分类： 心理学 >> 心理学其他学科 提交时间： 2021-12-31
摘要： 自伤行为是危害公众心理健康的重大隐患。综合自伤行为的新近研究成果，情绪脑区、控制脑区、疼痛脑区、奖赏脑区、阿片类系统和多巴胺系统以及特定基因的异常共同参与了自伤行为。将自伤行为与自杀、成瘾、进食障碍和抑郁障碍进行比较，发现自伤行为与其共病障碍存在部分相似的发生机制。在此基础上尝试构建了自伤行为的认知神经机制假设模型，并就自伤行为神经生理机制的性别差异、发展特点及干预等提出研究展望。
分类： 物理学 >> 核物理学 提交时间： 2021-12-31
摘要： Configurational information entropy (CIE) theory was employed to determine the neutron skin thickness of neutron-rich calcium isotopes. The nuclear density distributions and fragment cross-sections in 350 MeV/u 40060Ca + 9Be projectile fragmentation reactions were calculated using a modified statistical abrasion-ablation model. CIE quantities were determined from the nuclear density, isotopic, mass, and charge distributions. The linear correlations between the CIE determined using the isotopic, mass, and charge distributions and the neutron skin thickness of the projectile nucleus show that CIE provides new methods to extract the neutron skin thickness of neutron-rich nuclei.
分类： 核科学技术 >> 粒子加速器 提交时间： 2021-12-31
Ma, Jin-Ying
Qiu, Feng
Shi, Long-Bo
Zhu, Zheng-Long
Jiang, Tian-Cai
Xue, Zong-Heng
Jin, Ke-An
Chen, Qi
Xu, Cheng-Ye
Ding, Xing-Hao
Gao, Zheng
Sun, Lie-Peng
Huang, Gui-Rong
He, Yuan
摘要： Precise measurements of the cavity forward (Vf) and reflected signals (Vr) are essential for characterizing other key parameters such as the cavity detuning and forward power. In practice, it is challenging to measure Vf and Vr precisely because of crosstalk between the forward and reflected channels (e.g., coupling between the cavity reflected and forward signals in a directional coupler with limited directivity). For DESY, a method based on the cavity differential equation was proposed to precisely calibrate the actual Vf and Vr. In this study, we verified the validity and practicability of this approach for the Chinese ADS front-end demo superconducting linac (CAFe) facility at the Institute of Modern Physics and a compact energy recovery linac (cERL) test ma#2;chine at KEK. At the CAFe facility, we successfully calibrated the actual Vf signal using this method. The result demonstrated that the directivity of directional couplers might seriously affect the accuracy of Vf measurement. At the cERL facility, we calibrated the Lorentz force detuning (LFD) using the actual Vf. Our study confirmed that the precise calibration of Vf significantly improves the accuracy of the cavity LFD measurement.
分类： 核科学技术 >> 辐射物理与技术 提交时间： 2021-12-31
Ju, Xiao-Lu
Deng, Biao
Li, Ke
Yu, Fu-Cheng
Zhang, Hai-Peng
Xu, Ming-Wei
Du, Guo-Hao
Xie, Hong-Lan
Li, Bin
Xiao, Ti-Qiao
摘要： Doped elements in alloys significantly impact their performance. Conventional methods usually sputter the surface material of the sample, or their performance is limited to the surface of alloys owing to their poor penetration ability. The X-ray K-edge subtraction (KES) method exhibits great potential for the nondestructive in situ detection of element contents in alloys. However, the signal of doped elements usually deteriorates because of the strong absorption of the principal component and scattering of crystal grains. This in turn prevents the extensive application of X-ray KES imaging to alloys. In this study, methods were developed to calibrate the linearity between the grayscale of the KES image and element content. The methods were aimed at the sensitive analysis of elements in alloys. Furthermore, experiments with phantoms and alloys demonstrated that, after elaborate calibration, X-ray KES imaging is capable of nondestructive and sensitive analysis of doped elements in alloys.
分类： 核科学技术 >> 辐射物理与技术 提交时间： 2021-12-31
摘要： The radiation environment on the surface of Mars is a potential threat for future manned exploration missions to this planet. In this study, a simple geometrical model was built for simulating the radiation environment on the Mars surface caused by galactic cosmic rays (GCRs); the model was built and studied using the Geant4 toolkit. The simulation results were compared with the data reported by a radiation assessment detector (RAD).
分类： 核科学技术 >> 辐射物理与技术 提交时间： 2021-12-31
摘要： Controllable D-D neutron sources have a long service life, low cost, and non-radioactivity. There are favorable prospects for its application in geophysical well logging, since traditional chemical radioactive sources used for well logging pose potential threats to the safety of the human body and environment. This paper presents an improved method to measure formation density that employs a D-D neutron source. In addition, the lithological effect on the measured density was removed to better estimate the formation porosity. First, we investigated the spatial distribution of capture gamma rays through Monte Carlo simulations as well as the relationship between the ratio of capture gamma ray counts and formation density to establish theoretical support for the design of density logging tools and their corresponding data processing methods. Second, we obtained the far to near detector counts of captured gamma rays for an optimized tool structure, and then established its correlation with the density and porosity of three typical formations with pure quartz, calcite, and dolomite minerals. Third, we determined the values for correcting the densities of sandstone and dolomite with the same porosity using limestone data as the reference and established the equations for calculating the correction values, which lays a solid foundation for accurately calculating formation porosity. We observed that the capture gamma ray counts first increased then decreased and varied in different formations; this was especially observed in high-porosity formations. Under the same lithologic conditions (rock matrix), as the porosity increases, the peak value of gamma ray counts moves toward the neutron source. At different detector-source distances, the ratio of the capture gamma ray counts was well correlated with the formation density. An equation of the formation density conversion was established based on the ratio of capture gamma ray counts at the detector-source distances of 30 cm and 65 cm, and the calculated values were consistent with the true values. After correction, the formation density was highly consistent with the true value of the limestone density, and the mean absolute error was -0.013 g/cm3. The calculated porosity values were very close to the true values, and the mean relative error was 2.33%, highlighting the accuracy of the proposed method. These findings provide a new method for developing D-D neutron source logging tools and their well-log data processing methods.
分类： 核科学技术 >> 辐射物理与技术 提交时间： 2021-12-31
摘要： The muon radiography imaging technique for high-atomic-number objects (Z) and large-volume objects via muon transmission imaging and muon multiple scattering imaging remains a popular topic in the field of radiation detection imaging. However, few imaging studies have been reported on low and medium Z objects at the centimeter scale. This paper presents an imaging system that consists of three layers of a position-sensitive detector and four plastic scintillation detectors. It acquires data by coincidence detection technique of cosmic-ray muon and its secondary particles. A 3D imaging algorithm based on the density of the coinciding muon trajectory was developed, and 4D imaging that takes the atomic number dimension into account by considering the secondary particle ratio information was achieved. The resultant reconstructed 3D images could distinguish between a series of cubes with 5-mm side lengths and 2-mm intervals. If the imaging time is more than 20 days, this method can distinguish intervals with a width of 1 mm. The 4D images can specify target objects with low, medium, and high Z values.
分类： 核科学技术 >> 粒子加速器 提交时间： 2021-12-31
Bai, Shi-Wei
Yang, Xiao-Fei
Wang, Shu-Jing
Liu, Yong-Chao
Zhang, Peng
Liu, Yin-Shen
Hu, Han-Rui
Guo, Yang-Fan
Wang, Jin
Du, Ze-Yu
Yan, Zhou
Zhang, Yun-Kai
Ye, Yan-Lin
Li, Qi-Te
Ge, Yu-Cheng
He, Chuang-Ye
摘要： Collinear laser spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying the nuclear spins, electromagnetic moments, and charge radii of exotic nuclei. To study the nuclear properties of unstable nuclei at the Beijing Radioactive Ion#2;beam Facility (BRIF) and the future High Intensity Heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF), we developed a collinear laser spectroscopy apparatus integrated with an offline laser ablation ion source and a laser system. The overall performance of this state-of-the-art technique was evaluated and the system was commissioned using a bunched stable ion beam. The high-resolution optical spectra for the 4s 2S1/2 → 4p 2P3/2 (D2) ionic transition of 40,42,44,48Ca isotopes were successfully measured. The extracted isotope shifts relative to 40Ca showed excellent agreement with the literature values. This system is now ready for use at radioactive ion beam facilities such as the BRIF and paves the way for the further development of higher-sensitivity collinear resonant ionization spectroscopy techniques.
分类： 核科学技术 >> 裂变堆工程技术 提交时间： 2021-12-31
摘要： Nuclear data are the cornerstones of reactor physics and shielding calculations. Recently, China released CENDL-3.2 in 2020, and the United States released ENDF/B-VIII.0 in 2018. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the criticality computing performance of these newly released evaluated nuclear libraries. In this study, we used the NJOY2016 code to generate ACE format libraries based on the latest neutron data libraries (including CENDL-3.2, JEFF3.3, ENDF/B-VIII.0, and JENDL4.0). The MCNP code was used to conduct a detailed analysis of fission nuclides, including 235U, 233U, and 239Pu, in different evaluated nuclear data libraries based on 100 benchmarks. The criticality calculation performance of each library was evaluated using three statistical parameters: , , and . Analysis of the parameter showed that CENDL-3.1 and JENDL-4.0 both had >10 benchmarks that exceeded 3σ, whereas CENDL-3.2, ENDFB-VIII.0, and JEFF-3.3 had, 7, 5, and 4 benchmarks, respectively, exceeding 3σ. The ENDF/B-VII.1 library performed best, with only two benchmarks exceeding 3σ. Compared with CENDL-3.1, CENDL-3.2 offers an improvement in criticality calculations. Compared with the JEFF-3.3 and ENDF/B-VIII.0 libraries, CENDL3.2 performs better in the calculation of the 233U assemblies, but it performs poorly in the pusl11 series case calculation of the 239Pu assemblies, and thus further improvement is needed.
分类： 核科学技术 >> 裂变堆工程技术 提交时间： 2021-12-31
摘要： The transport cross-section based on inflow transport approximation can significantly improve the accuracy of light water reactor (LWR) analysis, especially for the treatment of the anisotropic scattering effect. The previous inflow transport approximation is based on the moderator cross-section and normalized fission source, which is approximated using transport theory. Although the accuracy of reactivity is increased, the P0 flux moment has a large error in the Monte Carlo code. In this study, an improved inflow transport approximation was introduced with homogenization techniques, applying the homogenized cross-section and accurate fission source. The numerical results indicated that the improved inflow transport approximation can increase the P0 flux moment accuracy and maintain the reactivity calculation precision with the previous inflow transport approximation in typical LWR cases. In addition to this investigation, the improved inflow transport approximation is related to the temperature factors. The improved inflow transport approximation is flexible and accurate in the treatment of the anisotropic scattering effect, which can be directly used in the temperature-dependent nuclear data library.
分类： 核科学技术 >> 裂变堆工程技术 提交时间： 2021-12-31
摘要： The advantages of once-through molten salt reactors include readily available fuel, low nuclear proliferation risk, and low technical difficulty. It is potentially the most easily commercialized fuel cycle mode for molten salt reactors. However, there are some problems in the parameter selection of once-through molten salt reactors, and the relevant burnup optimization work requires further analysis. This study examined a once-through graphite moderated molten salt reactor using enriched uranium and thorium. The fuel volume fraction (VF), initial heavy nuclei concentration (HN0), feeding uranium enrichment (EFU), volume of the reactor core, and fuel type were changed to obtain the optimal conditions for burnup. We found an optimal region for VF and HN0 in each scheme, and the location and size of the optimal region changed with the degree of EFU, core volume, and fuel type. The recommended core schemes provide a reference for the core design of a once-through molten salt reactor.
分类： 核科学技术 >> 粒子加速器 提交时间： 2021-12-31
Chen, Jun-Yang
Tong, Jian-Fei
Hu, Zhi-Liang
Han, Xue-Fen
Tang, Bin
Yu, Qian
Zhang, Rui-Qiang
Zhao, Chong-Guang
Xu, Jun
Fu, Shi-Nian
Zhou, Bin
Liang, Tian-Jiao
摘要： An accelerator-based Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (AB-BNCT) experimental facility called D-BNCT01 has been recently completed and is currently able to generate a high-intensity neutron beam for BNCT related research. In this study, we perform several experiments involving water phantoms to validate the Monte Carlo simulation results and analyze the neutron beam characteristics. According to our measurements, D-BNCT01 may generate a neutron flux about 1.2×108 n/cm2/s at the beam port using a 5 kW proton beam. Our results, also show that the thermal neutron flux depth distribution inside the water phantom is in good agreement with simulations. We conclude that D-BNCT01 may be effectively employed for BNCT research.
分类： 核科学技术 >> 粒子加速器 提交时间： 2021-12-31
Ma, Zhen-Yu
Zhao, Shen-Jie
Liu, Xu-Ming
Yu, Yue-Chao
Jiang, Hong-Ru
Zheng, Xiang
Chang, Qiang
Zhang, Zi-Gang
Xu, Kai
Wang, Yan
Zhao, Yu-Bin
Hou, Hong-Tao
摘要： The Shanghai High Repetition Rate XFEL and Extreme Light Facility (SHINE) project will use 600 1.3 GHz fundamental power couplers, which are modified based on TTF-III power couplers, for continuous wave operation with input power up to approximately 7 kW. The first batch of 20 sets of 1.3 GHz coupler prototypes were fabricated from three domestic manufacturers for the SHINE project. To better characterize the radio frequency conditioning phenomena for validating the performance of power couplers, a room temperature test stand was designed, constructed, and commissioned for the SHINE 1.3 GHz power couplers. In addition, a horizontal test cryostat was built to test the 1.3 GHz superconducting cavities, fundamental power couplers, tuners, and other components as a set. The results of these tests indicate that the 1.3 GHz couplers are capable of handling up to 14 kW continuous waves. Herein, the main aspects of the radio frequency design and construction of the test stand, along with the test results of the high-power conditioning of the 1.3 GHz couplers, are described.
分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间： 2021-12-30 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： Information on the Fe content of bare rocks is needed for implementing geochemical processes and identifying mines. However, the influence of Fe content on the spectra of bare rocks has not been thoroughly analyzed in previous studies. The Saur Mountain region within the Hoboksar of the Russell Hill depression was selected as the study area. Specifically, we analyzed six hyperspectral indices related to rock Fe content based on laboratory measurements (Dataset I) and field measurements (Dataset II). In situ field measurements were acquired to verify the laboratory measurements. Fe content of the rock samples collected from different fresh and weathered rock surfaces were divided into six levels to reveal the spatial distributions of Fe content of these samples. In addition, we clearly displayed wavelengths with obvious characteristics by analyzing the spectra of these samples. The results of this work indicated that Fe content estimation models based on the fresh rock surface measurements in the laboratory can be applied to in situ field or satellite-based measurements of Fe content of the weathered rock surfaces. It is not the best way to use only the single wavelengths reflectance at all absorption wavelengths or the depth of these absorption features to estimate Fe content. Based on sample data analysis, the comparison with other indices revealed that the performance of the modified normalized difference index is the best indicator for estimating rock Fe content, with R2 values of 0.45 and 0.40 corresponding to datasets I and II, respectively. Hence, the modified normalized difference index (the wavelengths of 2220, 2290, and 2370 nm) identified in this study could contribute considerably to improve the identification accuracy of rock Fe content in the bare rock areas. The method proposed in this study can obviously provide an efficient solution for large-scale rock Fe content measurements in the field.
分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间： 2021-12-30 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： The Tarim River is the longest inland river in China and is considered as an important river to protect the oasis economy and environment of the Tarim Basin. However, excessive exploitation and over-utilization of natural resources, particularly water resources, have triggered a series of ecological and environmental problems, such as the reduction in the volume of water in the main river, deterioration of water quality, drying up of downstream rivers, degradation of vegetation, and land desertification. In this study, the land use/land cover change (LUCC) responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River were investigated using ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images) and GIS (Geographic Information System) data analysis software for the period of 1990–2018. Multi-temporal remote sensing images and ecological water conveyance data from 1990 to 2018 were used. The results indicate that LUCC covered an area of 2644.34 km2 during this period, accounting for 15.79% of the total study area. From 1990 to 2018, wetland, farmland, forestland, and artificial surfaces increased by 533.42 km2 (216.77%), 446.68 km2 (123.66%), 284.55 km2 (5.67%), and 57.51 km2 (217.96%), respectively, whereas areas covered by grassland and other land use/land cover types, such as Gobi, bare soil, and deserts, decreased by 103.34 km2 (14.31%) and 1218.83 km2 (11.75%), respectively. Vegetation area decreased first and then increased, with the order of 2010<2000<1990<2018. LUCC in the overflow and stagnant areas in the lower reaches of the Tarim River was mainly characterized by fragmentation, irregularity, and complexity. By analyzing the LUCC responses to 19 rounds of ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River from 2000 to the end of 2018, we proposed guidelines for the rational development and utilization of water and soil resources and formulation of strategies for the sustainable development of the lower reaches of the Tarim River. This study provides scientific guidance for optimal scheduling of water resources in the region.
分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间： 2021-12-30 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： This study aimed to elucidate the influence of inflow water on the salinity concentration process of a saline lake and the mass balance of Lake Issyk-Kul, a tectonic saltwater lake in Kyrgyzstan. Based on the survey results and meteorological data from 2012 to 2015, we analyzed the dissolved chemical composition loads due to water inflow. Then, we discussed the relationship between the increase in salinity and water inflow into the lake. Through the water quality analysis data, we used the tank model to estimate the river inflow and analyze the loads by the L-Q curve. The groundwater loads were then estimated from the average annual increase in salinity of the lake over a period of 30 a. The results suggest that Lake Issyk-Kul was temporarily freshened between about AD 1500 and 1800 when an outflowing river existed, and thereafter, it became a closed lake in AD 1800 and continued to remain a saline lake until present. The chemical components that cause salinization are supplied from the rivers and groundwater in the catchment area, and when they flow into the lake, Ca2+, HCO3− and Mg2+ precipitate as CaCO3 and MgCO3. These compounds were confirmed to have been left on the lakeshore as evaporite. The model analysis showed that 1.67 mg/L of Ca2+ and Mg2+ supplied from rivers and groundwater are precipitated as evaporite and in other forms per year. On the other hand, salinity continues to remain in the lake water at a rate of 27.5 mg/L per year. These are the main causes of increased salinity in Lake Issyk-Kul. Since Na+ and Cl– are considered to be derived from geothermal water, they will continue to flow in regardless of the effects of human activities. Therefore, as long as these components are accumulated in Lake Issyk-Kul as a closed lake, the salinity will continue to increase in the future.
分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间： 2021-12-30 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： The farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China (FPENC) provides an important ecological barrier which restrains the invasion of desert into Northwest China. Studying drought and flood characteristics in the FPENC can provide scientific support and practical basis for the protection of the FPENC. Based on monthly precipitation data from 115 meteorological stations, we determined the changes in climate and the temporal and spatial variations of drought and flood occurrence in the FPENC during 1960–2020 using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Morlet wavelet transform, and inverse distance weighted interpolation method. Annual precipitation in the FPENC showed a slightly increasing trend from 1960 to 2020, with an increasing rate of about 1.15 mm/a. The interannual SPI exhibited obvious fluctuations, showing an overall non-significant upward trend (increasing rate of 0.02/a). Therefore, the study area showed a wetting trend in recent years. Drought and flood disasters mainly occurred on an interannual change cycle of 2–6 and 9–17 a, respectively. In the future, a tendency towards drought can be expected in the FPENC. The temporal and spatial distribution of drought and flood differed in the northwestern, northern, and northeastern segments of the FPENC, and most of the drought and flood disasters occurred in local areas. Severe and extreme drought disasters were concentrated in the northwestern and northeastern segments, and severe and extreme flood disasters were mainly in the northeastern segment. Drought was most frequent in the northwestern segment, the central part of the northeastern segment, and the northern part of the northern segment. Flood was most frequent in the western part of the northwestern segment, the eastern part of the northeastern segment, and the eastern and western parts of the northern segment. The accurate evaluation of the degrees of drought and flood disasters in the FPENC will provide scientific basis for the regional climate study and critical information on which to base decisions regarding environmental protection and socio-economic development in this region.
分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间： 2021-12-30 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： Mid-western China is one of the most sensitive and fragile areas on the Earth. Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key part of hydrological cycle in these areas and is affected by both global climate change and human activities. The dynamic changes in ET and potential evapotranspiration (PET), which can reflect water consumption and demand, are still unclear, and there is a lack of predictive capacity on drought severity. In this study, we used global MODIS (moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) terrestrial ET (MOD16) products, Morlet wavelet analysis, and simple linear regression to investigate the spatiotemporal variations of ET, PET, reference ET (ET0), and aridity index (AI) in mid-western pastoral regions of China (including Gansu Province, Qinghai Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region) from 2001 to 2016. The results showed that the overall ET gradually increased from east to southwest in the study area. Actual ET showed an increasing trend, whereas PET tended to decrease from 2001 to 2016. The change in ET was affected by vegetation types. During the study period, the average annual ET0 and AI tended to decrease. At the monthly scale within a year, AI value decreased from January to July and then increased. The interannual variations of ET0 and AI showed periodicity with a main period of 14 a, and two other periodicities of 11 and 5 a. This study showed that in recent years, drought in these pastoral regions of mid-western China has been alleviated. Therefore, it is foreseeable that the demand for irrigation water for agricultural production in these regions will decrease.
分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间： 2021-12-30 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： Underlying terrain strongly influences dune formation. However, the impacts of underlying terrain on the dune formation are poorly studied. In the present research, we focused on dunes that formed in the alluvial fans and dry salt flats in the Qaidam Basin, Northwest China. We quantified the dunes' sediment characteristics on different types of underlying terrain and the terrain' effects on the surface quartz grains by analyzing grain-size distribution, soluble salt contents and grain surface micro-textures. Results showed that barchan dunes were dominated by medium sands with a unimodal frequency distribution, whose peak corresponded to the saltation load. Linear dunes were mainly composed of fine sands with a bimodal frequency distribution, whose main peak represented the saltation load, and whose secondary peak represented the modified saltation or suspension load. Sand was transported from source area by running water (inland rivers) over short distances and by wind over relatively longer distances. Thus, quartz grains had poor roundness and were dominated by sub-angular and angular shapes. Surface micro-textures indicated that dune sands were successively transported by exogenic agents (glaciation, fluviation and wind). Soluble salt contents were low in dunes that developed in the alluvial fans, which represented a low-energy chemical environment, so the grain surface micro-textures mainly resulted from mechanical erosion, with weak micro-textures formed by SiO2 solution and precipitation. However, soluble salt contents were much higher in dunes that developed in the dry salt flats, which indicated a high-energy chemical environment. Therefore, in addition to micro-structures caused by mechanical erosion, micro-textures formed by SiO2 solution and precipitation also well developed. Our results improve understanding of the sediment characteristics of dune sands and the effects of underlying terrain on dune development in the Qaidam Basin, China.
分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 提交时间： 2021-12-30 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： soil physical properties (SPP) are considered to be important indices that reflect soil structure, hydrological conditions and soil quality. It is of substantial interest to study the spatial distribution of SPP owing to the high spatial variability caused by land consolidation under various land restoration modes in excavated farmland in the loess hilly area of China. In our study, three land restoration modes were selected including natural restoration land (NR), alfalfa land (AL) and maize land (ML). Soil texture composition, including the contents of clay, silt and sand, field capacity (FC), saturated conductivity (Ks) and bulk density (BD) were determined using a multifractal analysis. SPP were found to possess variable characteristics, although land consolidation destroyed the soil structure and decreased the spatial autocorrelation. Furthermore, SPP varied with land restoration and could be illustrated by the multifractal parameters of D1, ∆D, ∆α and ∆f in different modes of land restoration. Owing to multiple compaction from large machinery in the surface soil, soil particles were fine-grained and increased the spatial variability in soil texture composition under all the land restoration modes. Plough numbers and vegetative root characteristics had the most significant impacts on the improvement in SPP, which resulted in the best spatial distribution characteristics of SPP found in ML compared with those in AL and NR. In addition, compared with ML, ∆α values of NR and AL were 4.9- and 3.0-fold that of FC, respectively, and ∆α values of NR and AL were 2.3- and 1.5-fold higher than those of Ks, respectively. These results indicate that SPP can be rapidly improved by increasing plough numbers and planting vegetation types after land consolidation. Thus, we conclude that ML is an optimal land restoration mode that results in favorable conditions to rapidly improve SPP.
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