分类： 图书馆学、情报学 >> 情报学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《智库理论与实践》
摘要： [目的/意义]随着粤港澳大湾区建设成为我国区域发展的重大战略，如何拟定和设计粤港澳大湾区的发展战略成为当前面对的重要问题。[方法/过程]本文以复杂系统的相关理论为依据，结合技术路线图工具，分析和描绘了粤港澳大湾区的战略系统的要素、结构及其运行机制。[结果/结论]战略系统是城市系统中的一个子系统，粤港澳大湾区的战略系统包括战略愿景、战略目标、战略任务、战略重点和战略执行五大要素，它们之间相互衔接、环环相扣、逐步递进。粤港澳大湾区的战略系统是粤港澳大湾区整体系统中发挥着重要的“他组织”作用的子系统，它对粤港澳大湾区整体系统中社会系统、经济系统支撑系统和空间系统的运行和发展进行有目的规划、组织、引导、控制和协调，推动粤港澳大湾区世界级城市群、世界经济湾区美好愿景的实现。
分类： 图书馆学、情报学 >> 情报学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《智库理论与实践》
摘要： [目的/意义]“一带一路”倡议提出以来，在全球获得了广泛支持和积极响应。英国是西方国家中最早关注并支持“一带一路”倡议的国家之一。在英国智库正向的宣传和导引下，英国社会各界甚至整个欧洲大陆都对“一带一路”倡议有了深入了解。［方法/过程］本文对英国智库如何正向宣传和推动“一带一路”倡议进行了简要总结和分析。［结果/结论］简要阐述了这对我国智库在“一带一路”背景下如何与国外智库开展合作并促进自身发展带来的几点启示，并结合中国国情，提出了建议措施。
分类： 图书馆学、情报学 >> 情报学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《智库理论与实践》
摘要： ［目的/意义］科技社团具有建设智库的优势，研究科技社团智库建设对于完善智库建设相关理论，促进我国智库发展具有一定意义。［方法/过程］通过对科技社团和智库相关资料的整理、分析和研究，找出了二者之间的共性，总结了科技社团智库的重要作用。运用SWOT 矩阵分析模型对建设科技社团智库的内外部环境进行了分析。［结果/结论］通过分析发现，科技社团向智库方向转型是必然趋势，既是完善国家创新体系、承接政府转移职能的需要，也是提高自身竞争力的需要。在此基础上, 提出科技社团智库建设的路径模式。
分类： 图书馆学、情报学 >> 情报学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《智库理论与实践》
摘要： [目的/意义] 智库是国家的“大脑”，是辅助政府决策的“军师团”，在国家的长远发展中扮演着重要的角色。社会改革深水期，政府面临的决策情境日益复杂多变，这对智库研究提出新的要求，为此需要引导智库研究成果质量不断提升。[方法/过程] 本文主要采用文献研究法和实证研究法，提出政府决策情境的变化和对智库研究的需求，阐述为满足这些需求智库研究应该把握时机、转变身份、转型风格。现实中，临机决策与智库滞后的矛盾，有效信息渴求与无效信息供给的矛盾，选好站位与“矮化错位”的矛盾，实战决策与“纸上谈兵”的矛盾大大限制了智库功能的发挥。[结果/结论]要从端正智库成果研究态度、提拔智库成果站位高度，紧盯智库成果选题热度、提高智库成果报送速度，拓宽智库成果涉及广度、注重智库成果思想深度，确保情报信息的可信度、夯实智库成果内容精度等方面提升智库研究成果质量。
分类： 图书馆学、情报学 >> 情报学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《智库理论与实践》
摘要： [目的/意义]通过深入剖析加拿大弗雷泽研究所的运行机制和发展态势，为我国智库的建设和发展提供参考借鉴。[方法/过程]采用文献调研法和网络调研法，对加拿大弗雷泽研究所的发展历史、价值理念和运行机制等进行归纳总结。同时基于国际权威的全球智库排名报告，分析弗雷泽研究所的关注重点和发展态势。[结果/结论] 加拿大弗雷泽研究所作为加拿大首屈一指的智库机构，在教育、医疗、税收、环境、能源、经济等众多领域所取得的成绩，与其特殊的组织结构、运营机制和发展理念关系密切。
分类： 图书馆学、情报学 >> 情报学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《智库理论与实践》
摘要： [目的/意义]智库作为独立运作且相对稳定的政策研究和咨询机构，为政府、企业及社会公众提供决策参考，对实现我国决策的科学化和民主化具有重要作用。然而，我国智库研究落后于国外智库研究近20年，且智库发展过程中也存在诸多问题亟待研究。因此，综述分析国内外相关智库研究，识别研究发展趋势和重要研究主题，为我国高端智库建设提供理论依据，具有重要意义。[方法/过程]本文基于文献计量分析和内容分析法对国内外智库研究现状进行分析，总结国内外智库的发展趋势，识别智库研究的重要主题。[结果/结论]通过对智库影响力研究、智库建设与运行机制研究、智库信息管理与情报支撑研究3个重要主题进行深入分析，探寻智库研究发展的研究趋势和重点，以期推进中国特色新型智库的建设进程。
分类： 图书馆学、情报学 >> 情报学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《智库理论与实践》
摘要： [目的/意义]北京和上海是我国智库分布最密集、发展层次最高的地区，研究京沪地区智库的发展规律与特征，对于推动中国特色现代智库建设有重要借鉴意义。[方法/过程]通过对部分京沪典型智库的实地走访、座谈，本文对智库管理架构、研究能力建设、人才引进和培养、运营能力、对外交流与传播等方面进行了分析。[结果/结论]不同类型的京沪地区优秀智库的管理架构各具特色，对研究质量有较强的把控能力，人才培养和智库运营的思路广阔、手段丰富，对外传播能力强，京沪地区智库的发展经验可以为我国智库提高其产品质量和运营水平提供有益的借鉴。
分类： 图书馆学、情报学 >> 情报学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《智库理论与实践》
摘要： [目的/意义]进入新时代，为了事业成功而正确决策，必须坚持科学决策和民主决策。而中央提出国家治理体系和治理能力的现代化，正是对实现正确决策这一目标的制度建设和干部培养的配套措施。这其中科学决策，包括决策者、执行者和智库等要素构成的现代决策体系的建设及其运行，对国家治理体系和治理能力的现代化就起着十分重要的作用。[方法/过程]本文结合新时代新征程，回顾了我国在决策上的经验教训，梳理了我国智囊、软科学到智库的实践和发展，论述了科学决策需要知识分子和决策科学的智力支持，需要现代科技，特别是现代决策体系的建设和完善；而科学决策作为正确决策的两大支柱之一，是建设现代化的国家治理体系和培养现代化的国家治理能力的智力支持和必需的工具及方法。[结果/结论]总之，建设和运用智库，构建和发展现代决策科学，实现科学决策和国家治理体系和治理能力的现代化，就是为了正确决策，少走弯路错路，就是坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度，就是更好地走中国特色社会主义道路，从而实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标。
分类： 图书馆学、情报学 >> 情报学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《智库理论与实践》
摘要： [目的/意义]总结当前我国企业智库发展现状和特点，发现企业智库发展的特殊性，并对未来我国企业智库发展趋势进行判断。[方法/过程]采用案例分析法，对我国典型企业智库进行分析，包括国有企业智库、互联网企业智库、金融企业智库以及房地产企业智库。[结果/结论]随着国家对智库建设越来越重视，企业智库作为智库体系的重要组成部分，也迎来加快发展的重要机遇。智库引领已经逐渐成为共识，但需在企业的全力支持下才能加快发展，从而能在立足服务好企业本身的同时扩大外部影响力，为企业带来效益，实现自身价值。
分类： 图书馆学、情报学 >> 图书馆学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《智库理论与实践》
摘要： [目的/意义]党的十八大以来，建设中国特色新型智库成为党和国家重要战略。作为党校职能部门的图书馆在服务于新型智库建设中具有重要作用。[方法/过程]本文对党校图书馆服务智库建设理论研究现状和实践探索情况进行了文献与网络调查。[结果/结论]本文提出当前党校图书馆服务智库建设还存在资金投入不均衡、方式方法落后、专业人才紧缺等主要问题，从更新服务观念、拓宽经费渠道、注重资源整合、完善数字网络、健全学科馆员制度和培养人才队伍等方面探讨党校图书馆服务智库建设的转型发展策略。
分类： 图书馆学、情报学 >> 情报学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《智库理论与实践》
摘要： [目的/意义] 粤港澳大湾区科教资源丰富，正在向建设国际科技创新中心的目标努力。对大湾区科技创新供给情况进行充分考察，是完善政策举措的第一步。[方法/过程]基于2012年到2016年间的科技论文和专利数据，本文对粤港澳大湾区地区的知识创新网络（KIN）和技术创新网络（TIN）进行了可视化和结构分析，同时以华南理工大学为案例，评估内地研究型大学在大湾区区域创新网络中的地位、角色和绩效，探究大学在参与区域创新过程中的难点和问题，并提出针对性的政策建议。[结果/结论]研究表明：（1）粤港澳大湾区知识创新网络结构成熟，总体呈中心—边缘的分布形态；（2）内地高校论文数量领先湾区，但创新网络搭建和引领的能力不足；（3）湾区知识创新前沿趋向新型工科发展，地区间存在明显的梯度效应；（4）高科技企业主导大湾区技术创新网络，广深两地技术合作开发模式不同。
分类： 地球科学 >> 地球化学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： To investigate the environmental quality of the urban surface soil in Yinchuan City, the capital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Ningxia), China, we sampled surface soil and measured the concentrations of 8 toxic metals (Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Bi, Ni and V) using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The enrichment characteristics and sources of these toxic metals in the soil were analyzed by the enrichment factor (EF) and multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that the mean concentrations of these toxic metals in the soil samples were 25.0, 109.1, 16.8, 26.0, 37.2, 2.7, 25.3 and 59.9 mg/kg for Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Bi, Ni and V, respectively, which were 1.2, 1.8, 0.8, 0.4, 3.2, 8.7, 0.7 and 0.8 times of the corresponding background values of Ningxia soil, respectively. The variations of Pb, Zn, Co, Bi and Ni concentrations in the surface soil of Yinchuan were larger than those of the other metals. Our results also showed that the toxic metals investigated in the soil had different enrichment levels. Both Co and Bi were significantly enriched, whereas Cr was only moderately enriched in the soil. There was a deficiency or minimal enrichment of the other toxic metals in the soil. Source analysis results based on the concentration, enrichment characteristics and multivariate statistical analysis indicated that Cr, V and Ni originated from a combination of fossil fuel combustion, traffic pollution and natural occurrence. Pb, Cu and Zn were predominantly derived from natural and traffic sources, while Co and Bi primarily originated from construction sources.
分类： 地球科学 >> 地球化学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： Effects of sludge utilization on the mobility and phytoavailability of heavy metals in soil-plant systems have attracted broad attention in recent years. In this study, we analyzed the effects of municipal sludge compost (MSC) on the solubility and plant uptake of Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb in a soil-potato system to explore the mobility, potato plant uptake and enrichment of these five heavy metals in sierozem soils amended with MSC through a potato cultivation trial in Lanzhou University of China in 2014. Ridge regression analysis was conducted to investigate the phytoavailability of heavy metals in amended soils. Furthermore, CaCl2, CH3COONH4, CH3COOH, diethylene triamine pentacetic acid (DTPA) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) were used to extract the labile fraction of heavy metals from the amended soils. The results show that the MSC could not only improve the fertility but also increase the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content of sierozem soils. The total concentrations and labile fraction proportions of heavy metals increase with increasing MSC percentage in sierozem soils. In amended soils, Cd has the highest solubility and mobility while Ni has the lowest solubility and mobility among the five heavy metals. The MSC increases the concentrations of heavy metals in the root, stem, peel and tuber of the potato plant, with the concentrations being much higher in the stem and root than in the peel and tuber. Among the five heavy metals, the bioconcentration factor value of Cd is the highest, while that of Ni is the lowest. The complexing agent (DTPA and EDTA) extractable fractions of heavy metals are the highest in terms of phytoavailability. Soil properties (including organic matter, pH and DOC) have important impacts on the phytoavailability of heavy metals. Our results suggest that in soil-potato systems, although the MSC may improve soil fertility, it can also increase the risk of soils exposed to heavy metals.
分类： 生物学 >> 生态学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： Soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) in arid regions are important components of global C and the N cycles, and their response to climate change will have important implications for both ecosystem processes and global climate feedbacks. Grassland ecosystems of Funyun County in the southern foot of the Altay Mountains are characterized by complex topography, suggesting large variability in the spatial distribution of SOC and STN. However, there has been little investigation of SOC and STN on grasslands in arid regions with a mountain-basin structure. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics of SOC and STN in different grassland types in a mountain-basin system at the southern foot of the Altai Mountains, north of the Junggar Basin in China, and explored their potential influencing factors and relationships with meteorological factors and soil properties. We found that the concentrations and storages of SOC and STN varied significantly with grassland type, and showed a decreasing trend along a decreasing elevation gradient in alpine meadow, mountain meadow, temperate typical steppe, temperate steppe desert, and temperate steppe desert. In addition, the SOC and STN concentrations decreased with depth, except in the temperate desert steppe. According to Pearson's correlation values and redundancy analysis, the mean annual precipitation, soil moisture content and soil available N concentration were significantly positively correlated with the SOC and STN concentrations. In contrast, the mean annual temperature, pH, and soil bulk density were significantly and negatively correlated with the SOC and STN concentrations. The mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature were the primary factors related to the SOC and STN concentrations. The distributions of the SOC and STN concentrations were highly regulated by the elevation-induced differences in meteorological factors. Mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature together explained 97.85% and 98.38% of the overall variations in the SOC and STN concentrations, respectively, at soil depth of 040 cm, with precipitation making the greatest contribution. Our results provide a basis for estimating and predicting SOC and STN concentrations in grasslands in arid regions with a mountain-basin structure.
分类： 生物学 >> 植物学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： In order to explore the effects of grazing frequency on functional traits and to test whether Stipa gandis has compensatory photosynthesis during the frequent grazing period, we investigated morphological traits, biomass allocation, photosynthetic traits, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the species in Inner Mongolia, China. The grazing frequency treatments included fencing (T0), grazing in May and July (T1, i.e., two months per year) and grazing from May to September (T2, i.e., continuous five months per year). Results indicate that T1 and T2 treatments did not affect individual biomass, but T2 treatment negatively affected individual size, i.e., plant height, stem length, and leaf length. Physiological traits of S. grandis were significantly affected by grazing, year, and their interaction. In July 2014 (i.e., dry environment and low relative humidity), the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water use efficiency were highest under T2 treatment, which was caused by the increase in stomatal conductance. However, in July 2015 (i.e., wet environment and high relative humidity), the photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency were higher under T1 and T2 treatments, which were caused by the increase in actual quantum efficiency and stomatal conductance. Our results implied that under frequent grazing treatment, S. grandis had small height and efficient compensatory photosynthesis, which promoted its resistance to severe grazing.
分类： 生物学 >> 植物学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： Climate change is shifting the amount and frequency of precipitation in many regions, which is expected to affect seedling recruitment across ecosystems. However, the combined effects of precipitation amount and frequency on seedling recruitment remain largely unknown. An understanding of the effects of precipitation amount and frequency and their interaction on seedling emergence and growth of typical desert plants is vital for managing populations of desert plants. We conducted two experiments to study the effects of variation in precipitation on Reaumuria soongarica (Pall.) Maxim. First, greenhouse experiments were conducted to examine the effects of three precipitation amount treatments (ambient, +30%, and 30%) and two precipitation frequency treatments (ambient and 50%) on seedling emergence. Second, the morphological responses of R. soongarica to changes in precipitation amount and frequency were tested in a controlled field experiment. Stage-specific changes in growth were monitored by sampling in different growth seasons. Our results showed that precipitation amount significantly affected germination, seedling emergence, and growth of R. soongarica, and there was a larger effect with decreased precipitation frequency compared with ambient. Germination and seedling emergence increased as precipitation increased under the same frequency of precipitation. The highest emergence percentage was obtained with a 30% increase in precipitation amount and a 50% reduction in precipitation frequency. Compared with ambient precipitation, a 30% increase in precipitation amount increased above- and below-ground biomass accumulation of R. soongarica during the growth season. A decrease of 30% in precipitation amount also resulted in an increase in below-ground biomass and root/shoot ratio in the early stages of the growth season, however, above- and below-ground biomass showed the opposite results at the end of the growth season, with larger effects on above-ground than below-ground biomass under decreased precipitation frequency. When precipitation frequency decreased by 50%, values of all growth traits increased for a given amount of precipitation. We concluded that precipitation frequency may be as important as precipitation amount to seedling emergence and growth of R. soongarica, and that understanding the effects of precipitation variability on seedling recruitment requires the integration of both precipitation amount and frequency. In particular, the combination of a 30% increase in precipitation amount and 50% reduction in precipitation frequency increased the emergence and growth of seedlings, suggesting that alteration of amount and frequency of precipitation caused by climate change may have significant effects on seedling recruitment of R. soongarica.
分类： 地球科学 >> 水文学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
BELALA, Fahima
HIRCHE, Azziz
MULLER, Serge D
Mahmoud, TOURKI
SALAMANI, Mostefa
GRANDI, Mohamed
AIT HAMOUDA, Tahar
Madjid, BOUGHANI
摘要： Since 1960, the steppe regions of North Africa have been subject to an increasing desertification, including the degradation of traditional pastures. The initially dominant species (Artemisia herba-alba, Lygeum spartum and Stipa tenacissima) declined and were progressively replaced by other species (Atractylis serratuloides and Salsola vermiculata) that are more tolerant to the new conditions. It is not clear whether these changes are due to anthropogenic reasons or climatic determinism. We have carried out a statistical analysis of the climate to detect putative rainfall changes during the 20th century in the Algerian steppes based on data from 9 meteorological stations, including 2 Saharan stations (El Oued and Touggourt), 3 pre-Saharan stations (Biskra, Laghouat and Ain Sefra) and 4 steppe stations (Djelfa, Saida, Mchria and El-Bayadh) located in the arid high plains, which represent the bioclimate diversities of the region. Previous studies suggested that significant rainfall changes for the 20th century only had records in the south of the Oran region. Most of the studies, however, looked at restricted territories over limited periods, and did not integrate the rainiest period 20042014. Our work is designed to integrate all the longest time series of meteorological data available for the steppe regions of Algeria. Our results confirm the spatial rainfall distribution (significant rainfall changes only recorded in the southwestern region) evidenced by previous studies, and reveal a decreasing rainfall gradient from northeastern to southwestern Algeria. Moreover, the results reveal a trend of significant decrease of rainfall in the southern Oran region, marked by two drought periods in 19801985 and 19992003. However, with the exception of the southwestern region, rainfall overall has not declined since the beginning of the 20th century. While less marked in other regions, the drought appear to have affected all territories of the Algerian steppe. Consequently, our study implies that the climate was not a leading influence in the on-going degradation of the vegetation cover of steppe landscapes. Such a vegetation evolution thus appears to be have been determined more by human activities than by climate forcing.
分类： 地球科学 >> 水文学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： Exploring the surface energy exchange between atmosphere and water bodies is essential to gain a quantitative understanding of regional climate change, especially for the lakes in the desert. In this study, measurements of energy flux and water vapor were performed over a lake in the Badain Jaran Desert, China from March 2012 to March 2013. The studied lake had about a 2-month frozen period (December and January) and a 10-month open-water period (FebruaryNovember). Latent heat flux (LE) and sensible heat flux (Hs) acquired using the eddy covariance technique were argued by measurements of longwave and shortwave radiation. Both fluxes of longwave and shortwave radiation showed seasonal dynamics and daily fluctuations during the study period. The reflected solar radiation was much higher in winter than in other seasons. LE exhibited diurnal and seasonal variations. On a daily scale, LE was low in the morning and peaked in the afternoon. From spring (April) to winter (January), the diurnal amplitude of LE decreased slowly. LE was the dominant heat flux throughout the year and consumed most of the energy from the lake. Generally speaking, LE was mostly affected by changes in the ambient wind speed, while Hs was primarily affected by the product of water-air temperature difference and wind speed. The diurnal LE and Hs were negatively correlated in the open-water period. The variations in Hs and LE over the lake were differed from those on the nearby land surface. The mean evaporation rate on the lake was about 4.0 mm/d over the entire year, and the cumulative annual evaporation rate was 1445 mm/a. The cumulative annual evaporation was 10 times larger than the cumulative annual precipitation. Furthermore, the average evaporation rates over the frozen period and open-water period were approximately 0.6 and 5.0 mm/d, respectively. These results can be used to analyze the water balance and quantify the source of lake water in the Badain Jaran Desert.
分类： 地球科学 >> 水文学 提交时间： 2018-07-05 合作期刊: 《干旱区科学》
摘要： The Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), standardized precipitation index (SPI), and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) are used worldwide for drought assessment and monitoring. However, substantial differences exist in the performance for agricultural drought among these indices and among regions. Here, we performed statistical assessments to compare the strengths of different drought indices for agricultural drought in the North China Plain. Small differences were detected in the comparative performances of SPI and SPEI that were smaller at the long-term scale than those at the short-term scale. The correlation between SPI/SPEI and PDSI considerably increased from 1- to 12-month lags, and a slight decreasing trend was exhibited during 12- and 24-month lags, indicating a 12-month scale in the PDSI, whereas the SPI was strongly correlated with the SPEI at 1- to 24-month lags. Interestingly, the correlation between the trend of temperature and the mean absolute error and its correlation coefficient both suggested stronger relationships between SPI and the SPEI in areas of rapid climate warming. In addition, the yielddrought correlations tended to be higher for the SPI and SPEI than that for the PDSI at the station scale, whereas small differences were detected between the SPI and SPEI in the performance on agricultural systems. However, large differences in the influence of drought conditions on the yields of winter wheat and summer maize were evident among various indices during the crop-growing season. Our findings suggested that multi-indices in drought monitoring are needed in order to acquire robust conclusions.
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