double-delay prey-predator model under PD control strategies

    分类: 数学 >> 应用数学 提交时间: 2025-06-09

    摘要: A fractional-order proportional-derivative controller is designed to address bifurcation issues in a dual-time-delay fractional-order predator-prey model. By selecting different delays as bifurcation parameters, the stability and Hopf bifurcation conditions of the controlled system are derived. The results show that the fractional order, delays and control parameters play an important role on the stability and Hopf bifurcation of the system. By selecting reasonable system parameters (fractional order, delays, and control parameters), suitable system control strategies can be devised. Finally, the key findings of this study are verified through numerical examples.

  • From defense to reconstruction: The hostility-meaning dual-path model of how observing others’ adversity influences self-negative disclosure

    分类: 心理学 >> 社会心理学 提交时间: 2025-06-08

    摘要: Objective: This study explored the mechanism by which observing peers’ adverse experiences influences distress disclosure of negative information through two progressive studies.Methods: Study 1 (N=218) constructed a moderated mediation model to analyze the relationships among stress, self-esteem, hostility traits, and disclosure. Study 2 (N=536) employed a situational experiment to test a chain mediation effect of "stress→meaning in life→distress disclosure," supplemented by multigroup analysis of path coefficient differences.Results: Study 1 showed stress directly inhibited disclosure (β=-0.37, pLimitations: The moderating effects of cultural values on the mechanism of adverse circumstance perception were not examined in this study.Conclusions: This research first uncovered the adaptive function of downward comparison and the mediating boundary of meaning reconstruction, expanding social comparison theory’s application scenarios. It provides a dual-path model for psychological interventions in failure education, based on stress transformation and meaning construction. Future studies are recommended to investigate cultural value moderations.

  • Asymmetric fission of $^{180}$Hg and the role of hexadecapole moment

    分类: 物理学 >> 核物理学 提交时间: 2025-06-07

    摘要: In current work, the fission property of $^{180}$Hg is investigated based on the Skyrme density functional theory (DFT). The impact of the high-order hexadecapole moment (q$_{40}$) is found at large deformations. With the q$_{40}$ constraint, a smooth and continuous potential energy surfaces (PES) could be obtained. Especially, the hexadecapole moment constraint is essential to get proper scission configurations. The static fission path based on the PES supports the asymmetric fission of $^{180}$Hg. The asymmetric distribution of the fission yields of $^{180}$Hg is further reproduced by the time-dependent generator coordinate method (TDGCM), and agrees well with the experimental data.

  • 机器学习的信息科学原理:基于形式化信息映射的因果链元框架

    分类: 计算机科学 >> 计算机科学的集成理论 提交时间: 2025-06-06

    摘要: [目的]聚焦于解决目前机器学习缺乏统一的形式化理论框架、缺乏可解释性和伦理安全保障等问题。[方法]本文首先构建形式化信息模型,运用合式公式集合显式定义机器学习各典型环节的本体状态和载体映射,引入可学习和可处理谓词、学习和处理函数分析模型因果链逻辑推演与约束法则。[结果]构建了机器学习理论元框架MLT-MF,以此为基础分别建立了模型可解释性和伦理安全性的普适性定义,证明了模型可解释与信息可还原性、伦理安全保障和泛化误差估计等三个重要定理。[局限]当前框架假设理想条件下的信息无噪声使能映射,主要针对静态场景中的模型学习和处理逻辑,同时还未涉及多模态、多智能体系统跨本体空间的信息融合与冲突消解。[结论]本文突破碎片化研究局限,为系统解决当前机器学习面临的关键问题提供了统一的理论基础。

  • Measurement and calculation of leakage neutron spectra from 238U induced by broad-spectrum neutrons

    分类: 物理学 >> 核物理学 提交时间: 2025-06-06

    摘要: Leakage neutron spectra from a pure 238U slab sample (dimensions: 100 mm × 100 mm × 20 mm) bombarded by broad-spectrum neutrons were measured at 0° using the time-of-flight method. The experiment was carried out at the Radioactive Ion Beam Line of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou at the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Broad-spectrum neutrons were generated by bombarding a tungsten target with 80.5 MeV/u 12C ions. Additionally, calculations were performed in GEANT4 with the INCL, BIC and BERT physics models, in combination with the evaluated nuclear data libraries ENDF/BVIII, JEFF-3.3, and JENDL-4.0, and the theoretical results for the leakage neutron spectrum of the 238U were obtained under the same experimental conditions. The results indicate that the GEANT4 calculations can reasonably reproduce the experimental data.

  • Measurements of Muon and Muon-induced Fluxes Using Gadolinium-Doped Liquid Scintillator at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory

    分类: 物理学 >> 核物理学 提交时间: 2025-06-05

    摘要: We present the results of an experiment conducted to measure cosmic-ray muons and muon-induced fluxes at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory. Utilizing a 28-liter 0.5% gadolinium-doped liquid scintillator detector, which operated stably for 412 days in a 1-meter-thick polyethylene shielding, we reconstructed saturated signal pulses and pulse shape discrimination to facilitate measurements across a range starting from 0.2 MeV. The event rates incorporating mountain geometry effects for cosmic rays and their induced particles are derived. The experimental results show that cosmic ray muon flux is (3.64 ± 0.69(stat.) ± 0.25(syst.)) × 10^{-10} cm^{-2} s^{-1}, muon-induced electron flux is (5.59 ± 1.06(stat.) ± 0.40(syst.)) × 10^{-10} cm^{-2} s^{-1}, and the upper limit of the muon-induced neutron flux is 3.52 × 10^{-9} cm^{-2} s^{-1}. They indicated that no significant excess is observed at a 90% confidence-level, particularly no muon-induced neutrons above 10 MeVee is detected.

  • Neutronics Design and Analysis of a Novel Liquid-Solid Space Nuclear Reactor Based on Cross-shaped Spiral Fuel

    分类: 物理学 >> 核物理学 提交时间: 2025-06-05

    摘要: As the key technology of space exploration, space power has always been a research interest of international researchers. A lot of research work has been carried out around the world for the space nuclear reactor using heat pipe, liquid metal and gas cooling method. With the development of molten salt reactor of IV generation reactor system, molten salt dissolving fissile material and acting as a coolant at the same time has become a new cooling scheme, which provides new ideas for the design of space nuclear reactor. In this study, a novel reactor Liquid-Solid Dual-Fuel Space Nuclear Reactor (LSSNR) was preliminarily proposed combining the molten salt fuel and cross-shaped spiral solid fuel for the design goals of 30-year lifetime and active core weight less than 200 kg. Monte Carlo neutron transport code OpenMC based on ENDF/B-VII.1 library was employed for neutronics design in aspect of fuel type, cladding material, reflector material and spectral shift absorber. Then, the thickness of control drum absorber was optimized to meet the requirement of the sufficient shutdown margin, lower solid fuel enrichment, and 30 EFPY operation lifetime. Finally , UC solid fuel with U-235 enrichment of 80.98 wt.% and B4C thickness of 0.75 cm were adopted in LSSNR, and BeO was adopted as reflector and matrix material of control drum. A spectral shift absorber Gd2O3 was used to avoid the sub-critical LSSNR returning to criticality at a launch accident. The keff with control drum rotating innermost position is 0. 954949, and the keff reaches 1.00592 after 30 EFPY operation. The total mass of the active core is 160.65 kg. In addition, the thermal-hydraulic feasibility of LSSNR using cross-shaped spiral fuel was analyzed based on a 4/61 reactor core model. The structure of cross-shaped spiral fuel achieves enhanced heat transfer by generating turbulence, leads to a uniform temperature distribution of the coolant flow field, and reduces local temperature peaks. Based on LSSNR scheme, some neutronic characteristics were analyzed. Results demonstrate that the LSSNR has strongly negative reactivity coefficients due to the thermal expansion of liquid fuel, and the fission gas-induced pressure meets safety requirements. After 100 years of the end of core life, the total radioactivity of reactor core is reduced by 99% and is 7.1305 Ci.

  • “无声亦有声”——会话者态度判断中话轮转换的时间效应

    分类: 语言学及应用语言学 >> 语言学及应用语言学 提交时间: 2025-06-05

    摘要: 虽然有声的言语符号是传递话语意义的最主要载体,但无声的话轮转换时间也被认为具有传递会话者态度的作用。本研究采用三个实验,考察在接受、拒绝和中性应答语下,话轮转换的时间如何影响个体对会话者态度的判断。实验采用偷听范式,要求被试听含有请求言语行为的会话片段,并对会话者的态度进行评分。依托贝叶斯推断下的顺序数据和二分数据分析方法,发现不同应答语下话轮转换时间均可以预测会话者态度的判断,表现出普遍的时间效应;但接受应答语下预测效应最强,中性应答语下预测效应最弱。此外,接受和拒绝应答语下,被试对会话者态度的初始判断和判断过程也存在明显区别。最后,被试并非认为中性应答语对应的是消极态度,和语用学观点相悖。本研究有助于全面探讨会话者建构话语意义的认知机制。

  • 孤独症人群会话障碍的研究进展和展望

    分类: 语言学及应用语言学 >> 语言学及应用语言学 提交时间: 2025-06-05

    摘要: 社会交际障碍是孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorders,ASD)人群的核心特征,近年来,该类人群在会话这一典型的社交活动中的异常表现受到学界的重点关注。本文对ASD人群在会话技能和协同互动(填充停顿和反馈语的使用,韵律锁定以及共鸣和人际互动)两个方面的非典型表现进行梳理,并且建议未来研究应尝试回答为什么ASD人群会出现异常的会话表现。对于这一问题,笔者认为可以尝试两条路径:(1)构建会话能力指标,并比较ASD人群和TD人群的差异,(2)建构会话表现的认知计算模型,探讨两类人群的认知机制差异。

  • 律师视角下的律师制度改革

    分类: 法学 >> 法学其他学科 提交时间: 2025-06-05

    摘要: 1979年律师制度恢复以来,《律师法》历经四次修订,现在进入第五次修订引发国人尤其是律师行业的广泛关注。本文重点分析律师管理机制和律师治理体系中存在的重要问题,包括律师的属性、内部专业化和外部资本化竞争、中国不能成为诉讼大国、全球化竞争等问题。经过实证和比较研究认为,一是律师行业已经从高速发展阶段进入高质量发展阶段,应建立健全法律服务大市场的准入和监管制度;二是中国特色社会主义律师制度需要兼顾律师职业的人民性、职业性和商业性,应完善律师调解制度和探索建立律师事务所商事登记制度和律师分级出庭制度;三是应修订律师事务所命名规则,打造国际一流律师事务所,提升我国律师涉外法律服务能力和全球法律服务市场竞争力。这些研究和发现有利于进一步优化中国特色社会主义律师制度,促进律师行业高质量可持续发展,为《律师法》的修订提供一些有益的思考。

  • 基层全科医生心血管疾病风险评估与沟通策略述评

    分类: 医学、药学 >> 临床医学 提交时间: 2025-06-05 合作期刊: 《中国全科医学》

    摘要: 心血管疾病(CVDs)已成为全球及我国最主要的死亡原因之一,随着生活方式变化和人口老龄化,CVDs的患病率持续上升,给公共卫生带来巨大的挑战。基层医疗在CVDs的预防与管理中发挥着重要作用,其中风险评估与风险沟通是核心环节。基层全科医生通过对患者的健康状况进行全面评估,凭借其“首诊、连续、可及”的服务特性,能够通过长期医患关系动态追踪患者风险,利用有效的风险评估工具(如China-PAR模型、Framingham风险评分等)实现个体化风险评估。这种基于基层的风险沟通机制,与AHA、ESC等国际指南倡导的“以患者为中心”的预防策略相契合,通过风险可视化有助于健康行为改变,提高药物治疗的依从性。然而,基层风险沟通仍面临多重挑战。本文探讨了基层CVDs风险评估与沟通策略的现状、应用及面临的挑战,提出了提升基层全科医生沟通能力及实施策略的建议,以期通过细化风险沟通策略提高CVDs的防控效果,最终提升基层患者的健康管理水平。